Introduction to Asset Tracking technology

Asset Tagging & Tracking Technologies

16 April 2020 NEI Digital Office
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NEI Digital Office
Introduction
• Asset tracking also referred as asset management, is a method for tracking fixed or/and moveable assets. Tracking is done
for both tangible assets such as buildings, equipment etc. and intangible assets such as human capital
• Organizations adopt asset management practices such as software solutions, automated tracking methods with fixed
scanners and bar codes, or asset tags with portable bar code readers that produce reports to help them manage their
assets
• Asset management can be used for different functions such as location tracking, environment/condition monitoring,
context aware monitoring, repair and maintenance etc.
• Asset tracking systems are comprised of desktop software, a mobile application, barcode scanners, and barcode
labels/tags
Source(s) / Picture Credit:
• https://www.cdw.com/it-solutions/asset-inventory-management.aspx
• https://www.tradegecko.com/blog/6-benefits-of-asset-tagging
• http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/asset-management-system-market-255619316.html
• https://www.asapsystems.com/asset-tracking-system.php
• http://www.myassettag.com/asset-tags-innovations

NEI Digital Office 4
Latest Trends in Asset Tracking
• All types of assets are being tracked
• Intangible Intellectual Property (IP) assets are being tracked
• Asset tracking software are utilized by all types of organizations across value chain
• End consumers are tracking their personal assets
• Smart phone barcode scanning is growing
• Asset tracking is moving to the cloud & adopting IoT
ALMOST EVERYTHING can be tracked
Facilities/ Property Stocks / Inventory
IT Infrastructure Tools / Equipment
Staff / Workmen / EmployeeFleets
• https://www.cdw.com/it-solutions/asset-inventory-management.aspx
• http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/asset-management-system-market-255619316.html
• https://www.asapsystems.com/asset-tracking-system.php
• http://www.myassettag.com/asset-tags-innovations
Introduction

Companies across industry verticals are tracking and monitoring all
their assets
• Most industries deploy asset
tracking/management platform as a part
of their overall management drive
• All businesses/organization irrespective of
the nature of main business (production,
supply chain, selling, services etc.)
implement asset tracking for high value-
high involvement goods/people
• http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/asset-management-system.asp
• http://www.camcode.com/asset-tracking.html
• http://www.redbeam.com/asset-tracking.html
• https://www.intellitrack.net/solutions/
• http://www.gigatrak.com/software/asset-tracking-system/
• http://www.entigral.com/industries/
• http://www.assetpanda.com/
Industries using Asset Tracking
Manufacturing: industrial, automotive, electronics, food & beverage,
textiles, aerospace, oil & gas, mines, agriculture
Retail: grocery & convenience stores, merchandize outlets, museums,
jewelers
Public: government, military & defense, utilities
Hospitality: hotels & restaurants, travel &tourism, hospitals
BFSI, educational & religious institutes
IT & Telecommunication
Logistics & supply chain
Consumer & Home

It is important to map which assets to track, and what to expect in
benefits
• Maximize employee and equipment efficiency
• Improvement in operational efficiency
• High Return on Investment (ROI) and cost saving
• Shortens maintenance downtime
• Efficient & accurate inventory management
• Prevents loss due to misplaced assets, spoilage, damage, theft
• Improved customer service
• Help meet possible compliance requirements
Advantages
• Many organizations either don’t see the need for asset tracking or do
not invest time to analyse the underlying capabilities
• Many organizations lack understanding of the inherent design
capabilities of their assets
• There are many asset tracking applications to choose from and
determining the best fit for business needs is essential to a productive,
useful system
Disadvantages
• Fixed assets
• Movable assets
• People
What?
• Stakeholders & businesses
• Vendors & suppliers
• People & staff
• Consumers & customers
Who Benefits?
• https://www.barcodesinc.com/solutions/market-applications/asset.htm
• http://www.assetpouwer.nl/en/asset-management
• http://www.camcode.com/asset-tags/importance-of-asset-tags/
• http://www.slideshare.net/nimblewirelessinc/iot-asset-tracking?qid=6a26a189-3386-4800-a92d-29b1e0e6c8f5&v=&b=&from_search=47
Benefits & Challenges
• Manually
• With use of
technology
How?
• Production / Processing
• Supply chain
• Retail
• In-use
Where?

27 November 2019 NEI Digital Office 7
Asset Tracking Technologies

Technology in asset tracking has come a long way from using manual
pen and paper to smart & connected, advanced technologies
Earlier, assets were tracked by writing it down on the paper
With the advent of computer systems, barcode technology, along
with Excel spreadsheets were used where the assets’ information
was sent via emails and stored on ERP applications
IoT has enabled automating asset tracking as the assets’ information
is directly sent to a cloud service and displayed on PCs, smartphones
and tablets through an app
Pen & paper
IoT (NFC, RFID, Wi-Fi, BLE)
Barcode, Excel spreadsheets
• http://www.networkworld.com/article/3034611/mobile-wireless/how-asset-tracking-technology-has-evolved.html
• http://www.small-business-inventory-management.com/inventory-management-asset-tracking-software-guide/
• http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/internetofthings/jde-iot-wp-2491555.pdf
• http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1324029&page_number=2
Evolution of Technology in Asset Tracking

Asset Tracking technology came a long way - from manual pen and
paper - to smart & connected technologies
 Tags on personnel, vehicles, and assets enable real-time location and environment/condition tracking
 Through scanners, readers or wireless communication such as M2M, NFC, satellite technology data/metrics are read
 Software then analyzes the activity and condition of tagged people and objects and converts data into actionable
intelligence.
 Decision-making notifications are available via custom dashboards/reports or mobile applications enabling the user to
maximize safety, security, performance, and productivity; and minimize losses
• http://www.networkworld.com/article/3034611/mobile-wireless/how-asset-tracking-technology-has-evolved.html
• http://www.small-business-inventory-management.com/inventory-management-asset-tracking-software-guide/
• http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/internetofthings/jde-iot-wp-2491555.pdf
• http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1324029&page_number=2
Process of Asset Tracking

Insights Sharing
Data Collection and Labelling
• Numerous tagging methods are used to tack assets such as RFID, Barcode etc.
• Data is collected through installed or handheld readers /scanners
• Data is stored in databases such as Microsoft SQL, Oracle, cloud-based applications, and
sent over through internet to the asset management software.
• It is analyzed with the help of analytics and programming software and also integrated with
backend systems such as ERP, CRM etc.
• Insights from the data collected is shared either through a web-based reporting or mobile
apps to users
• http://www.manuf-apps.com/ATS/ATSComponents.htm
• http://www.utilityproducts.com/articles/print/volume-17/issue-6/features/asset-tracking-and-managing-your-field-workforce.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/shailendragoyal/asset-tracking-software-59300600
Asset Tracking Components / Architecture
Data Management
Managing, Analyzing &
Integrating Asset Data Database
1
2
3
Asset tracking has become faster & easier with the enablement of solutions
like sending data to a cloud service, integrating back-end systems with
smartphones/ tablets apps

Asset tracking has become faster & easier with the enablement of solutions
like sending data to a cloud service, integrating back-end systems with
smartphones/ tablets apps
• The asset tracking software platform is used to track various assets and can be deployed either on Cloud or
on-Premises.
• The tag readers & encoders have locally executable middleware and data processing capability that capture
and transfer information to the data repository or 3rd party applications
• Backend system (integrated with software through middleware) include enterprise’s existing system such
as data repository, ERP, CRM, PLM
• This creates a database to manage information about the remote assets and devices
• Relational database primarily form the basis of asset tracking software for storing application level data
• Algorithms are a part of application needed to provide infrastructure to the platform for performing
real-time analytics on the data collected and provides alarms/ alerts or dashboards/ reports for
improved decision making
• APIs (Application Programming Interface) are developed for easy access of analytics platform incase it
does not form a part of application
SOFTWARE
BACKEND
SYSTEMS
DATABASE/
STORAGE
ANALYTICS &
VISUALIZATION
• http://www.manuf-apps.com/ATS/ATSComponents.htm
• http://www.utilityproducts.com/articles/print/volume-17/issue-6/features/asset-tracking-and-managing-your-field-workforce.html
Different asset tracking platforms have different storage, backend-end and reporting capabilities

As higher volumes of tags are in production, standards are increasing, cost
per tag is decreasing, and decision making for tag is becoming faster
 Generally used tags are: Barcode, RFID, QR Code, Near Field Communication (NFC), Wi-Fi tags, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and GPS
 Material Based:
 Barcode & UID tags: Made of label material or metal they have codes which carry information which can be read with help of
scanners
 Metal tags: Made out of tarnish and rust proof materials and can bear harsh environments
 Aluminum foil tags: These tags can be stamped with number series with the use of handheld tools, pen or a marker
 Destructible vinyl tags: These tags fall apart if the asset is being tampered with and are ideal for theft prevention. These are
used on company’s high-value assets
 Capability Based:
 Read Only Tags: Tags which are of read only data type requiring a particular line of sight for working and having a specific
durability. Barcodes and QR codes are examples and are used generally for fixed assets
 Read/ Write Tags: Tags which are of read/ write data type which generally do not require a particular line of sight. They are
used for fixed as well as movable assets. Example: RFID, NFC, BLE, Wi-Fi, GPS
• http://www.camcode.com/asset-tags-faq.html
• http://www.itassetmanagement.net/2014/09/05/asset-tagging/
• http://www.nameplatesdiv.com/blog/What-Kinds-of-Inventory-and-Asset-Tags-Should-You-Use.html
Asset Tags - Types

A widely used approach of asset tagging is to number each item with
its own unique code; differentiating equipment quickly and easily
• http://www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2011-02/near-field-communication-helping-your-smartphone-replace-your-wallet-2010/
• http://www.makebarcode.com/specs/speclist.html
• http://www.expresslabels.co.uk/asset-management/keep-tabs-on-assets.html
• http://www.scandit.com/2015/01/27/types-barcodes-choosing-right-barcode/
Methods in Asset Tracking: RTLS, BLE, NFC GPS
 Barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of alphanumeric data relating to the object to which it is fixed. A letter is
represented by bars and a scanner reads these bars and the data can later be retrieved and entered into a spreadsheet or asset software
program
 Barcodes are of 2 types: 1 Dimensional (represent data by varying the spacing and widths of parallel lines) and 2 Dimensional (represent
data by using dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions)
 Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers. But now they can also be scanned easily with help of
a smart phone
 UPC barcodes are used to label and scan consumer goods at points-of-sale around the world. EAN barcodes are also used to label consumer goods worldwide for
point-of-sale scanning, primarily in Europe.
 Code39 barcodes are used to label goods across many industries, and are often found in the automotive industry related companies and the department of Defense
 Code 128 barcodes are compact, are of high-density codes used in logistics and transportation industries for ordering and distribution.
 Code 93 barcodes are used in logistics to identify packages in retail inventory, label electronic components, and even provide supplementary delivery information
 QR Codes (Quick Response Codes) are 2D matrix barcodes with a strong consumer focus, often used in tracking and marketing such as advertisements, magazines,
and business cards. Free to use, flexible in size, have a high fault tolerance, and have fast readability, though they can’t be read with a laser scanner
 Datamatrix codes are 2D barcodes used to label small items, goods, and documents. Their tiny footprint makes them ideal for small products in logistics and
operations
 PDF417 codes are 2D barcodes are used in applications that require the storage of huge amounts of data, such as photographs, fingerprints, signatures, text,
numbers, and graphics

There are other modern ways to connect physical world to the system/
Internet; traditional methods encode limited amount of information
 NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology that enables the exchange of data
between devices over about a 10 cm distance. NFC can be used in form of tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards
 NFC tags basic architecture is similar to RFID tags the only difference is that they need to be formatted/programmed as per the user
requirement
 NFC has wide number of innovative use-cases such as for restaurants menu a person can touch their phone to an NFC tagged menu and can
have the entire menu on their phone along with nutritional information, description of all the ingredients etc.
 Real-time locating systems (RTLS) tags are used to identify and track the location of objects or people in real time, usually within a building or
other contained area. Location information usually does not include speed, direction, or spatial orientation. For indoor asset tracking Wi-Fi
combined with another technology like IR or Bluetooth can be used
 RTLS or Wi-Fi tags can be used for numerous logistical or operational areas such as locate and manage assets within a facility, notification of new
locations, such as an alert if a tool cart improperly has left the facility, to combine identity of multiple items placed in a single location, such as
on a pallet
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is used for real time location tracking of assets and gives context to the environment around. The system
automatically tracks movement and can react based on rules users define such as notifying security when equipment is leaving the space etc.
 Some of the BLE’s applications include public transportation apps, targeted promotions(iBeacon) in retail industry, asset security in hospitals
etc.
GPS (Global Positioning System) Assets may also be tracked globally using devices which combine the GPS system and mobile phone and/or
satellite phone technology. Can be used for checking the real time status of the vehicle, keeping a check on speed limit, vehicle breakdown
intimation etc.
• https://www.navizon.com/files/Navizon_WiFi_Tags_Fact_Sheet.pdf
• http://wirelesstag.net/
• http://www.assettrackr.com/
• http://blog.assettrackr.com/gps-fleet-tracking-system-for-car-carriers/
• http://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=nfc
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/nfc-tag.htm
• http://www.facilityteam.com/features/hardware/ble-nfc-and-barcodes/
• http://www.ahg.com/business-mobile-apps-blog/nfc-for-asset-inventory-tracking.html
Methods in Asset Tracking: RTLS, BLE, NFC GPS

By automating data collection; RFID technology vastly reduces human
intervention and makes the process error prone
In simple words, RFID is like a bar code that can talk
• RFID tagging is an ID system that uses small radio frequency identification devices for identification and tracking purposes
• An RFID tagging system includes the tag itself, a read/write device, and a host system application for data collection,
processing, and transmission
• An RFID tag (sometimes called an RFID transponder) consists of a chip , some memory and an antenna
Types:
Based on Power Source
RFID tags that contain their own power source are known as active tags. Active tags have more memory and can be
read at greater ranges.
• Those without a power source are known as passive tags. A passive tag is briefly activated by the radio frequency
scan of the reader and have limited computational capacity
• Tags that have an on-board power source that can be used to energize the microchip are called semi passive tags
Based on Frequency
• Low Frequency(125khz): used for tracking assets contained in a limited area such as animals, livestock, raw materials
• High Frequency(13-14 MHz): used in security, access & payment systems
• Ultra high frequency(433, 868-928 MHz): used in supply chain, asset management, retail sectors
• http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/rfid-forecasts-players-and-opportunities-2016-2026-000451.asp
• http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/RFID-tagging
• http://www.slideshare.net/FrostandSullivan/the-global-rfid-market-the-trend-today-and-what-lies-ahead
• http://www.small-business-inventory-management.com/inventory-management-asset-tracking-software-guide/nfs-and-rfid-for-tracking-inventory-assets.htm
Methods in Asset Tracking: RFID

Differentiation among various tags for choosing better solution for
both businesses and consumers
Criteria Barcode RFID NFC BLE Wi-Fi
Range 20 to 50 inches Up to 3 m Up to 10 cm ~ 50 m Up to 30 m
Data Type Read Only Read/Write Read/Write Read/Write Read/Write
Usability Asset Identification, pre-
defined product specific info
Asset tracking, Real-time
product information and
environment condition
Data Capacity > 20 characters Maximum 8000 bytes Maximum 1.6 MB N/ A N/ A
Durability Can’t be used when
scratched/ stained, cannot be
used in harsh environments
Can be used when scratched/
Stained
Can be used when scratched/
Stained
Durable Durable
Power
Consumption
Low moderate < 15 mA moderate < 15 mA moderate 50 – 200 mA high
Privacy Low Low High Mid Low
Accuracy Manual read errors and prone
to mis-scanning
Medium accuracy
(Generally due to tag collisions)
Medium accuracy (Generally
due to cag collisions)
Medium accuracy (Generally
due to Tag Collisions)
Medium Accuracy (Generally
due to tag collisions)
Cost per tag Less than $0.10 $ 0.10 $1.50 $3.00 High
• https://nxp-rfid.com/products/ntag/ntag-I2c-benefits/
• https://www.fbicgroup.com/sites/default/files/2016%20RFID%20Report%20by%20Fung%20Global%20Retail%20Tech%20Mar.%2015%202016.pdf
• http://www.androidcentral.com/samsung-tectiles-rewritable-nfc-tags
• http://www.androidcentral.com/samsung-tectiles-rewritable-nfc-tags
• http://www.ekahau.com/userData/ekahau/documents/white-papers/RTLS_myths_vs_facts_Ekahau_2013_letter.pdf
Comparison between different Tags

RFID helps in transforming individual verticals to connected ecosystem
• http://www.small-business-inventory-management.com/inventory-management-asset-tracking-software-guide/nfs-and-rfid-for-tracking-inventory-assets.htm
• http://spendmatters.com/2015/05/28/rfid-and-the-supply-chain-how-the-technology-is-increasingly-being-used-by-procurement/
• http://www.vizinexrfid.com/rfid-applications-in-supply-chain-management/
• http://rfidarena.com/2014/3/4/7-unexpected-and-awesome-uses-of-rfid-tags.aspx
RFID in Supply Chain Management
Input
material
Production
house
Storage Logistics
End
consumer
• Product Lifecycle Management
• Item Level Tracking
• Inventory planning and management
• Automated security
• Product information management
• Automatic check in and check out
• Waste Disposal
• Production planning improvement
• Fleet management & repairs
• In Store availability
• & many more…

RFID enables accuracy, limited human intervention and need for line of
sight
• Through RFID technology, business can quickly identify inventory
throughout storage, handling, and distribution processes thereby
getting better accuracy and visibility to inventory control
Benefits:
• Tracking and Reconciliation Automation: Moving the inventory
through a reader’s read zone of a handheld will automatically
update and reconcile the inventory system
• Access to Inventory Levels (Real Time): Generates report and view
current inventory data through a centralized web-based inventory
management portal with real-time data
• Alerts and Alarms: Triggers automatic alerts for inventory with less
quantity or high stock to optimize purchasing processes for
inventorySource(s) / Picture Credit:
• http://www.werc.org/assets/1/workflow_staging/Publications/685.PDF
• http://beta.intrasys.com.sg/RFIDSolution/Retail/RFID-Warehouse-Inventory-Management-System
• https://fhi.nl/supplychaintech/praktijkcases-intelligente-rfid-systemen/
RFID in Warehouse Management

Internet of things makes RFID a part of it; falling costs and anticipation
of IoT integration increases both adoption and the expansion
• Increased demand prediction & inventory visibility: Due to real-time visibility better predictability, planning & execution tools,
companies can adjust pricing and promotions strategies to shape demand, move additional product quickly, drive revenue growth,
and further expand margins for a high-demand product with limited market supply
• IoT can address compliance and regulatory reporting requirements such as traceability, emissions, country of origin and others
• Better tracking & efficiency: Organizations can now see and track their entire production facility virtually. In addition, environmental
conditions and equipment operating conditions can be monitored to ensure that the equipment is being operated properly and
prevent unforeseen machine failures
• Accelerated innovation & product support: IoT embedded in products can send real time customer feedback to manufacturers on
the usage, success and failure of a product. Companies can deliver a better quality of service to customers by capturing potential
failures before they have an impact
• Improved alignment & collaboration: IoT can enhance the sales and operations process by providing real-time visibility to all the key
dimensions for success--demand, supply, inventory, product, risk, and performance across the organization and throughout the
extended supply chain
• Sustainability & Quality: IoT-enabled sustainable operations can provide real-time visibility to energy and resource consumption and
resource or material movement
• http://www.zatar.com/news/internet-of-things-breathes-new-life-into-rfid-technology
• http://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/internet-things-iot-opportunities-smarter-supply-chains?page=2
• http://www.enterpriseappstoday.com/supply-chain-management/internet-of-things-adds-intelligence-to-supply-chain-2.html
RFID with IOT makes tagging and tracking more intelligent

Retailers are using NFC and RFID and other modern tagging methods
to enhance shopping experience
RFID tags in stores of Burberry assist them in inventory control and increasing consumer
experience
• RFID tags activate the changing room mirrors when customers try a garment. The mirror show a video
about the making of the garment and track the life of the garment
• The screen also shows how high-fashion models are wearing them on the runway
• Burberry’s stand-alone beauty store, the Beauty Box, features a “Digital Runway Nail Bar” that lets
shoppers virtually test Burberry’s latest nail polish shades.
• Shoppers can place their hand and a bottle of nail polish on an RFID-enabled platform to try multiple
shades without marring their manicure
• The brand has attached digital chips in coats and bags, once scanned via a mobile device or by a high-
end mirror in the Burberry flagship store it unlock bespoke content in a bid to entice consumers to pre-
order them
• Chips activate short films to bring the product in question to life, telling the story of its creation, from
sketches to runway edits
• http://mashable.com/2013/02/17/burberry-rfid-chip/#X4f_402EfOq3
• http://www.preferreddisplay.com/blog/?p=64
• https://futurevision.rga.com/magazines/connected-spaces-connected-experiences/more-than-a-one-click-experience/interactive-sales-floors/
Retail

DHL’s solutions enabled its customers to respond to the shipment
issues in real-time thus giving DHL a competitive advantage
Shippers in many industries asked the logistics giant for the monitoring and tracking capability for their
shipments to know the condition and location of their shipments
Following are the results of the solutions provided by DHL:
 Ability for customers to proactively respond to shipment problems in transit
 Improved customer satisfaction, loyalty and overall net improvement in delivery reliability
 A strong basis for sustained competitive differentiation and a significant new source of revenue growth
for DHL
DHL developed the following solutions:
 Temperature tracking solution called ‘Thermonet’, which enables DHL to manage the temperature
sensitive shipments of pharma products and medical devices. The solution includes the exclusive IT
platform, LifeTrack and the DHL SmartSensor, the temperature monitoring technology developed by
DHL Solutions & Innovation
 Smart Sentry, a real-time wireless locator device which uses GPS and GSM radios to monitor the
location of a package sent in an emergency. Sensors in the device will also track changes in
temperature, humidity, pressure, shock and vibration
 Parcel boxes which are installed in the apartments and can be accessed conveniently via RFID chip or
hand scanner
• ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODC00298-USEN-00.pdf
• http://www.logisticsmanager.com/2015/12/dhl-offer-new-international-tracking-service-with-rfid-tags/
• http://www.rfid-im-blick.de/en/201601113056/uhf-passiv-ist-bei-dhl-thermonet-die-loesung-fuer-pharma-luftfracht.html
• http://www.financialexpress.com/article/healthcare/trade-trends/dhl-global-forwarding-setting-new-standards-in-temperature-controlled-shipping-3/62617/
• http://www.computerworld.com/article/2499862/mobile-wireless/dhl-wireless-locator-device-tracks-its-location-in-a-box-of-cargo.html
Logistics

IoT is elevating product presentation by providing rich information and
social engagement
PERCH is an interactive display system that seamlessly integrates rich media with the in-store experience
using optical sensors
• BaubleBar’s SOHO pop-up store showcases their jewelry using a unique display system that enables
customers to interact directly with their product.
• As a customer picks up an item, it activates an animation and the surface where the jewelry was sitting
displays more information about the product
• The display’s content includes:
• Photos drawn from the BaubleBar website, educating customers on how to wear the product
• Interesting anecdote or product detail
• Instagram images of models and BaubleBar customers wearing the product
• It tracks when shoppers approach the display and interact with products. Perch’s cloud-based analytics
platform provides extensive data previously unavailable to brands and retailers. This data offers a unique
and powerful perspective into shopper behaviour and the effect of in-store media.
• Perch is partnering with the most influential brands and retailers Such as Verizon, ESTEE LAUDER, Levis,
Kate Spade, Clarks, Lenovo, Unilever
• http://screenmediadaily.com/baublebar-nyc-pop-up-store-features-interactive-retail-displays/
• http://www.perchinteractive.com/
Media & Fasion

24
Key Contact details for any queries:
Ashutosh Basotia
NEI Digital Office
(E) ashutosh.basotia@nbcbearings.in
(P) +91 141 2223221

Introduction to Asset Tracking technology

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