This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It begins by explaining different number systems like binary and decimal. It then discusses how binary numbers are used by computers to represent data using bits and bytes. The document outlines how computers process data using the CPU, which contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit. Components that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width are also summarized. Finally, the document briefly profiles major computer processors from Intel and AMD and provides a comparison of their top consumer CPUs.

1. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill Technology Education
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 5A-B
Transforming Data Into
Information
& Modern CPUs

3. 5A-3
How Computers Represent Data
• Number systems
– A manner of counting
– Several different number systems exist
• Decimal number system
– Used by humans to count
– Contains ten distinct digits
– Digits combine to make larger numbers
– 5th century

4. 5A-4
How Computers Represent Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
– By Gottfried Leibniz in 1689

5. 5A-5
How Computers Represent Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character

6. 5A-6
How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
– ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
• American English symbols
– Extended ASCII
• Graphics and other symbols
– Unicode
• All languages on the planet

7. 5A-7
ASCII

8. 5A-8
How Computers Process Data
• The CPU
– Central Processing Unit
– Brain of the computer
Segments of a CPU:
– Control unit
• Controls resources in computer
• Instruction set
– Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)
• Includes Registers (High Speed Memory
Location built in CPU)
• Arithmetic Unit:
– Simple math operations (+, -, ×, ÷, ^)
• Logic Unit: (=, ≠, >, ≥, < , ≤, etc.)

9. 5A-9
Affecting Processing Speed
• Registers
– Number of bits processor can handle
– High Speed Memory Location built in CPU
– Word size
– Larger indicates more powerful computer
– Increase by purchasing new CPU
– 32 bit / 64 bit

10. 5A-10
Components affecting Speed

11. 5A-11
Affecting Processing Speed
• Cache memory
– Very fast memory
– Holds common or recently used data
– Speeds up computer processing
– Most computers have several caches;
location depends on the CPU &
Motherboard type
– L1 holds recently used data (in CPU)
– L2 holds upcoming data (in CPU)
– L3 holds possible upcoming data (in
Motherboard)

12. 5A-12
Affecting Processing Speed
• Virtual RAM
– Computer is out of actual RAM
– Using Hard Disk space for RAM purpose
– File that emulates RAM
– Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
• Least recently used data is moved
• Virtual memory in Windows 10:
– Right click on windows icon > system > system info >
Advanced System Settings > Performance Settings >
Advanced

13. 5A-13
Affecting Processing Speed
• The bus
– Electronic pathway between components
– Expansion bus connects to peripherals
– System bus connects CPU and RAM
– Bus width is measured in bits
– Speed is tied to the clock

14. 5A-14
Affecting Processing Speed
• External bus standards
– Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
– Peripheral control interface (PCI)
– Accelerated graphics port (AGP)
– Universal serial bus (USB)
– PC Card

15. 5A-15
Affecting Processing Speed
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– Connects external devices
– Hot swappable
– Allows up to 127 devices
– Cameras, printers, and scanners

16. Microcomputer Processors
• IBM
– Historically manufactured mainframes
– Partnered with Apple to develop G5
• First consumer 64 bit chip

17. Microcomputer Processors
• Intel
– Leading manufacturer of processors
– Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor
– IBM PC powered by Intel 8086
– Current processors
• Xeon
• Core i9, i7, i5, i3
• Pentium

18. Microcomputer Processors
• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
– Main competitor to Intel
– Originally produced budget products
– Current products outperform Intel
– Current processors
• Ryzen
• Opteron
• FX
• Athlon

19. Comparison
Manufacturer Intel AMD
Line Core i9 Ryzen 9
SKU 11900K 5900X
Socket LGA 1200 AM4
Launch date 03/30/2021 11/06/2020
Launch price 539 USD 549 USD
Core count 8 12
Thread count 16 24
Base frequency 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz
L1i cache 32 kB/core 32 kB/core
L1d cache 48 kB/core 32 kB/core
L2 cache 512 kB/core 512 kB/core
L3 cache 1× 16 MB 2× 32 MB
Transistor count ? bn. 2× 4.15 + 2.09 bn.
Integrated GPU UHD 750 N/A
5A-19

20. CPU vs GPU
5A-20

21. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 5A-B
End of Chapter