Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia

Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
IJVSAH
Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in
Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir,
North West Ethiopia
1Chemere Ayenew (DVM), *2Ananiya Simeneh (DVM)
1,2P.O. Box 30413, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 in Bahir Dar
municipality abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia to identify the major causes of organ and carcass
condemnations and to estimate the direct economic losses. A total of 413 cattle were taken for
antemortem and postmortem examination. SPSS version 19 was used for chi-square test and p-
values < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Postmortem examination revealed that 379
(91.7%) livers, 116(28%) lungs, 10(2.4%) hearts, 9(2.2%) kidneys, and 28 (6.7%) carcasses were
rejected in both age categories due to various causes. Fasciolosis, (64%) Hydatidosis, (24.6%)
pericarditis, (1.2%) hydronephrosis, (0.5%) Abscessation, (0.7%) and bruising, (2.9%) were found
to be the major causes responsible for rejection. There was statically insignificant difference
observed between the two age categories of cattle for all causes of liver (χ2
= 35.80; P> 0.05),
Kidney and Carcass, (χ2
= 16.9; p> 0.05) and heart (χ2
=19.1; P>0.05) condemnation. However,
there was statistically significant difference observed (χ2
=63.2; P<0.05) for all causes of lung
condemnation between the two age categories. However, there were no statistically significant
difference detected between body condition scoring categories and causes of liver, lung, heart,
kidney and carcass condemnations (χ2
=76.1, 35.0, 10.7, 11.0; p>0.05) respectively. The average
annual economic losses was calculated and found 170, 676 ETB. The current study revealed that
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis were the major causes for condemnation that lead to huge economic
losses. Therefore, to alleviate these, further studies and preventive measures should be carried
out to reduce unnecessary financial losses encountered in the industry.
Keywords: Abattoir, Antemortem, Bahir Dar, Carcass, Cattle, Condemnation, Organ, Postmortem.
INTRODUCTION
Ruminants represent an important segment of the
Ethiopian livestock system. The national livestock
population of Ethiopia is the largest in Africa and is
estimated to be 49.02 million cattle, 26million sheep,
21million goats, 1.79 million horses, 5.42 million donkeys,
335 thousand mules, 760 thousand camels, 38.13 million
chickens and 5.15 million beehives in the country (CSA,
2008). Diseases that occur in livestock have two major
impacts. These two major impacts have highly pronounced
effect on large scale abattoirs where there is large number
of animals’ slaughtered and large number of workers
present. In addition to the risks on them, abattoirs have
high responsibility to provide risk free and wholesome
products to the society (Marta, 2010).
Meat inspection is commonly perceived as the sanitary
control of slaughter animals and meat. The aim of meat
inspection is to provide safe and wholesome meat for
human consumption. The responsibility for achieving
these objectives lies primarily with the relevant public
health authorities, who are represented by veterinarians
and meat inspectors at the abattoir stage (FAO, 2007).
Meat and meat products are extremely perishable,
therefore special care and handing must be exercised
during all operations (Marta, 2010).
Ethiopia has a large livestock population in African
countries, which is estimated to be around 34-40 million
TLU out of which 17% cattle are found in Ethiopia (FAO,
1994). Livestock and livestock products also constitute
one of the major export resources of the country and play
a vital role in the country’s economy (ESTS, 1997).
Ethiopia owns huge number of cattle, estimated to be
49.02million heads of cattle (CSA, 2008). Hence, an
increase in cattle production could contribute to the
attainment of food self-sufficiency in the country
particularly in response to protein requirement for the
growing human population as well as to enhance the
export earnings (FAO, 2000).
Each year a significant economic loss results from
mortality, poor weight gain, condemnation of edible organs
and carcasses at slaughter. This production loss in the
livestock industry is estimated at more than 900 million
USD annually (Jacob, 1979, Abebe, 1995, Jobre et
al.,1996).
Even though the livestock sub-sector contributes much to
the national economy, its development is hampered by
different constraints. These include rampant animal
disease, poor nutrition, poor husbandry, poor
infrastructures, and shortage of trained man power and
lack of government policies (PACE-Ethiopia, 2003). The
significant economic losses incurred each year in different
abattoirs in Ethiopia are due to mortality, inferior weight
gain and condemnation of edible organs at slaughter
(Jobre et al.,1996, Abebe, 1995)
A thorough meat inspection procedure requires two steps;
antemortem and postmortem inspections. The importance
of antemortem inspection in the abattoir has long been
*Corresponding Author: Ananiya Simeneh, P.O. Box
30413, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Email: ananyasimeneh@gmail.com; Tel. 0913923340
Research Article
Vol. 5(2), pp. 039-047, July, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org ISSN: 8991-0338
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry

Ayenew and Simeneh 040
recognized in an attempt to avoid the introduction of
clinically diseased animals into the slaughter hall and
should be done within 24 hours of slaughter and repeated
if slaughter has been delayed over a day (Gracey et
al.,1999, Teka, 1997).
The purposes of meat inspection, comprising of
antemortem and postmortem examination, are to remove
gross abnormalities from meat and its products, prevention
and distribution of contaminated meat that could result to
disease risk in man and animals and assisting in detecting
and eradication of certain diseases of livestock (Van
Longtestijn, 1993). It is necessary to be aware of the extent
to which the public is exposed to certain zoonotic diseases
detected in abattoirs and the financial losses through
condemnation of affected organs and carcass (Nfi and
Alonge,1987).
As meat is the main source of protein to man, it should be
clean and free from diseases of particular importance to
the public such as tuberculosis, hydatidosis, cysticercosis
and fasciolosis (Sirak, 1991). A proper antemortem
inspection of the animal makes the task of routine
postmortem inspection simpler and straight forward
procedure (Gracey et al.,1999). Postmortem inspection is
the center around which meat hygiene revolves since it
provides information indispensable for the scientific
evolution of clinical signs and pathological processes that
affect the wholesomeness of meat (Libby, 1975, Gracey et
al.,19991). It is necessary to be aware of the extent to
which the public is exposed to certain zoonotic disease
detected in the abattoirs and the financial losses through
condemnation of affected organs and carcasses (Nfi and
Alonge,1987).Various investigations have been conducted
through abattoir surveys to determine the economic
importance of organs and carcass condemnation in
Ethiopia (Jembere, 2002, Yimam, 2003, Aseffa, 2005,
Marta, 2010).
Disease causes extensive financial wastes as a result of
direct and indirect economic losses, because disease is
the major concern to livestock industry. Study conducted
in different abattoirs of Ethiopia revealed that parasitic
infection of livers, lungs (pneumonia), pericarditis and
pyelonephyritis are found to be the major causes of organs
condemnation, with an approximate annual loss of 2.7
million ETB at Debre Zeit HELIMEX abattoir (Jibat, 2006);
106,788.18 ETB in Gondar municipal abattoir (Yimam,
2003); 180,942.4 ETB in Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir
(Yohannes, 1994).
Even though various investigation have been conducted
through abattoir survey to determine the prevalence and
economic losses resulting from organs condemnation in
Ethiopia, most of the survey focused on parasitic case
such as hydatidosis, fasciolosis and cysticercosis (Aseffa,
2005, Yimam, M., 2003, Jembere, 2002, Marta, 2010,
Gomol, 2010, Zilalu, 2010, Fitsum, 2009, Yetnayet, 2010)
cause of organ condemnation due to other factors were
lacking.
In addition to many municipality abattoirs in Ethiopia,
recently, several modern export abattoirs like ASHIRAF,
HELIMEX, ELFORA Metehara, Mojo and Luna have been
established. This increase number of export abattoirs
showing increase in demand of carcass and organs
supply, but the supply is decreasing due to disease,
production and other various problems. In view of this,
proper evaluation of economic losses due to organ and
carcass condemnation resulting from various causes of
abattoirs is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study
are:
❖ To identify the major causes of organs and carcass
condemnation in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar
municipality abattoir.
❖ To determine the magnitude of direct economic loss
attributed to the condemned organs and carcasses.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Major causes of organ and carcass condemnation
Parasitic causes of organ and carcass condemnation
Fasciolosis: is one of the major parasitic causes
contributing to liver condemnation. Fasciola hepatica (F.
hepatica) and Fasciolagigantica(F. gigantica) are the
principal causes of fasciolosis and the most prevalent
helimenth infections of ruminants in different parts of the
world including Ethiopia. It causes significant morbidity
and mortality (Okewole et al., 2000, WHO,1995). It affects
liver of mammals especially ruminants (cattle, sheep and
goat) occasionally human being an accidental host for F.
hepatica and F. gigantic (Gracey et al.,1999). F. hepatica
is unique among the common helminthes of ruminants in
that it has an asexual multiplication phase of the life cycle
in snail intermediate host that is highly sensitive to the
environmental conditions (Smith, 2009). In recent years
small scale traditional of irrigated agriculture will create
favorable habitat for fluke transmitting snail vectors and
there by influence the life cycle progression occurrence of
fasciolosis (Mechael et al., 2004.).
Hydatidosis/Echinococcosis: is one of the major parasitic
causes of intensification not only its effect on animal
production but also due to its public health importance. It
is one of the world’s most geographically widespread
zoonotic diseases (OIE, 2002). Hydatidosis in cattle is
caused by the larval stage of the 2 - 7 mm long tape worm
Echinococcus granulosus, lives in the intestine of dogs
and other carnivores (FAO, 2007). Hydatidosis is one of
the major causes of organ condemnation and causes huge
economic losses (Yimer et al., 2005).
Bovine Cysticercosis: infection with Taenia saginata is
among the zoonotic in that it is maintained in nature with
human as sole definitive host. Its life cycle is entirely
dependent on the link between human and cattle so that
any break in this link can result in the total elimination of
the parasite (FAO, 2007).
Major pathological causes of organ and carcass
condemnation
Cirrhosis: is the end stage of diffuse hepatic disease
characterized by nodular regeneration with fibro-vascular
bridging scars in which there is intera-hepatic or portal-
hepatic vascular shunts. Cirrhosis involves disruption of
the architecture of the entire liver; a reflection of diffuse
parenchymal injury and subsequent fibrosis (Jubb et al.,
2007). In cattle, cirrhosis usually occurs as result of
infestation with F. hepatica (Gracey et al.,1999).
Necrosis: is death of cells and tissues in the living animal.
Necrotic tissue appears grossly as pale, coagulated,
amorphous mass of dead tissue that stands out against
the texture and color of normal organ. Common causes are
ischemia and variety of exogenous agents including
physical agents (burns and trauma), chemical poisons,
viruses, and other microorganisms and their toxins
(Cheville, 2006).
Abscess: an abscess is a localized collection of
liquefaction necrosis caused by suppuration deep in
tissues. It is designed to contain a dangerous pathogenic
agent, sequestering necrotic tissue from spreading in the
animal organs and carcass. Abscess starts as a focal
collection of neutrophils in space created by necrosis and
are nearly always produced by pyogenic bacteria. Abscess
formation is an integral component of the inflammatory
response (Cheville, 2006).
Calcification: is the deposition of calcium salts in dead
and degenerating tissue. Calcification is seen in parasitic
infections and in many chronic infections such as,
Hydatidosis and Tuberculosis. Irregularly rounded and

Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 041
frequently honeycombed calcification is detected on
postmortem examination by a gritty sound up on incision
with knife (FAO, 2007). The two forms of calcification are;
dystrophic calcification, in which calcium is deposited in
degenerating tissues and cells, and metastatic
calcification, in which calcium is deposited in normal
tissues in the presence of hypercalcemia (Jubb et al.,
2007).
Pneumonia: is inflammation of the lung parenchyma
usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchiole
and often by pleurisy. It may be associated with viruses,
bacteria or a combination of both, fungi, metazoan
parasites and physical and chemical agents (Radostits et
al., 2007).
Emphysema: refers to tissue puffed up by air or other gas
in the lung and are two major forms; Alveolar(vesicular)
emphysema is excessive amount of air with in air spaces
of the lung. Interstitial emphysema is the presences of air
with in inter lobular sub pleural and other major interstitial
zones of the lung (Jubb et al., 2007). Emphysema is
caused by an obstruction to the out flow of air or by
extensive gasping respiration during slaughter
procedures. All species may be affected with alveolar
emphysema. However, interstitial emphysema occurs
mostly in cattle. The lobules of the lungs become
separated by the distended interstitial tissues and marked
lobulation of lungs is observed (FAO, 2007).
Nephritis: nephritis of the kidney and associated structure
that can be caused by various causes. These pathological
conditions are found to be the sole cause of kidney
condemnation (Marta, 2010). Renal Calculi: is the main
cause of urinary tract obstruction. Renal or ureteral calculi
can be produced partial or complete obstruction of one or
both sides of the upper urinary tract (Smith, 2009).
Infarcts: infarcts of the kidney are common lesions of
localized coagulative necrosis produced by embolic or
thrombotic occlusion of the renal artery or of one its
branches. The sequelae depend on whether the
obstructing material is septic or bland and, on the size, and
number of vessels obstructed. Blood thrombi produce
typical infarcts; septic thrombi produce abscess that may
heal sequestrate or discharge into the pelvis (Jubb et al.,
2007). The margin of the infarct may be irregular, are
reflection of the vascular supply from adjacent, non-
affected tissue, initially, infarcts are commonly red due to
hyperemia, but by 48 hours most become progressively
paler. At necropsy infarcts of the kidney are usually white
ischemic, and are clearly demarcated from the
surrounding normal tissue (Cheville, 2006).
Hydronephrosis: is a dilation of the renal pelvis and
calyces associated with progressive atrophy and cystic
enlargement of the kidney. The cause is some form of
urinary obstruction, which may be complete or incomplete,
existing at any level from the urethra to the renal pelvis.
The obstruction may be caused by anomalous
development of the lower urinary passage or it may be
acquired. Acquired causes include urinary calculi in any
location. Cystitis especially if it is hemorrhagic,
compression of the ureter by surrounding inflammatory or
neoplastic tissue, displacement of the bladder in perennial
hernias, and acquired urethral strictures. Depending up on
the site of obstruction, hydronephrosis may be by
unilateral or bilateral, and there may be some degree of
hydro-ureter and dilation of the bladder (Jubb et al., 2007).
Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium that results in
the accumulation of fluid or exudates between the viscera
and parietal pericardium. Pericarditis in large animals can
be caused by trauma from penetration of ingested foreign
objects or external wounds, hematogenous spreads
(septicemia) of infection, extension of infection from the
lung or pleura, viral infections such as equine viral arthritis
or equine influenza, and neoplasia (Smith, 2009).
Major causes of carcass condemnation
Management fault: bruises are frequently found on
antemortem and postmortem examination in food
producing animals and poultry. It is the result of traumatic
injury with subsequent trapping of blood in and around
muscle bundles and associated structures. The underlying
causes are considered to be lack of bedding, mixing of
horned and hornless animals, over and under loading and
also due to extensive use of stick during transportation or
handling are commonly found in the hip, chest and
shoulder areas (FAO, 2007).
Emaciation: is often a pathological condition (poor body
conditions) of food animals and is characterized by a loss
of fat and flesh following the loss appetite, starvation and
cachexia. It is associated with gradual diminution in the
size of organs and muscular tissues as well as edema in
many cases. The organs and muscular tissues appear
thinner, moist and glossy (FAO, 2007). So, emaciated
carcass is condemned because if the condition associated
with systemic cases. As result, emaciated animals are
esthetically an acceptable for food (Marta, 2010).
Cysticercosis: is common finding in animal’s carcasses
where meat is eaten raw or imperfectly cooked and usually
where cattle have access to human feces due to poor
hygiene (Gracey et al.,1999). Beef measles have been in
Ethiopia for many centuries. The disease is locally known
as “kosso” is mainly related to eating of uncooked or raw
meat in many parts of the country (Richard, 1999).
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB): is a chronic infectious
disease of animals characterized by the formation of
granulomatous lesions in tissues and organs, more
significantly in lungs, lymph nodes and intestine. The
etiological agents of mammalian tuberculosis, classified as
member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: like
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberclosis),
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and Mycobacterium
avium (M. avium). However, M. bovis is the most universal
pathogen among mycobacterium species and affects
many vertebrate animals of all age groups including man,
although, cattle, goats and pigs are found to be most
susceptible, while sheep and horses are showing a high
natural resistance (Radostits et al., 2007).
In Sub- Saharan Africa, human and animals are sharing
the same micro environment and water holes, especially
during drought and dry season, there by potentially
promoting the transmission as M. bovis from animals to
man. Depending on route of entry and where the condition
becomes generalized, one or several lymph nodes may
contain tuberculosis granulomas. In the respiratory system
it is the mediastenum or bronchial lymph nodes that are
involved possibly with abscess in the lungs (Andrews and
Windsor, 2004).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was conducted from November 2010 to March
2011 at Bahir Dar municipality abattoir. Bahir Dar, the
capital city of the Amhara Regional State, is situated in
West Gojjam Administrative Zone of Amhara Region
Northwest Ethiopia that is situated 570 kilometers away
from the capital Addis Ababa and found at an altitude of
1,802 meters above sea level and latitude of 11o15’N from
the equator. It has warm humid climate with an average
annual rain fall of 700mm. The annual temperature of the
area ranges from 20oc – 30oc. The climatic condition of the
area is featured predominated by moderate “Woynadega”
and the area has two seasons; namely “Bega” and
“Kermit”; the month of “Bega” includes December to May,
and “Kerement” from June to September, Wet Season
(NMSA, 2010). The presence of the biggest lake and river

in Ethiopia, Tana and Abay respectively, influences the
climate of the study area. The land is covered by various
bush formations, low woods mainly evergreen plants and
some semi-humid and humid highland vegetation with
major agricultural products like teff, wheat, sorghum,
millet, maize, and all pulse crops. The livelihood of the
people mainly depends on agricultural/mixed crop-
livestock production is the type of farming system in this
area. According to CSA (CSA, 2008), there are 11 zones
in the region with the population number of males,
8,641,580 and female 8,580,396, all over population of
Amhara region is 17,221,976. The total area of the Bahir
Dar district is 128,356 hectare. In the study area there are
158,564 cattle, 23, 464 shoat, and 8,000 equine and
366,666 poultry (CSA, 2008). In the abattoir, maximum of
70 and minimum of 20 cattle and on average 30 cattle were
slaughtered per day.
Study Animals
The cattle destined for slaughter were almost all male
cattle originated from different parts of the country
including Adet, South Gondar, Achefer, Gonge, Quarite,
and Wollo and even from Harar. They were transported to
the abattoir using vehicles and on foot. A total of 413 cattle
distend for slaughter were inspected during antemortem
and postmortem inspections with their specific
identification numbers and recorded accordingly on a
format prepared for this purpose (Annex 1, Annex 3 and
Annex 4).
Study design and sample size determination
Across-sectional study was conducted in cattle
slaughtered in the abattoir. Every animal during the study
period was examined and data was recorded. In this study,
according to (Pace and Wakeman, 2003) (Annex 4), cattle
were grouped into young (<2 years), young adult (2 – 6
years), and adult (  6years) and age estimation based on
eruption of one or more incisor teeth according to (De-
Lahunta and Habel, 1986) (Annex 3) were recorded. In this
study, cattle were randomly sampled using systematic
random sampling methods selected for every 3rd entry and
examined by antemortem and postmortem examination for
three days per week of visiting the abattoir (Friday,
Saturday and Wednesday).
STUDY METHODS
Antemortem examination
Antemortem inspections were conducted on individual
animals, while the animals were entering into the lairage
and after they entered into the lairage in mass. Both sides
of the animals were inspected at rest and in motion.
Moreover, the general behavior of the animals, gait,
structure, conformation, body condition scoring and signs
of disease and abnormalities of any type were registered
according to the standard antemortem examination
procedures (Gracey et al.,1999). Following the judgments
was passed based on FAO (FAO, 2007) animals fit for
human consumption were allowed for slaughtered.
Postmortem examination.
During postmortem examination, liver, lungs, heart, kidney
and carcass were thoroughly inspected by visualization,
palpation and making systemic incisions where necessary
for the presence of cyst parasites and other gross
abnormalities. Pathological lesions were differentiated and
judged according to guidelines on meat inspection for
developing countries and the results were recorded
(Annex 2). The decisions at postmortem inspection are
classified into the following categories of judgment such
as, approved as fit for human consumption, conditionally
approved as fit for human consumption, totally condemned
as unfit for human consumption and partially condemned
as fit for human consumption according to (FAO, 2007)
guideline on meat inspection for developing countries.
Assessment of direct economic loss
All affected organs and partially trimmed off carcass were
rejected from local market. Since total condemnation of
carcass was not allowed to practice in the abattoir due to
economic reason and the analysis was based on the
average annual slaughter capacity of the abattoir
considering market demand, average market prices in
local market and the rejection rates of specific organ and
carcass in Bahir Dar municipality abattoir. Average market
price of each organ and carcass was determined from
interviews made with personnel’s of the abattoir and
butcher houses. The economic loss due to condemnation
was estimated by the formula set by Ogunrinade and
Ogunrinade (Orgunrinade and Orunrinade, 1980) as
follows:
EL=  Srx X coy X Roz
Where;
EL= average annual economic loss estimated due to organ
and carcass condemnation fromlocal market.
 Srx = average annual cattle slaughter rate of the
abattoir.
Coy= average cost of each cattle liver/lung/heart/ kidney
and carcass.
Roz = average condemnation rate of cattle
liver/lung/heart/kidney and carcass.
Data Analysis
Data generated from both antemortem and postmortem
examination were entered in to Microsoft excel worksheet
and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) software version 19. Descriptive
statistics was used to determine the level of organs and
carcasses condemnation rates defined as proportion of
condemned organs and carcass to the total number of
organs and carcasses examined. The significant
difference among the prevalence rates of organs and
carcass were determined using Descriptive statistics; Chi-
Square test (χ2). The data obtained during the study was
subjected to 95% confidence interval statistical analysis for
possible variation, rejection rates of specific organs and p
–values > 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS
Abattoir survey
Antemortem examination
The Antemortem inspection was carried out on all of the
413 cattle slaughtered for the detection of any
abnormalities encountered in Bahir Dar municipality
abattoir. A total of 18 (4.4%) cattle were found to have the
abnormalities listed below (Table 1) and rough hair coat
was the highest in both age categories. There were
statistically significant variation observed among the
various conditions encountered during antemortem
inspection with the two age categories of cattle (χ2= 4.5;
p> 0.05).
Table 1: Summary of abnormalities (conditions)
encountered during antemortem inspection.
Conditions
encountered
Young adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) (%)
Abdominal hernia 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Branding 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Lameness 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Rough hair coat 4(1) 4(1) 8(2)
Stick marks/scar 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Local swelling 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Tick infestation 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Total 6(1.5) 12(2.9) 18(4.4)
χ2= 4.5; p> 0.05

Postmortem examination
All cattle that had been examined by antemortem
inspection were subjected to postmortem examination. A
total of 413 cattle were slaughtered and thoroughly
examined by following standard postmortem procedures.
From total organs examined in both age categories of
cattle 379 (91.7%) livers, 116(28%) lungs, 10 (2.4%) heart,
9 (2.2%) kidney and 28 (6.7%) carcass were condemned
from the local market based on their gross pathological
lesions (Table 2).
Table 2: Total number of cattle slaughtered and rejection rate of specific organs/carcass in each study month.
Organs/
Carcass/
Frequency of lesions and percentage of rejected organs (%) in each
study month
Total χ2
value
November December January February
Liver 164 (91.1) 52(92.8) 119(97.5 ) 44(80) 379(91.7) 35.80
Lung 49(27.2) 21(37.5) 29(23.7) 17(30.9) 116(28) 63.235
Heart 0(0) 0(0) 3(2.5) 7(12.7) 10(2.4) 19.170
Kidney 2(1.6) 3(5.4) 2(2.5) 2(3.6) 9(2.2) 16.9
Carcass 10(5.5) 6(10.7) 6(4.9) 6(10.9 ) 28(6.7) 16.9
Total 180(43.6) 56(13.5) 122(29.5) 55(13.3) 413
Table 3 describes16.9% and 74.8% liver in young adult
and adult and 9.2% and 18.8% lung in young adult and
adult respectively were condemned. 2.4% heart, 2.2%
kidney, and 6.7% carcass were condemned in both age
categories. There were statically significant difference (χ2=
32.25; p< 0.05) between the two age categories and
frequencies of organs condemned.
Table 3: Rejection rates of specific organs and carcasses
based on age categories.
Age Total
number of
cattle
slaughtered
Frequency of lesions and percentage
of rejected organs (%)
Liver Lung Heart kidney carcass
Young-
adult
88 70
(16.9 )
38
(9.2)
5 (1.2) 4 (1) 3 (0.7)
Adult 325 309
(74.8)
78
(18.8)
5 (1.2) 5 (1.2) 6 (1.4)
Total 413 379
(91.7)
116
(28)
10
(2.4)
9 (2.2) 28 (6.7)
χ2= 32.25; p< 0.05
Table 4 depicts 93.4% of organs that were condemned
from poor body conditioned cattle were judged by totally
condomenation while 54% of organs and or carcass that
were condemned from good body conditioned cattle were
judged by total condemnation whereas 8 % of organs and
or carcass condemned from good body conditioned cattle
were judged by partial condemnation. Therefore, there
was no statistically significant difference observed
between the judgment given and different body condition
scoring categories (χ2 = 9.782; p >0.05).
Table 4: The rejection rates and the association between
body condition scoring and judgments.
Body
condition
Total
number of
cattle
slaughtered
Judgments
Partial
condemnation
(%)
Total
condemnation
(%)
Poor 151 9(5.9) 141(93.4)
Medium 212 12(5.6) 168(79.2)
Good 50 4(8) 27(54)
Total 413 25(6.05) 336(81.4)
χ2 = 9.782, p >0.05
From the total 413 cattle slaughtered (Table 5), 72.9% and
6.05% were condemned totally and partially respectively.
From the above totally condemned organs and carcasses,
81.6%, 7.1%, 84.4%, 85.5%, condemned in November,
December, January, and February respectively. Among
the partial condemned organs and carcasses, 7.2%,
14.3%, 2.5%, and 1.8% were condemned in the months of
November, December, January, and February
respectively. There was no statistically significant
difference between judgments given and each study
months (χ2 =12.454; p >0.05).
Table 5: The rejection rates and the association between
months and the judgments given
Month Total number of
cattle
slaughtered (%)
Judgments
Partial
condemnation
(%)
Total
condemnation
(%)
November 180 13(7.2) 147(81.6)
December 56 8(14.3) 4(7.1)
January 122 3(2.5) 103(84.4)
February 55 1(1.8) 47(85.5)
Total 413 25( 6.05) 301(72.9)
χ2=12.454; p >0.05
Out of the total 379 (91.7%) livers condemned in both age
groups, the principal causes of condemnation were
parasitic causes like Fasciolosis, 264 (64%) Hydatidosis,
102 (24.5%) Calcification, 18 (4.3%) and Abscess, 8 (2%)
in both age groups (Table 6). There is no significant
difference (χ2= 35.80; P> 0.05) observed for all causes of
liver condemnation between young adult and adult cattle.
Table 6: Summary of liver condemnation and its rejection
rates.
Cause of Liver
condemnation
Young adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Fasciolosis 29(7) 189(45.8) 218(52.9)
Fasciolosis and
Hydatidosis
6(1.5) 40(9.7) 46(11.1)
Hydatidosis 12(3) 44(10.6) 56(13.5)
Abscess 2(0.5) 6(1.5) 8(2)
Cirrhosis 1(0.2) 6(1.5) 7(1.7)
Cloudy swelling 4(1) 10(2.4) 14(3.3)
Calcification 9(2.2) 9(2.2) 18(4.3)
Congestion 1(0.2) 6(1.5) 7(1.7)
Schistosomosis 1(0.2) 4(1) 5(1.2)
Total 65(15.7) 314(76) 379(91.7)
χ2= 35.80; p >0.05
A total of 116 (28%) lungs in both age groups were
condemned (Table 7). The major causes of lung
condemnation was Hydatid cyst, 94 (22.7%) and
Emphysema, 11(2.6%) in both age groups. Others
accounted 2.7%. There is statistically significance
difference (χ2= 63.235; p<0.05) for all causes of lung
condemnation between the two age categories.
Table 7: Summary of lung condemnation and its rejection
rate
Cause of lung
condemnation
Young
adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total (n=413)
%
Hydatid cyst 31(7.5) 63(15.3) 94(22.7)
Emphysema 2(0.5) 9(2.2) 11(2.6)
Abscess 1(0.2) 5(1.2) 6(1.5)
Pneumonia 3(0.7) 0(0) 3(0.7)
Mass 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Total 38(9.2) 78(18.8) 116(28)
χ2= 63.235; p <0.05

The major causes of heart condemnation were found to be
pericarditis 5 (1.2%) and Hydatid cyst 4(0.9%) in both age
groups (Table 8). There was no statistical significant
difference (χ2= 19.170; p>0.05) observed between the two
age categories.
Table 8: summary of heart condemnation and its rejection
rates
Cause of heart
condemnation
Young-adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Pericarditis 1(0.2) 4(0.9) 5(1.2)
Hydatid cyst 2(0.5) 2(0.5) 4(0.9)
Abscess 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Total 3(0.7) 7(1.5) 10(2.4)
χ2= 19.170; p >0.05
Renal problems were observed in, 9( 2.2%) the kidney
examined accounting for, 0.5% and 1.7% kidneys in
young-adult and adult respectively, were rejected. Hydatid
cyst was the major cause for kidney condemnation in both
age groups (Table 2 and 9). There was no statistically
significant difference detected for the causes of kidney
condemnation and the two age categories (χ2= 16.9; p
>0.05).
Table 9: Summary of kidney condemnation and its
rejection rates
Cause of kidney
condemnation
Young
adult (n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(413)%
Hydatid cyst 2(0.5) 4(0.9) 6(1.5)
hydronephrosis 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Mass (tumor) 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Total 2(0.5) 7(1.7) 9(2.2)
χ2= 16.9; p >0.05
Out of 413 carcass examined, 28 (6.7%) were partially
condemned, from which bruising accounts 12(2.9%) in
both age groups (Table 10). There was no statistically
significant difference observed between the cause of
carcass condemnation and the two age categories (χ2=
16.9; p >0.05).
Table 10: Summary of carcass condemnation and its
rejection rates
Cause of carcass
condemnation
Young
adult (n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Bruising 1(0.2) 11(2.6) 12(2.9)
Contamination 0(0) 4(0.9) 4(0.9)
Abscess 0(0) 3(0.7) 3(0.7)
Iatrogenic lesion 2(0.5) 7(1.7) 9(2.2)
Total 3(0.7) 25(6) 28(6.7)
χ2= 16.9; p >0.05
Assessment of Direct Economic Loss
The average annual direct economic loss from domestic
market of organs and carcass condemnation at Bahir Dar
municipality abattoir was estimated to be 170, 676 ETB
according to the formula set by Ogunrinade and
Ogunrinade (1980) (Table 8).
Table 11: Findings of the study used in the direct
economic loss assessment.
Organ/carcass Average
rejection
rate of
organs and
carcass
Average
annual
slaughter
rates
Average
price of
organ and
carcass
Liver 45.85% 7, 200 40 ETB
Lung 14% 7, 200 20 ETB
Heart 1.2% 7, 200 30 ETB
Kidney 1.1% 7, 200 15 ETB
Carcass 3.4% 7, 200 60/Kg ETB
DISCUSSIONS
The most commonly encountered abnormalities during
antemortem inspection were 8(2%) rough hair coat,
2(0.5%) branding, 2(0.5%) lameness, 1(0.2%) local
swelling, 1(0.2%) stick marks and 2(0.5%) tick infestation.
Postmortem examination of the carcass of animals with
local swelling and lameness at antemortem inspection
revealed that the swelling was localized and the lameness
was due to trauma while being driven to market places and
during transportation to the abattoir by inappropriate
vehicles and frequent striking by stick during driven the
animals on foot to the abattoirs. Hence, in both cases
affected parts were trimmed off and the rest part of the
carcasses was passed as fit for human consumption.
Diseased animals that show signs of abnormality during
antemortem inspection should not be allowed to enter the
abattoir for slaughtered as indicated by (Teka, 1997).
Out of 413 cattle slaughtered in Bahir Dar municipal
abattoir, liver 379(91.7%), lung 116 (28%) heart 10 (2.4%),
kidneys 9 (2.2%) and carcass 28(6.7 %) were rejected
from local market based on their gross pathological
lesions. Even through the spleen, 8 (0.01%) is not needed
at market for consumption; it was examined for the
purpose of breaking the transmission cycle of animal
diseases like Hydatid cyst.
In the current study, out of the total 88 young-adult cattle
slaughtered, 65(15.7%), 38(9.2%), 3(0.7%), 2(0.5%),
2(0.5%) and liver, lungs, heart, kidney and carcasses
respectively and out of the total 325 adult cattle
slaughtered, 314 (76%), 78 (18.8%), 7 (1.7%), 7 (1.7%)
and 25 (6) liver, lungs, heart, kidney and carcasses
respectively were condemned due to gross pathological
lesions.
From the total number of young-adult cattle slaughtered,
35 (8.5%) and 18 (4.5%) liver were condemned due to
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis respectively. Similarly, from
the total 325 number of adult cattle slaughtered, 229
(55.5%) and 84 (20.3%) liver were condemned due to
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis respectively. Hydatidosis
31(7.5%) and 63 (15.3%) in young-adult and adult cattle
and emphysema 2(0.5%) and 9(2.25) in young-adult and
adult respectively contributed for lungs condemnation
during the study period. Among disease conditions
encountered during postmortem examination, Fasciolosis,
264(64%) and hydatidosis, 102(24.6%) were the major
causes of liver condemnation while Hydatidosis, 94
(22.7%) and emphysema, 11 (2.6) were the major causes
of lung condemnation. It was subjected that particularly the
lung was the organ mostly affected by Hydatidosis
because at old age, the liver capillaries dilated and most
cysts passed directly to the lungs. Secondly, the cyst
passes to the lungs through thoracic duct without involving
the liver as stated by (Gracey et al.,1999).
Out of the total 413 cattle slaughtered 379 (91.7%) liver,
116 (28%) lung, 10(2.4%) heart, 9(2.2%) kidney, and
28(6.7%) carcass were rejected by various gross
pathological lesions. From these 70(16.9%) liver,38(9.2%)
lung, 5(1.2%) heart, 4(1%) kidney and 3(2.9%) carcasses
in young-adult and 309 (74.8%) liver, 78 (18.8%) lung,
5(1.2%) heart,5 (1.2%) kidney and 6(3.8%) carcass in
adult were rejected due to various gross pathological
lesions. As the age of the animal increase, the exposure
to different diseases increases. This result also shows a
significant difference observed (X2= 32.25; p< 0.05)
between the two age categories and frequency of
organs/carcasses rejected. Among the study months, liver
was the most condemned organ (97.5%) in January and
followed by (92.8%) December. However, the lowest liver
was condemned (80%) in February. In lung the highest
and lowest prevalence rate was recorded in December
37.5% and 23.7% in January respectively. It implies that
Fasciolosis was the principal cause of liver condemnation
and in January, the highest snail population; intermediate

host were found than other study months to exacerbate the
condemnation of the liver.
The organs and carcasses passed for consumption in the
abattoirs are marketed in different hotels, cafeterias,
butcher shops and higher institutions. The condemned
organs having poor aesthetic value and pathologically unfit
for human consumption incinerated in the abattoir so as to
break the transmission cycle of the various diseases.
In Ethiopia many studies have been under taken to identify
the major disease conditions encountered during
antemortem and postmortem examination. Fasciolosis has
been reported to be one of the major disease problems of
livestock industry. The study conducted by (Jembere,
2002, Mezigebu, 2003, Seid, 2007, Fitsum, 2009, Marta,
2010,) at Nazareth, Gondar, Ambo, Hawassa, and Sebeta
abattoir respectively revealed that liver and lungs were
highly rejected organs by postmortem examination and
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis were the major causes of
rejection.
The current study agrees with the findings of (Teka, 1997,
Andualem, 2007, Shegaw, 2008, Fitsum, 2009, Marta,
2010) who stated that liver flukes in the liver and Hydatid
cyst in the lungs were among the major causes of organ
condemnation during postmortem examination. Similarly,
(Manyazewal, 1995, Shegaw, 2008, Andualem, 2007,
Birhanu, 2006, Sirak, 1991) reported a rejection rate of
35.2%, 43.7%, 36%, 35% and 58% of liver due to
Fasciolosis at Mekele, Kombolcha, Addis Ababa and Bahir
Dar respectively. (Tilahun, 1994) Reported a prevalence of
71% in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir.
Additionally, 52%, 61%, 50.2%, 21.6%, and 40.7%
prevalence were obtained around Lake Tana, Bahir Dar,
Hawassa, Ambo, and Sebeta Abattoir respectively by
(Yihenew, 1985, Yohannes, 1994, Fitsum, 2009, Seid,
2007, Marta, 2010) respectively.
Compared to these findings, 64% bovine Fasciolosis
obtained from the current study seems to be relatively
lower from Tilahun (Tilahun, 1994) but higher from
Yohannes (Yohannes, 1994, Sirak, 1991, Yihenew, 1985,
Fitsum, 2009, Andualem, 2007, Marta, 2010) and these
could be due to differences in environments and ecological
conditions of the study area.
Hydatidosis is also an important disease of major
economic and public health significance in many countries
of the world (Moidrage and Slough, 1981). Many
researchers reported that liver and lung were the most
common organs affected by Hydatid cyst (Jobre et al.,
1996, Sirak, 1991). The reason as explain by Gracey
(Gracey et al., 1999) is that lung and liver contain the
highest capillary bed in the body and therefore, the
majority of the oncospheres are filtered out and trapped in
the fine blood capillaries and only small number of
oncospheres reach the remaining organs. Factors
governing the prevalence of hydatidosis in the given
locality may be associated with prevailing specific social,
cultural, environmental and epidemiological situations
(Macpherson, 1985).
In the present study, higher prevalence of bovine
Hydatidosis in lung was found as compared to the previous
prevalence rate reported by Shegaw (Shegaw, 2008) , as
19.4% but lower from Andualem (Andualem, 2007, Seid,
2007, Marta, 2010, Yilkal, 1989, Fitsum, 2009), as
25.2%,26.7%,32.8%,38.8%,66.9% respectively. These
variations may be due to difference in the origin of animals
brought from and also due to changes in environment and
epidemiological factors, which could affect the rate of
transmission of Echinococcosis/hydatidosis.
In addition to Hydatidosis, 11 (2.6%) emphysema and 6
(1.5%) abscesses were also observed as the cause of lung
condemnation. The occurrence of the diseases that lead
to lung condemnation could be due to inefficiency of
slaughtering procedure, lack of proper disposal of infected
organs and distribution of stray dogs and wild vultures. The
principal pathological lesions that cause carcasses to be
rejected partially from local market were bruising 12 (2.9%)
followed by iatrogenic lesion 9 (2.2%).
Many reports in Ethiopia have indicated that an annual
basis of higher economic loss in the abattoir was
condemnation of edible organs and carcass due to
parasitic infestations (Jembere, 2002, Fitsum, 2009,
Yetnayet, 2010): 130, 718.49 ETB, 81, 480.00 ETB,
473,239.12ETB, 165.81 million ETB respectively. The
average annual cattle slaughter capacity of Bahir Dar
Municipality abattoir was 7, 200 and according to this
study, the estimated economic loss per annum due to
condemnation of organs and carcasses was 170, 676 ETB
which was equivalent to 10,040 USD per annum based on
the current change.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Disease is the major causes of organ and carcass
condemnation and the major concern to the livestock
industry as it causes extensive financial waste as a result
of direct and indirect economic losses. According to the
result of this study; Fasciolosis, Hydatidosis, Pneumonia,
Pericarditis, Hydronephrosis, Abscessation and bruising
were the most and major causes for organ/ carcass
condemnation of cattle to be rendered from local market
and this results extensive financial loss about 170, 676
ETB per annum. Hence, the current study may be valuable
for the country by providing data in monitoring disease
conditions and management practices of animals that
have public health hazard and aesthetic value and
consequently of economic significance as most of the
observed conditions leading to condemnation of organs
and carcasses. Based on the above conclusions the
following points are recommended.
➢ Immediate, safe and controlled elimination of all
condemned abattoir materials and the source of
contaminated offal as dog’s feed should be prohibited
by law.
➢ Regular de-worming of dogs and elimination of stray
dogs should be practiced and training of abattoir
workers on procedures and cares during flaying and
evisceration should be done.
➢ Standard regulations and functional meat inspection
policies should be formulated for organs and carcass
approval/rejection for abattoirs in order that a positive
relation with costumers and profitable and sustainable
domestic and national meat trade relationships to
continue.
➢ Different workshops should be prepared to enhance the
awareness of the animal attendant, farmers,
customers, abattoir workers and butchers pertaining
the public health significance of the disease, and proper
disposal of condemned offal and carcasses.
➢ Further studies should be carried out in ruminants that
are going to be slaughtered in different abattoirs of the
country and introduce preventive measures to reduce
unnecessary financial losses encountered in the
industry.
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Accepted 10 May 2019
Citation: Ayenew C, Simeneh A (2019). Major Causes of
Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered
at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal
Husbandry 5(2): 039-047.
Copyright: © 2019 Ayenew and Simeneh. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia

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Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia