Annotated Bibliography On The Midwifery

Annotated Bibliography On The Midwifery
Midwifery in rural Ghana Across the enormous continent of Africa, there are a myriad of birth practices, customs, and traditions. From spiritual
ceremonies, consumption of certain fruits, blessing ways to having supportive birthing assistants are some of the very common and important customs
from African countries, especially Ghana. One of the oldest and most widely recognized customs is midwifery. Midwifery is the act of assisting women
and their families before, during, and after childbirth. Moreover, some midwives also perform abortions and aid in post abortion care
(Otsea et al., 1997). Midwifery includes aiding expectant mothers in labor, food preparation for their families while the mother is recovering from
labor, breastfeeding, emotional support for new parents, postpartum care and child care. Midwives are also called traditional birth assistants or
TBAs (Nicholas et al., 1976). Midwifery has been practiced for hundreds of years in Africa, especially Ghana. As a result of moderate technology
improvements and medical advancements, midwifery is not commonly practiced in more developed countries in Africa. Everyone in Ghana do not
engage in midwifery. However, in communal and small villages in rural parts of Ghana midwifery is a well known and revered custom. In most
northern rural areas of Ghana, midwifery is preferred over modern birth practices. In the rural parts of Ghana, midwives are loved and admired in
their villages. Midwives are seen as the experts on
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The Maternal Mortality Rate Of Afghanistan Essay
Goal 5
The fifth goal is to increase maternal health in countries with a focus on reducing the maternal mortality rate by three–fourths and universal access to
reproductive health both by 2015. Despite a 43% reduction in maternal deaths since 1990, there are still a large number of women who die during
childbirth from preventable causes such as hemorrhaging (United Nations, 2015, p. 38).
In 2002 Afghanistan reported a baseline figure of 1,600 deaths per 100,000 with a 2015 targeted reduction to 315 (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
2013, p. 53). While Afghanistan was able to reach the original goal it had set for itself, new goals were created to combat the continuous high number
of maternal deaths. Afghanistan has identified general lack of family planning, a limited supply of qualified midwives, and limited access to health care
in general as contributing factors towards such high maternal death rates. The state has been working with UNICEF, WHO, and other international
partners to implement its National Reproductive health strategy to help combat the conditions in which Afghanistan mothers find themselves.
Goal 6
The sixth goal is to combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, focusing on reversing their spread and providing universal access to treatment. We have
seen progress made in most countries towards achieving this goal, with the statistics falling every day, however, we are far from the finish line as a
little over 2 million people still contract AIDS/HIV.
Afghanistan

Parenthood Should Have More Government Restrictions
Defunding Planned Parenthood
Although my view is consistent with a capitalistic micro government, Planned Parenthood should have more government restrictions. Most people
would beg to differ for several reasons. This issue has a two sided debate and there is no wrong or right answer. The only way to come down to a fair
conclusion is by making a pros and cons list, so one can see each side instead of being close–minded. Planned Parenthood has been controversial due to
the services it provides to women and teens in the United States, however the government enforce restrictions in order to prevent corruption. Planned
Parenthood is a huge provider for women, teens, and families. According to their website they describe themselves as, "...leading providers of high
quality, affordable health care for women, men, and young people, and the nation's largest provider of sex education" (Planned Parenthood, 2015).
They have about 700 health centers around the United States, which cater to both men and women. They are open all year long and they have outreach
to more than five million women, men, and adolescents worldwide. They provide them with birth control, counseling, breast exams, STDs testing, etc.
Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization to the public, which has eight million activists, supporters, and donors working for women's health and
safety and our fundamental reproductive rights according to their website. This organization cares for their patients and only three

Millennium Development Goals : The Millennium Goals
Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are, eight goals put in place by the 191 UN states, the goals are set to
be reached by the year 2015. Signed September of 2000, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2015, the United Millennium Declaration
commits leaders of the world to combat literacy, hunger, environmental degradation, disease, and discrimination against women. Having specific targets
and indicators, the MDGs are acquired from this Declaration. The eight goals are, to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty, achieve universal primary
education, empower women and promote gender equality, lessen the deaths in children, improve the health of mothers, combat diseases for example
HIV/AIDS and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The monitoring progress indicator for this would be, maternal mortality ratio and the number of births attended by a skilled healthcare person. o
The second target is to have universal access to reproductive health by 2015. The monitoring progress indicators for this target according to MDG
Indicators 2008 are, the rate of contraceptive prevalence, the birth rates of adolescents, antenatal care coverage, and the need for family planning that
is unmet. To Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other Diseases Targets and Monitoring Progress Indicator: o The first target is to have stopped and
begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. The monitoring progress indicators according to MDG Indicators 2008 are, the prevalence of HIV
among those between the ages of 15–24, condom use, correct comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS for the population of those of the aged 15–24,
the ratio of orphans to non–orphans attendance at school between the ages of 10–14. o The second target is universal access for all of those who need
treatment for HIV/AIDS, to be achieved by 2010. The monitoring progress indicator for this is, access to antiretroviral drugs (MDG Indicators 2008).
The antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS have increased between the years 2004–2009 (Vandemoortele 2011). o The

Sexual Health in Civilization Essay examples
Introduction
Sexual and reproductive health deals with the state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not just the absence of disease or infrimity.
The article points out that there needs to be a social impact on sexual and reproductive health services and for policy makers to be aware of these
things so their can be funding for these programs and public education about it too. The reason why this is an interesting topic is because each
society around the world has different groups of people who have their own or cultural view on when it comes to sexual health and illness as matter of
fact not all cultures or groups are aware on how to prevent an unwanted pregnancy or have the knowledge of the transmission of sexually ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Investing in Family Planning Services
In a developed first world nation where the use of contraceptive such as birth control and condoms is due to the fact that our governments are
concerned about the rates of teenage pregnancy, but for an underdeveloped nation it spells out demise for a woman to be a single mother and have a
difficult time staying in school, social isolation and more unplanned pregnancies (Kane and Wellings, 1999). In those underdeveloped countries the
problem lie where the widespread failure of not using the contraceptive correctly. For example in the UK, where contraceptive is available for free at
least a quarter of the of pregnancies ending in abortion are conceived without contraception and most of those resulted in incorrect use or inconsistent
use (Glasier et al, 2006).
Prenatal Care
Newborn care is essential for the survival of an infant during its first year of life as well as the mothers also, according to the report, maternal
mortality rate in many countries have remained more or less stagnant over the past 15 years but more than half a million maternal deaths takes place
each year. With all the technologies that modern medicine has to offer their shouldn't be any excuse for a mother to die during childbirth but it just
goes to show the distinction between rich and poor nations (Glasier et al, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) points out some of the ways
that we can implement to improve the mortality rate of the

The Causes Of Maternal Mortality And Morbidity
It is estimated that 529, 000 maternal deaths occur globally every year in developing countries. The probability that a woman will die during
pregnancy is 400 per 100,000 live births. The risk is higher in sub– Saharan Africa with 1,000 per 100,000 live births. The death of a woman during
pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period, is known as maternal mortality, occurs in 99% of all developing countries (WHO, 2015).
According to the World Health Organization, the causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in Sub– Saharan Africa are mainly results of a defective
health system when it comes to dealing with complications during and after birth. The complications that contribute greatly to maternal mortality
include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortions, and obstructed labor. These complications are the leading causes of death among
women aged 15 to 49 in developing countries.
Kenya is a country that has been making a lot of progress in approaching some of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and certain health
indicators. However, reducing maternal mortality still remains a challenge in this nation. The reason behind this slow progression results from the
interaction of social, cultural, economic and logistical barriers, combined with a high fertility rate (World Bank), and inadequate and under funded
health services (WHO). Strengthening the health system and improving quality of healthcare delivery can overcome these challenges.
BURDEN ON HEALTH

Prevalence Of Abortion And Contraceptive Practice
PREVALENCE OF ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE AMONG WOMEN SEEKING REPEAT INDUCED ABORTION IN
WESTERN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The background Induced abortion contributes significantly to maternal mortality in developing countries yet women still seek repeat induced abortion
in spite of availability of contraceptive services. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of abortion and contraceptive use among women seeking
repeat induced abortion in Western Nigeria. Method. A prospective cross–sectional study utilizing self–administered questionnaires was administered to
women seeking abortion in private hospitals/clinics in four geopolitical areas of Ogun State, Western Nigeria, from January 1 to December 31
2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Results. The age range for those seeking repeat induced abortion was 15 to 51 years while the median
age was 25 years. Of 2934 women seeking an abortion, 23% reported having had one or more previous abortions. Of those who had had more than
one abortion, the level of awareness of contraceptives was 91.7% while only 21.5% used a contraceptive at their first intercourse after the procedure;
78.5% of the pregnancies were associated with non–contraceptive use while 17.5% were associated with contraceptive failure. The major reason for
non–contraceptive use was fear of side effects. Conclusion. The rate of women seeking repeat abortions is high in Nigeria. The rate of contraceptive
use is low while contraceptive

Reproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abortion...
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AND UNSAFE INDUCED ABORTION AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENT {13
–19} IN SOME
COMMUNITIES IN OSHODI–LAGOS
BY
Eboh theresa
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Research Question 1.3 General aim of study
1.4 Objective of study
1.5 Justification of study
1.6 Study of study
1.7 Scope and limitation of study
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO :LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 Introduction
2.1Reproductive health
2.3 Sexual and reproductive health
2.4 Knowledge of contraception and its usage among adolescents in Nigeria
2.5 Incidence of unsafe induced abortion among adolescent
2.6Adolescent sexuality and the question of chastity
2.7 Cultural and adolescent sexuality
2.9 Adolescent sexuality in a changing world

2.10 Theoretical framework
CHAPTER THREE : METHODS OF STUDY
3,0 Introduction
3.1 The study population
3.2 The research design
3.3 Survey design
3.4 Sample size and sampling technique
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
CHAPTERFOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Socio–Demographic profile of respondents
CHAPTER FIVE : SUMMARY,CONCLUSION,AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
This study examines the association between reproductive health knowledge and unsafe induced abortion among female adolescents (13–19years) in
selected communities in Oshodi Local government area of Lagos state. Data were

Health And Poverty Of Latin America
Maternal Health in Bolivia
Stephanie Spencer
Fall 2014
Health & Poverty in Latin America
Section 1E Globally, maternal health is an issue that has not been given adequate attention in many regions. Many women across the world are unable
to avoid many preventable health consequences of pregnancy, which are usually extreme enough to result in death. In the Latin American region,
Bolivia has some of the worst maternal health care systems, due to the underdevelopment of healthcare practices, insufficient political and social
concern, and a lack of public awareness. Maternal deaths are attributable to risks caused by pregnancy and childbirth themselves, as well as from the
lack of proper, good quality health services (Khan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Giving women control over their fertility could, alone, reduce maternal deaths by up to 20–35% by minimizing pregnancies to the number desired
(Khan, K. et al., 2006).
Furthermore, educating the community about region–wide healthcare issues, i.e. facility hygiene methods and contraception practices, has not been a
concern for the La Paz district, or for Bolivia in general. In a sense, the primary causes of maternal mortality from unsafe abortion are not only
excessive bleeding or infection but, rather, a failure to recognize the severity of these circumstances and the necessity for reform (Grimes, D. et al.
2006). The public deserves a more direct access to healthcare facilities, principally in rural areas in which access to health care is remarkably limited.
Most of the clinics and hospitals (responsible for performing these abortions) currently existing in Bolivia require additional financial support and
substantial developments ("Child and Maternal.." 2014). The Bolivian government has neglected to fulfill its responsibility of recognizing the
fundamental right of its people to receiving adequate healthcare, and has not made substantial improvements to instill safer abortion methods.
Hypertension
Besides abortion difficulties, there are a variety of medical complications that pregnant women are at risk of having. Some of the most prevalent
illnesses affecting child–bearing

Essay Ethiopia: Maternal Mortality and the Access to Care
Access to Care in Ethiopia
In many parts of the world that are considered lower or middle–class countries, health disparities are cause of major concern that leads to unnecessary
disease and possible death. Many variables affect how and why many citizens of lower and middle–class countries struggle to obtain adequate
healthcare. One region of the world classified as a lower socio economic territory is Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to the lack of health care in
Ethiopia such as access to care, high cost of care, and being uneducated, to name a few. One idea that hinders many citizens in Ethiopia to attain
healthcare is the access to the healthcare system. This research project will entail the issue of access to the health care ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One example is teaching citizens of Ethiopia the importance of good hygiene and the consequences of having poor nutrition status.
Aims
Of particular concern is women and maternal health in Ethiopia. According to the millennium goal developments, the fifth goal is to reduce maternal
mortality rate by 75% by 2015. One reason that maternal health needs to be increased in Ethiopia is because of the large amount of women who die
each year. According to Skolnik (2012), the highest maternal mortality ratios are in sub–Saharan Africa, where there are 940 maternal deaths per
100,000 live births. This means that a woman in some countries of sub–Saharan countries of Africa such as Ethiopia face 250 times the risk of dying a
maternal death as does a woman in the high–income countries. (Skolnik, 2012) There are many factors that come into play when looking at maternal
health. Among the first are the nutritional status and general health status of the mothers, in addition there is a link between maternal death and the
level of education and income of the mother (Skolnik, 2012, p. 191). In order to help reduce the high incidence of maternal mortality rate focus
should be turned to wards identifying ways to improve the access to care for women who are pregnant. I believe this issue is the important to tackle
because it can improve the prenatal care that women in Ethiopia receive resulting

The Consequences of Not Legalizing Abortion in Latin...
In 1988, according to the Pan American Health Organization, abortion was declared Latin America's leading cause of pregnancy–related mortality.
Nearly two decades later a solution has not been found to the increasing deaths of Latin American women. In Latin America, there are restrictive laws
on reproductive rights because abortion and contraceptives are considered immoral by the Catholic Church. Catholicism has dominated the region
politically and socially since colonial times. Despite illegality, the abortion rate in Latin America is higher than all of Western Europe and the United
States, where abortion is legal under all circumstances. By denying women reproductive rights, governments are denying them of human rights.
Abortion is illegal under all circumstances in four Latin American countries: Chile, Nicaragua, Colombia, and El Salvador. Restrictive laws on
abortion present various problems for women in the region. Women who are faced with unwanted pregnancies do not have the option to decide
whether they are mentally, physically, or economically stable enough to support a child because of government restrictions on reproductive rights as
well as pressures put on them by men to fulfill their duty as mothers. Lack of contraceptives in poor areas, coupled with minimal or no sex education,
makes it nearly impossible for women to control pregnancies. As a result, women resort to back street clandestine abortions performed by unlicensed
and often unskilled

The Importance Of Legalizing Abortion In The United States
Imagine being a woman with an unplanned pregnancy and no ability to get an abortion because the law prohibits it. Imagine being scared, confused,
and anxious because you don't have the basic right of control over your own body. Imagine having to succumb to illegal, life–threatening procedures
because you feel like you have no other choice. There are women across the nation who feel and endure these unimaginable and terrifying hardships,
which is why abortions should be legal throughout the United States. First, illegalizing abortions will not eliminate the practice of the procedure as
intended, but will instead leave women scared, confused, and without any safe options. In fact, "abortion rates are similar in countries where it is legal
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is utterly unfair and immoral to place women in a situation in which they are helpless and voiceless, especially when there is an option to give them
the jurisdiction over their bodies that they rightly

Women's Economic Opportunities and Health in Brazil Essay...
Women's Economic Opportunities and Health in Brazil
Women's economic opportunities and health in Brazil is affected by many factors.
Brazilian women's economic opportunities are affected by such factors as gender inequality, violence from men, and racial inequality. Health is affected
by reproductive rights, maternal mortality rates, domestic violence and sexual violence. This paper will examine health and economic opportunities
available to women in the countries of Saudi Arabia, the United States and Brazil.
Brazilian women were over half the population in 1998 at 50.6 percent (Reproductive Rights, 2004). The female life expectancy was 75.3 by the 2003
estimate. 86.6 percent of Brazilian women are literate overall and represent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1991, 2.9% of the population lived in favelas (U.S. Library of Congress, 1996).
The rural area population in Brazil is comprised of a 50 percent female population, but only 11 percent of the titles to land are in the name of women.
The Minister of Agrarian Development is working to eliminate the discrimination of women and increase micro–credits to women in the Northeast so
that they may stay with their families (Blaney, 2004).
Brazil's economy has the power to make it a second world country, but its precarious health care system demotes its status to third world. Brazil ranked
125th out of 191 countries tested in a health conditions analysis done by the World Health Organization in 2000 (SEJUP). This ranking is in part due to
the almost nonexistent health services in many portions of Brazil. The 1988 Federal Constitution and Organic Health Law of 1990 universalized
healthcare unified the public healthcare system and decentralized the management and organization of health services from federal to state and
municipal level (PAHO, 1999).
The constitution also gave all Brazilians free healthcare from public and private source reimbursed by the government (PAHO, 1999). Most health
establishments belong to the public sector (65.2 percent public and 34.8 percent private); more private institutions (43.2 percent) provide inpatient care
than

UNICEF Ethical Statement
UNICEF is very experienced humanitarian and development agency which works globally for the rights of children. UNICEF is also leading
humanitarian organization concerned on children. UNICEF's goal is comprehensive, It aims that every child should have safe shelter, nutrition,
protection from disaster and conflict. Furthermore, it emphasizes pre–natal care, clean water, health care and education. UNICEF works for every
child's equal chances in life. UNICEF has worked nearly 70 years to improve the lives of children and their families. The main target of UNICEF is
to promote the rights and wellbeing of all children. UNICEF works in 190 countries and territories especially focusing on reaching the most vulnerable
and excluded children for example... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UNICEF has set Millenium development goals, which 189 countries have signed in September 2000. The goals reveal the extent importance of
UNICEF's work. First goals are to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger meaning in practice that the amount of people living less than one dollar
per day or suffer for hunger should halve between 1990 and 2015. Furthermore, primary education should be ensured for all children, also for girls.
Child mortality and maternal health are also primary goals of UNICEF. There are also set goals to combat AIDS/HIV, malaria and other diseases, to
ensure environmental sustainability and to develop global partnership for development. All of the Millenium goals concerns basic needs of life; food,
health, income and education. The amount of people who do not have these is devastating. It cannot be denied that UNICEF's work is

The Lynsey Addario Photo 's Maternal Mortality
The Lynsey Addario photo chosen from her photo story Maternal Mortality, depicts women in Sierra Leone holding two newly born twins. The
newborns, usually considered joys and miracles, are surrounded by sad, morning, void, grieving and angry expressions. While the scene is filled
with vibrant colors, it is hardly filled with the joy a western audience would expect. Maternal Mortality tells the story of Mama Seesay her family and
friends, as well as all childbearing women in Sierra Leone and sub–Saharan Africa: In Sierra Leone, a country with one of the highest rates of Maternal
Mortality, Mamma Seesay is fighting just to give birth. Mamma, 18 delivered one of the twins she was carrying in a remote village outside of
Freetown, the capital... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This woman's expression is much different than the woman in the center of the image. The woman in blue looks stuck in thought, worry and grief.
She is holding a burden. Her expression is so void of emotion that you can feel the suffering that lies behind her eyes and are within her thoughts.
Her gaze is aimed up toward the viewer but do not appear to be making contact with the camera. She appears to look through the viewer or past
them, but not into them. She is fascinating, she holds one of the babies, but with no affection. All the other woman in the photograph add to the grief,
anger and sorrowfulness felt in the image. Their gorgeous and colorful dress drowned out by the apparent distress of the expressions on their sun lite
faces. The use of color in Addario's image is striking, the color in the women's dress is colorful. Many of the women are adorning colorful
headscarves in addition to their vibrant colored dresses. The use of lighting and color truly make the photograph eye–catching but does not take away
to the suffering seen through the expressions and body language of the women. In the photograph, the women are standing underneath what appears to
be a covered walkway. Light pours onto the women from both the right and left side of the photograph and successfully lights up the expressions of
each and every woman. This is why the colors do not tone down the

The Cause Of Maternal Death Worldwide
Abstract Maternal sepsis is preventable, yet remains the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, according to a study published in 2013 (Acosta &
Knight, 2013). Early recognition of symptoms and implementation of correct treatment is key to prevent mortality. A break in nursing education can
prevent prompt treatment to patients. Given that pregnant women are more vulnerable to infection and susceptible to serious complications, makes a
clear understanding of maternal sepsis imperative (Joseph, Sinha, Paech, & Walters, 2009). The purpose of this project was to determine if there is a
need on Memorial Hospital's LDRP unit for more education related to maternal sepsis. Memorial Hospital, located in York, Pennsylvania is a small...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though sepsis is a major contributor to maternal mortality, septic shock in pregnancy fortunately is relatively rare, affecting only 0.002% to
0.010% of all births (Dutra & Olvera, 2016). Regardless of how low the statistics, maternal mortality happens and the preparedness of units will
influence a positive outcome. A needs assessment identifies the discrepancy between the present knowledge and the desired knowledge to develop
protocols and education which will bridge the gap between the "what is" and "what should be". The needs assessment developed for the 23 staff
members on the small LDRP unit of Memorial Hospital focused on what the end knowledge base should be. Questions were formulated after an
extensive literature review, focusing on early recognition, definitions and specifics for care. This needs assessment will help implement protocols that
will improve the care provided, as well as the comfort of the staff members face to face with perinatal mothers.
Review of Literature Critical management of maternal sepsis is key in preventing mortality and identifying a patient at risk can help with initiation of
management. There are many risk factors of sepsis during pregnancy. Hashmi and Khan (2014) identified that pregnant women are highly susceptible
to infection due to the maternal immune response being decreased. Some of the risk factors named included cesarean

The Pros And Cons Of Abortion
Abortion is a medical procedure that terminates a pregnancy by removing a embryo or fetus. Abortion in the US is one of the safest medical
procedures that can be performed. For a long time abortion has be a topic with many different opinions around it. Roe v. Wade declared that abortion is
a fundamental right for women in 1973. With the right to abortion women feel that they are in more control of their bodies. Although some people
believe that abortion is murder because life begins at conception, women deserve the right to abortion because it prevents maternal injury and death,
denying abortion can lead to more mental health problems, and prevents a society where children come into the world unwanted
Some people might say that life begins at conception therefore abortion is murder. Some individuals claim that "The killing of an innocent human
being is wrong, even if that human being has yet to be born" Procon.org. However, "It is not an independently existing, biologically formed organism,
let alone a person" Leonard, Peikoff. The cells inside the woman are not developed into a human being and can't survive on its own therefore it is not
a human being murdered, it is a clump of cells being removed. People who oppose abortion also might say, " Upon fertilization, a human individual is
created with a unique genetic identity that remains unchanged throughout his or her life" procon.org. This argument is clearly invalid because "If
anti–abortionists object that an embryo has

My Interest On Maternal Mortality, Morbidity, And Health
My interest in maternal mortality, morbidity, and health was first piqued by my mother, who has always worked in the field. As I got older, I began
to more completely grasp the topics that she dealt with, and the implications they had for women universally. Even to this day, I cannot understand
why women, the creators of life, do not receive more respect, or even regard, for the services they provide humanity. That is why this topic interests
me so much, because even after reading all the material about how women are mistreated and abused in regard to their childbearing abilities and
processes, it always brings me back to asking the question, "why women?"
Despite the evidence that universal access to contraception results in fewer newborn and maternal deaths, helps create stronger communities by
empowering women and girls, and leads to more girls staying in school for longer, which in turn increases their lifetime earnings and opportunities,
there is still a huge number of women and girls around the world that have an unmet need for modern contraception. The Millennium Development
Goals for 2015 called for universal access to contraception by the end of 2015, and while some progress has been made, it doesn't seem that the goal
will be achieved. In 2012, however, at the London Summit on Family Planning some momentum was gained on the matter. The summit brought
together governments, civil society groups, multinational organizations, and the private sector who all committed to

Reproduction And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Female...
KNOWLEGDE OF REPRODUCTION AND UNSAFE INDUCED ABORTION AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENT {13
–19} IN SOME
COMMUNITIES IN OSHODI–LAGOS
BY
Eboh theresa
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction
1.6 Study of study
CHAPTER TWO :LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 Introduction

CHAPTER THREE : METHODS OF STUDY
3,0 Introduction
3.3 Survey design
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
CHAPTERFOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION
4.0 Introduction
CHAPTER FIVE : SUMMARY,CONCLUSION,AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
selected communities in Oshodi Local government area of Lagos state. Data were obtained

Family Planning Methods
Many women in developing countries do not have access to services like family planning, antenatal care and delivery by a trained personnel (WHO,
2007). For example, in a country like Uganda, only 30 percent of married women from the age of 15 to 49 use modern family planning methods
(Salwa Bitar & McKenzie Lamborne, 2014).
Low rates of maternal health service utilisation in sub–Saharan Africa have also been attributed to the unequal gender relations arising from religious
beliefs, teachings and practices and cultural influences (Katherine Marshall, 2013; UNAIDS, 2014; International Community of women living with
HIV/AIDS, 2004; J.K. Ganle, 2015; Booth D& Cammack D, 2013). The low levels of commitment to protecting women's health in many ... Show more
With this background, scholars Yadamsuren B et al. (2010), Widmer M et al. (2011), and institutions like the World Bank (1993) and the UN Global
Strategy for Women's and Children's Health (WHO, 2010) argue that for countries to experience improvements in women's access to quality maternal
healthcare, there is need for strong partnership between the public health care sector and the private sector particularly FBOs (Gill Z. et al., 2008;
Widmer M et al. 2011; Gill Z et al. 2008). It is against this background that I explore the different actors/providers of maternal and general healthcare in
developing countries.
The provision of maternal health care in developing countries.
There is a need to clarify the use of the terms 'state' and 'government' and Public Sector. The concepts are distinct but closely related. For the purpose
of this research, I use the term public sector which is defined by Duff J.F et al (2015: 1787) as, "bodies charged under rule of law with governance of
society at international, national, regional and local levels". An exception is when the texts make reference to specific governments, which
disassociates the terms from each other.
In most developing countries,

Rhetorical Analysis Of Margaret Sanger 's The Children 's Era
In America, the twentieth century marked the beginning of a pivotal age that contained many social and political reforms for women. Feminists around
the country each presented unique ideas for women's rights, most of them through influential writings and speeches. Margaret Sanger was an
undeniably significant contributor who made a huge impact on the future of women's civil liberties. A nurse with a prolific writing career, Sanger
delivered her speech "The Children's Era" in 1925, a text that advocates for the use of contraceptives to improve the lives of mothers and children.
Throughout the speech, she employs the use of analogies to provide clarity to her purpose and deliver a lasting message that women's bodies must be
controlled if they are to effectively fulfill their maternal obligations. Sanger also incorporates two of the Aristotelian appeals, logos and pathos, to
accentuate the plight that mothers and children must face despite an accessible solution. The careful application of diction throughout her speech also
emphasizes her three main rhetorical strategies. These rhetorical devices support Sanger's overall message of maternal empowerment and convince her
hesitant audience to fully accept her progressive ideals. During the nineteenth century, women had few rights, and were often objectified by men. An
ideal woman was subservient to her husband, had plenty of children, and was not expected to work outside the home. As the Victorian era progressed,
some women

The Maternal Mortality Of South Africa Essay
2.1.1 Background on the maternal and infant/child health in South Africa There are numerous issues surrounding maternal and infant health in South
Africa. The maternal mortality ratio in South Africa is estimated at 156.5 per 100000 live births (Pattinson et al 2012). It is suggested that 60% of
maternal deaths in South Africa are preventable (Amnesty International 2014). The three leading underlying causes of maternal mortality in South
Africa include: HIV/AIDS, hypertension and obstetric haemorrhage (Pattison et al 2012). Approximately 30% of South African pregnant women and
girls' are HIV positive (Amnesty International 2014; DOH 2013a). KwaZulu Natal is the province with the highest prevalence of HIV at 37.4% for
pregnant women (DOH 2013b). Hypertension and obstetric haemorrhage can be avoided through appropriate nutrition and dietary–related practices
(Bradshaw et al 2008).
In South Africa, one in three women have a mental problem during or shortly after the pregnancy period [Field & Honikman 2015; Mental Health and
Poverty Project (MHaPP) 2010]. This statistic is three times higher the rate in developed countries (MHaPP 2010). Mental illness is common in South
Africa since many women develop psychological stress during and after pregnancy (Field & Honikman 2015). Women vulnerable to mental illness
include those: living in poverty, experiencing violence or abuse, with HIV/AIDS and those with unplanned pregnancy (Field & Honikman 2015).
The infant mortality

Reproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abortion...
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AND UNSAFE INDUCED ABORTION AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED
COMMUNITIES IN BADAGRY, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
BY
Eboh theresa
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE:BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction
1.6 Study of study
CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 Introduction

CHAPTER THREE:METHODS OF STUDY
3,0 Introduction
3.3 Survey design
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
CHAPTERFOUR:DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION
4.0 Introduction
CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY,CONCLUSION,AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
selected communities in Badagry Local government area of Lagos state.

The Mortality Of Maternal Mortality Essay
In 2013, 289 000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and it was estimated that everyday 800 women all over the world died from childbirth
or childbirth–related problems (World Health Organization, 2014). Often, maternal mortality is found to occur more often in developing countries than
developed countries. Maternal mortality refers women who died from the situation like during pregnancy, termination of pregnancy within 42 days,
regardless of duration and place of pregnancy, from aggravation caused by the pregnancy or pregnancy management (Nwagha et al, 2010). Maternal
mortality may be resulted from direct or indirect cause. Direct causes are from obstetric complications of pregnancy, labour, and puerperium, and
interventions whereas indirect causes are from the worsening of current conditions by pregnancy or delivery (Givewell, 2009). This paper aims to
examine the causes for maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries and will end with a proposal for government to ensure women
are given reproductive health rights.
Developed countries
In his article, "Why are so many U.S. women dying during childbirth?", Munz (2012) pointed out that U.S. is experiencing a rise in maternal
mortality. It has doubled for the last 25 years and the experts are uncertain about the increase. Experts are not entirely clear for the rise in the maternal
deaths in the U.S., but there are some aspects that may be link to this.
More pregnant women are found to have chronic

Why Abortion Should Be Legal
Abortion is a touchy subject with a lot of people but it is a very important issue that the world is facing. There is a lot of history when it comes to
abortion, but the first case took place in Georgia Doe v Bolton in 1973 and that is where is all began on a legal stand point. The most important
thing people need to look at is you can't make this decision based off of your feelings you have to take a life and effects of both the mother and child's
life, that line is crossed and it becomes personal way too often. I am going to give you facts to why abortion needs to be legal for anyone of the
consensual age. Now from the first abortion cases before this case you were only allowed an abortion if raped, severe deform, or fatal to mother.
Basically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most paces say you cannot have an abortion after 24 to 26 weeks in Texas it is 28 weeks. By then there is actually a life in there and you may not
take a life. I find that rather fair because it gives the mother and influences around more than enough time to come to an agreement to what should
happen. One thing I do not believe though is that anyone's opinion should matter but the mothers but that's deeper in every case. If we were to
make abortions illegal we have to realize that women would still have the procedures done, it would be unsafe of course. "The dangerous practice
of unregulated abortions led to a high U.S. maternal mortality rate, Reagan says. In her book, she cites a study done in 1931 showing illegal
procedures are responsible for 14% of maternal deaths." In "1962, Sherri Finkbine, an Arizona mother of four, travels to Sweden after a local
hospital denies her request for a legal abortion. Finkbine had taken the drug thalidomide, which researchers linked to birth defects. " To sum it up I am
not against abortion because it should 100% be the mothers choice, that is who goes through all the pain and suffering and forms the first bond with
the child so that is the only person who should matter in such critical decisions. Said best by Seth Millstein "the right to life doesn't mean the right to
put someone else life at risk." the mother and at the most the father should make the decision not the government who doesn't even want to help you the
figure it's every man for themselves. Sounds to me like more hanging people out to

Maternal Mortality : Developing Countries
Julianna Fischer
Mrs. Weekman
Honors English II – 3rd
3 May 2016
Maternal Mortality in Developing Countries Around the world, 830 women die every day from preventable complications during pregnancy and
delivery ("Maternal mortality" 1). A death during a pregnancy or within 42 days of delivery is referred to as amaternal death (Semba and Bloem 34).
The issue of maternal death in developing countries is an often unaddressed and urgent need. Things like poverty, a lack of access to quality
healthcare, and cultural practices are causing maternal mortality rates in developing countries to be unnecessarily high ("Leading and underlying
causes of maternal mortality" 1). Mothers in developing countries are needlessly dying, but organizations like Delivering Hope International (DHI)
have heard their cry and rushed to provide the tools and care these women so desperately need. As previously stated, a majority of maternal deaths
stem from preventable medical complications ("Maternal mortality" 1). The most common cause of maternal mortality is hemorrhage, which accounts
for 34 percent of maternal deaths in Africa ("Leading and underlying causes of maternal mortality" 1). Hemorrhage is easily treatable with proper
supplies and care, but as seen in the video Aisha's Story released by Pathfinder International, often the hospitals lack the proper tools to treat suffering
mothers. In the video, viewers are able to glimpse into a typical hospital in Nigeria, which consists of a squalid,

Secondary Prevention Methods For Expecting Mothers
2.2 Secondary Prevention Prenatal care also includes many types of secondary prevention methods for expecting mothers. Keeping records of an
expecting mother's weight and blood pressure throughout pregnancy to make sure they are within the recommended range helps catch issues early. The
expecting mother can have her blood tested to check for certain genetic markers that would detect certain diseases in the fetus to include, cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and tay–sachs disease (Kirkham, Harris, & Grzybowski, 2005). Ultrasonography is a common screening test utilized to
check the structural integrity of the child in the womb, and can also detect abnormalities such as indicators of down syndrome. During prenatal visits,
routine blood tests will indicate basic liver and kidney function as well as indicate if the expecting mother has any anemias, which can then be treated
(Kirkham, Harris, & Grzybowski, 2005). Ghana has a referral system in place in which a health care provider can send a patient who is having
complications to a facility that will be better able to meet the patient's needs. Even though Ghana Health Services created a protocol for how referrals
should be made and carried out, many health facilities do not adhere to recommendations, and thus, the patients suffer. Many times the facility is far
away and transportation is an issue, as many patients are not taken by ambulance, and without a healthcare worker present. Lack of communication
between

The Problems Of Unintended Pregnancies
PROBLEMS OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES
The United States citizens (especially women) have one of the least access to healthcare and worst health outcomes among developed countries in the
world despite the US spending about two and a half times higher on health care per person than any other developed country in the world (Flynn,
2013). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, 2013) and the Organization for Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD, 2016) report similar
data. This is reflected in the country's disproportionately high unintended pregnancy rate (about half of all pregnancies are unintended), high teenage
pregnancy and high maternal mortality rates (Fig 1, Table 1). Adverse maternal and child health outcomes such as delayed pre–natal care, premature
birth, negative physical and mental health effects for children are some of the implications for unintended pregnancies (Guttmacher, 2016). Poor access
to contraceptives translates directly to high unintended pregnancy rate which in turn leads to poor health outcomes for women and children. United
States has the highest infant mortality rate among all first world countries. Teen pregnancies in turn contribute immensely to this high infant mortality
as a
Figure 1 (L–R) Maternal Mortality Rate (Maternal Deaths per 100,000 live births) (Flynn, 2013) *; Infant Mortality Rate (# of deaths of infants per
1000 live births (Flynn, 2013) Save the Children's 2013 report indicates that babies born to teen mothers are "more

Incidence, Presentation And Management : Ectopic Pregnancy
Olasunkanmi Abimbola Kolawole
Ectopic pregnancy in Bauchi State, Northern Nigeria; Incidence, Presentation and Management
Abstract Ectopic Pregnancy (EP) is a life–threatening gynecological emergency with high morbidity and mortality in northern Nigeria. Maternal
mortality refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy (Mairiga, et al., 2009).
EP cases in northern Nigeria are of late presentations, tubal rupture with associated hemodynamic instability and consequences compounded by poor
health system that differs from the global trend of early diagnosis and more conservative management (Mairiga, et al., 2009).
Introduction
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the lining of the endometrial cavity (Ikeme, et al., 2005). EP is also known as
tubal pregnancy; the most common site of EP which occurs when the fertilized egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus, due to tubal damage from
different causes such as inflammation following a poorly treated pelvic inflammatory disease, hormonal imbalances or abnormal development of a
fertilized egg (Ikeme, et al., 2005). Other sites of EP include the ovaries, cervix, broad ligament, abdominal cavity and heterotopic pregnancy though
rare in spontaneous pregnancies (1 in 3000–4000), has been recorded in up to 3% of pregnancies from assisted reproduction (Symonds IM.,1998). EP

Cultural Diversity For A Haitian Client
Cultural Diversity Assignment– Haitian Every year a large group of Haitians come into the United States and may become a part of the health care
system. In the challenging field of nursing, nurses need to be aware of cultural differences and should provide each client with cultural competent
care. Each and every year, Haitians enter this country legally and illegally but regardless of how they enter the US, it is inevitable that they will need
to be cared for at some time in their life. The astute nurse must understand the need for cultural sensitivity and what to assess for prior to providing care
for a Haitian client. The assessment should include communication barriers, orientation of time, health beliefs, health risks, and even more... Show more
Depending on social class, the Haitian client can either be future–oriented or past–and present–oriented. The time orientation of the client will
determine if they are going to be more inclined or less inclined to follow treatment regimens. When providing culturally competent health care for the
Haitian client, the nurse must recognize the nontraditional health beliefs of the client and the health practices that arise as a result. In addition, the
nurse must also maintain a nonjudgmental attitude about these beliefs. The nurse should incorporate Haitian folk practices into the treatment plans as
long as they are not harmful and desired by the client. Folk medicine and treatments can be used in addition to traditional western health treatments. The
nurse must also be aware of the health risks of Haitian Americans when providing care. According to Holcomb (1996), "sexually transmitted diseases,
cancer, and tuberculosis are the most common health conditions affecting Haitians and Haitian Americans" (p. 257). With that being said, the nurse
should teach the Haitian client about the importance of primary prevention and how it is a valuable component of a healthy lifestyle. Pregnancy care in
the Haitian client is another aspect of nursing. Haitian women do not seek out prenatal care, which can be troublesome with having a healthy pregnancy.
"It is estimated that 80% of pregnant women in Haiti attend

Skill Development Empowers the Workforce with Skills,...
The objective of Skill Development is to create a workforce empowered with the necessary and continuously upgraded skills, knowledge and
internationally recognized qualifications to gain access to decent employment and ensure India's competitiveness in the dynamic global market. It aims
at increasing the productivity and employability of workforce (wage and self–employed) both in the organized and the unorganized sectors. It seeks
increased participation of youth, women, disabled and other disadvantaged sections and to synergize efforts of various sectors and reform the present
system with the enhanced capability to adapt to changing technologies and labor market demands.
Management in Action – Social, Economic and Ethical Issues
AKH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can lead to reduction of infant and maternal mortality rate. The company can build centers for the examination and medication of HIV/AIDS and
DOTS for tuberculosis treatment. They can also keep track of expecting & lactating mothers, malnourished children, birth and death. They can also
motivate people for visiting health institutions and promote institutional child birth. Various other regular health camps can also be organised in the
community around manufacturing locations which included eyes, dental, heart and veterinary camps.
Primary health includes eight essential components that are to be followed:
1.Education for the identification and prevention / control of prevailing health challenges
2.Proper food supplies and nutrition; adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
3.Maternal and child care, including family planning
4.Immunization against the major infectious diseases
5.Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
6..Appropriate treatment of common diseases using appropriate technology
7.Promotion of mental, emotional and spiritual health
8.Provision of essential drugs
Skill Development
The company may take an initiative towards imparting quality education. Primary education is the basic block on which a nation builds its future. AKH
group can commit to contribute its bit in bringing improvements in this vital sector of education. The company can bring improvements in Government
Primary Schools in rural areas

The Ideology Of Planned Parenthood
The Ideology of Planned Parenthood Prolife or prochoice? This is the debate that seems ongoing for as long as I can remember yet seems to have
risen in intensity over the years. We have more recently seen things in the news about defunding Planned Parenthood and there always seems to
be protestors on the streets no matter where you go screaming at you their point of view. This essay will focus around the ideology of Planned
Parenthood as an organization. Why would people dislike an organization so open to the idea of a human's right to choose what happens in their
own body? I would like to look at both viewpoints of this argument because even though I have my own beliefs I have always been very intrigued in
others as well. While I could easily write a paper simply on prolife or prochoice I want to go deeper than that into this well known, and well–argued
topic. I will mainly focus on the defunding argument of the organization as well as what they stand for as a whole and what will happen if they no
longer exist. The most recent debate to hit the news has been the defund Planned Parenthood vote done by the House of Representatives which passed
by a close vote of 240–189. Although passed it did go on to be vetoed later on down the path to it becoming a true thing. In the mind of the people
who thought it was best not only was there the usual argument of it's a life but we also got a new side of the argument, tax dollars. According to
statistics Planned Parenthood gained

The Importance Of Maternal And Child Health Progress On A...
Importance of Maternal and Child Health Progress on a Global Scale As one of the most significant and pressing priorities of the Unites States
government concerning global health, child and maternal health is crucial and must be improved on an international level. Of all the Millennium
Development Goals, goals four and five have shown the least amount of progress. The goals which aim to reduce child mortality and improve maternal
health, respectively, have shown an embarrisingly minimal amount of progress for the obstrusively simple solutions that accompany the situation. It is
essential to strengthen maternal and child health programs as it is a human rights issue as well as a health concern. Women around the world deserve
to have improved access to high–quality services. (8) Policies regarding health as well as multisectoral policies are vital in this effort as they will help
in establishing a healthy environment which will foster the proliferation and facilitation of interventions. Despite the clear issues that require urgent
addressing such as the stagnant maternal death rate and high newborn mortality rates, other issues still require immediate attention as maternal and
child health is an incredibly important topic among organizations that are focusing on global health. The reason this issue presents itself in urgency
and is becoming a high priority does not solely rest in the severity of the case. The problems that surround maternal and child health are so easily

Essay On Child Mortality In Kenya
Furthermore, the decline in childhood mortality in Kenya reflects the recent global trend of under–5 mortality reduction at a faster pace than at any
other time in the past two decades (UNICEF, 2014). The Ministry of Health (2015) describes malaria as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
Kenya, with more than 70 percent of the country's population at risk of infection. In Kenya, scientists have shown through studies that areas that have
latitudes ranging from 0 to 1300 meters such as around Lake Victoria in western Kenya and the coastal regions have a high malaria prevalence rate and
thus high under–5 mortality rate ( MOH,2015). The free maternal healthcare policy programme was announced by The Government of Kenya on 1st
June... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the introduction of free maternity health services in all public health facilities in Kenya. Secondly, the conceptualization and launch of Human
Resources for Health aims at addressing such critical issues like staff recruitment, deployment, and training among health (Ministry of Devolution,
2013). Thirdly, the Implementation of a Community Health Strategy by workers aims at strengthening Level I hospital services. Fourthly, the capacity
of households is upgraded not only to demand services from providers, but also to know and gradually achieve their rights to equitable, good quality
health care. During the period of 2008–2012 nearly 2530 community health units were established in the health sector (Ministry of Devolution,
2013).Furthermore, the proportion of children who are under 5 years sleeping under Insecticide Treated Bed Nets has increased progressively from
around 2.9% in 2000 to 42.2% in the year 2011 ( ibid). This has been attributed to massive investment in free mass net distribution and routine
distribution of bed nets to expectant mothers and children under five in Maternal Child Health clinics (MCH) (Ministry of Devolution, 2013). Research
shows that the proportion of children in Kenya treated with appropriate anti–malaria medicines declined from 64.4% in 2000 to 23% in 2008 (Ministry
of Devolution, 2013).The Kenyan government also scaled up efforts to eliminate

Maternal Mortality And Death Of A Pregnant Woman Essay
Introduction
Maternal mortality/death is defined as the death of a pregnant woman by causes related to the pregnancy or its management, or death of a post–partum
mother within 42 days after pregnancy termination (Requejo, Bryce, Victora, & Deixel, 2013; Ronsmans, Graham, & group, 2006; Say et al., 2014).
There are proposals to change this definition to make it include one–year post–partum death of mothers, as the risk of death has been shown to remain
high half a year post–partum (Ronsmans et al., 2006). Many maternal deaths that occur usually occur in low and middle income countries. In the year
2010, 287, 000 maternal deaths that were avoidable occurred, and most occurred in these developing countries. Reduction of maternal deaths has been
one of the outcomes that have been targeted in the efforts to improve maternal health for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Say et al.,
2014). In developing countries, especially Sub Saharan Africa, where fertility levels remain high, maternal deaths have continued to be high despite the
general deaths reduction (Requejo et al., 2013). Many argue that there is not enough information to confidently describe and quantify this problem, but
Requejo et al., 2013 reported that the available information is sufficient.
The social issues
The causes of maternal deaths are both direct and indirect. Majorly, the causes of maternal death are usually the aftermath of childbirth and pregnancy,
and are majorly contributed to by diseases and

Informative Speech About Uganda
Uganda
Hello fellow United Nations members, it is an honour to be here. While the MDG's can be considered a global success as they have enhanced the
lives of many people within developing nations, it is still important to note that there are still glaring factors in developing countries that are holding
them back. Therefore, it is important that we take note of these factors and try to work on them in order to improve the lives of everyone within these
countries. A country that I strongly believe needs to be focused on isUganda. Hence, in this speech, I will analyse the characteristics that have inhibited
development in line with the United Nations MDG's and address the progress of Uganda. By the end of the speech, the recommended appropriate
strategies to achieve the goals/improve on them will be provided. It is hypothesised that although corruption and Civil War have held Uganda back,
social influences along with poverty has stopped Uganda from reaching all their goals.
Uganda faces many problems that inhibit their development such as Civil War. As stated by Global Security "conflict and violence have plagued
much of Uganda since independence" (Global Security, N.D). This is largely due to the Civil War and corruption the country faces daily. Civil War
has played a long part in Uganda's history dating back to 1962 with 14 insurgencies occurring within the country since 1971. The Civil War
dramatically worsened when Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord's resistance army (LRA)

Global Health Agendas And Domestic Government 's Health...
This is where I examine the "intersection" of global health agendas and domestic government's health policies. Recipient countries are encouraged to
claim ownership for development strategies, and one way is through Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). These papers would be published and
submitted to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank every few years detailing where a country has come from and its strategy in the
short or medium term to reach poverty reduction goals.
The PRSP goals for both countries are aligned with the MDGs. However, although Liberia and Sierra Leone had similar health objectives in their
PRSPs, the outcomes for both countries are different. Internationally, Liberia was heralded as making the greatest progress in its health status as it
had the highest increase of life expectancy in the world (19.7 years) from 1990 to 2012 (WHO 2013). According to Nkwanga (2015), international
donors used Liberia's achievement as proof of success of the aid programs. Sierra Leone on the other hand did not garner the same achievements with
these performance–based measures. According to Health Poverty Action's report (Sharples 2015), Sierra Leone ranks very low on the Human
Development Index at 183 out of 187 countries. It had a high infant mortality rate of 107 deaths per 1,000 live births and 1165 maternal deaths for
every 100,000 live births, one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world (Sharples 2015 p. 4). However, the turmoil,

Struggle for ChildrenвЂ™s Rights
"I want a permanent divorce," this is a saying of a 10–year–old wife – who was suffering from child marriage (Worth, "Voices Child Marriage
Yemen"). Child marriage is a terrible scenario for children, especially for little girls. They are forced to marry, before they are mature enough due to
social norms, traditions and their family members, whom they are depending on. According to statistics in 2013, in Bangladesh, the child marriage
prevalence under the age of 18 is 66%. 240 among 100,000 child wives died, when they gave birth. In Niger, this figure rises to 75% and 339. In
Chad, this figure is 68% and maternal mortality rate rises to 1100 (UNICEF State of the World's Children 2013, Table 9: Children Protection, Council
on Foreign ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That means society has to suffer because of increasing abundance of illiteracy in a population. Because child wives are not received enough
education. Therefore, they are unable to take a job because of lack of necessary skills and knowledge. It "maintains their [child wives] low societal
status and makes their families vulnerable to an intergenerational cycle of poverty that hinders the development of their communities" ("Child
Marriage"). Also, child marriage causes the decreasing of the number of skilled labors that is about to participate in economic activities in local and
even in national level. Therefore, the economic growth is slowed down exponentially. The changes and renew in the laws to prevent child marriage
should be done to make society develop and help little girls improve their values and social status. Although child marriage causes many serious
problems for the society, process of preventing from child marriage is not easy.
Protecting children from child marriage is problematic and in long–term scale. Although people are struggle for fight child marriage off, there are many
hindrances that prevented the process such as cultural norms, religious belief and poverty. Besides, conservatives in the places of child marriage
practicing, of course, may also want to argue that although government has already enacted the laws to prevent child marriage. It still happening due to
people's altitudes and beliefs. In

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