4. LEQ’S AND OBJECTIVES FOR
LESSON 1
What is science?
What is chemistry?
Distinguish hypothesis, theory, law, variable, controls,
Identify the steps of the scientific method
Define science and chemistry
Identify the contributions of alchemist, Lavoisier, and Pauling.
5. SCIENCE IS A WAY OF THINKING
Question your
observations
Investigate Further
Be skeptical
Try to refute your own
ideas
Seek out more evidence
Be open-minded
Think creativelygraphic from: The Foundation for Critical Thinking, The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought
Habits of Mind
7. THEORY VS LAW THE FINE
POINT
Theory= WHY
Examples: big bang theory, evolution, relativity
Law = WHAT
Example: Hubble law of expansion (v=H*d)
universal gravity (F=G (m1*m2/r^2),
thermodynamics
8. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The effect of the independant variable on dependent variable
If this happens, then it means this
(Independent, x, or manipulated) name it
here
How will the variable be changes. Enter each level, may need
more of less
How many times will the variable be tested at each level?
Name it. (Dependent, y, responding)
List of things that will be the same. NOT Variables
10. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
Chemistry is the study of Matter and the
Changes that it undergoes.
Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space.
Energy is involved in the behavior and
changes.
12. THE ALCHEMIST
Chemistry has its roots in
Alchemy
• science and semi religious belief
on three continents over
thousands of years
• transmutation, elixir of life,
panacea of heath, universal
solvent
13. ANTIONE LAVOISIER
The “Father of Modern Chemistry”
Largely changing from a qualitative
to quantitate field.
He names oxygen and hydrogen,
uncovered oxygen’s role in
combustion, determined sulfur was
an element, made contributions to
the metric system
Discovered that matter can change
its size and shape but not its mass.
Guillotined during the French
Revolution
14. LINUS PAULING
The “Father of Molecular Biology”
Pioneered the use of quantum
physics in chemistry, discovered the
hybridization of orbitals in carbon,
developed the electronegativity
scale, write the book on bonds.
Crystallography analysis lead DNA
Found the cause of sickle-cell
anemia lead to molecular medicine
15. BEYOND THE REQUIRMENTS
If you want an “A”, then you also need to be able to:
Distinguish between the five areas of study in chemistry
Distinguish pure and applied science
23. PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
Pure chemistry is the pursuit of
knowledge for its own sake.
Applied is directed toward a practical goal
or application
24. APPLIED OR PURE
“During the period of 1914-1918 (World
War I), Edison became concerned with
America's reliance on foreign supplies of
rubber. He partnered with Harvey Firestone
and his good friend Henry Ford to try to
find a rubber tree or plant that could grow
quickly in the United States and, above all,
contain enough latex to support his
research endeavor. In 1927, the three men
contributed $25,000 each and created the
Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an
attempt to find a solution to this problem.
In 1928, the Edison Botanic Research
Corporation laboratory was constructed. It
was in Fort Myers, Florida that Mr. Edison
would do the majority of his research and
planting of his exotic plants and trees,
sending any results or sample rubber
residues up to West Orange, New Jersey, to
his large Thomas A. Edison "Invention
Factory".
After testing 17,000 plant samples, Edison
eventually discovered a source in the plant
Goldenrod (Solidago leavenworthii).
25. APPLIED OR PURE
He is widely considered in popular
literature as the "father of modern
chemistry".[3] It is generally accepted that
Lavoisier's great accomplishments in
chemistry largely stem from his changing
the science from a qualitative to a
quantitative one.
Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery
of the role oxygen plays in combustion.
He recognized and named oxygen (1778)
and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the
phlogiston theory. He wrote the first
extensive list of elements, and helped to
reform chemical nomenclature. He
predicted the existence of silicon
(1787)[5] and was also the first to
establish that sulfur was an element
(1777) rather than a compound.[6] He
discovered that, although matter may
change its form or shape, its mass always
remains the same.
~from Wikipedia
29. HOW DO YOU MEASURE UP? CAN
YOU
Distinguish hypothesis, theory, law, variable, controls,
Identify the steps of the scientific method
Define science and chemistry
Identify the contributions of alchemist, Lavoisier, and Pauling.
If you want an “A”, then you also need to be able to:
Match a description to five areas of study in chemistry
Distinguish an experiment as pure or applied science
32. LEQ
How are Elements, Compounds, and mixtures
different?
What are the states of matter?
33. OBJECTIVES (CAN I…?)
explain the difference between an element and a
compound
Classify matter as elements, compounds and
mixtures by name or diagram
Classify mixtures homogeneous and heterogeneous
Identify common elements and symbols
Count atoms in a formula
35. ELEMENTS
Elements are the
simplest form of
matter that has a
unique set of
properties
There are 92 naturally
occurring elements
and including man-
made ones.
36. ELEMENTS ARE REPRESENTED BY
SYMBOLS
1. One or two letters.
2. Only First letter is a capitalized.
Co is an element and CO is NOT!
3. Sometimes they are obvious…
C, Cr, H, He, B, Br
Other times…
37. THEY REFLECT THE ANCIENT
NAMES
Sodium(Na)= natrium-washing
Iron= Fe
Copper=Cu
Silver=Ag
Gold-Au
Tin=Sn
Lead=Pb
38. AN ATOM
The smallest unit of an element that retains the
properties of an element.
40. COMPOUNDS CONTAIN TWO OR
MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY
COMBINED. THE ELEMENTS ARE
ALWAYS IN THE SAME
PROPORTIONS.
CO carbon monoxide – odorless colorless gas, toxic
byproduct of combustion
CO2 carbon dioxide- used by plants to produce glucose,
byproduct of respiration.
H2O water- most important compound for living things.
H2O2 peroxide- used as a disinfectant.
41. THE PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND
ARE DIFFERENT THAN THE
ELEMENTS
Cl is a greenish poisonous gas.
Na is a soft metal that reacts violently with
oxygen.
Together NaCl is table salt.
42. LEQ:
WHAT IS A MIXTURE AND HOW CAN
IT BE SEPARATED INTO ELEMENTS
AND COMPOUNDS?
HOW ARE MIXTURES CLASSIFIED?
53. LEQ: WHAT IS CHEMICAL
CHANGE AND PHYSICAL
CHANGE? WHAT ARE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES?
54. WHAT ALWAYS HAPPENS DURING A
CHEMICAL CHANGE?
•The composition of matter changes.
•The atoms are rearranged and a new
substance is produced.
•A chemical change can only be undone by
another chemical reaction.
55. HERE’S A PICTURE
t
The PRODUCTS are on the
right. In this picture, two
molecules of water.
The REACTANTS are
written on the left. In this
picture, the element
oxygen and hydrogen.
The Arrow is read “yields”. In situation
problems you might see: reacts, forms,
decomposes, produces, and may more.
57. WHAT IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE?
No new chemical species are formed
The same molecules are present but the
form changes:
Phase change-boiling, freezing, etc.
Shape change- rolling, bending,
breaking..
58. IMAGE: NOTICE ALL THE
MOLECULES ARE SAME, THEY ARE
JUST ARRANGED DIFFERENTLY
59. SIGNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
Generate a Gas – baking soda and vinegar
Change in Color- rusting steel
Precipitate- solid forming when two
liquids mix
Change in Energy-
Temperature: ice pack or heat pack
Light: glow stick
60. PHYSICAL-VS-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Chemical and physical properties are
related to the chemical and physical
changes that the material can undergo.
So…
Physical properties can be observed
without changing the matter
Chemical properties are tested by chemical
reactions
Editor's Notes
Habits of Mind from https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/think_science
It explains the natural word. Preparation for career. Informed citizen
Seseme Street Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RpLOKqTcSk video on bose-eisten condensate