honors chem nuclear change

1. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
CREATING AND DESTROYING ATOMS

2. A FEW VOCABULARY TERMS
•Radioactivity- the process of giving off “rays”
•Radiation- the penetrating rays
•Radioisotopes- unstable isotopes that under
go nuclear change

3. DISCOVERING RADIOACTIVITY
• Wilhelm Roetgen noted a florescence on
a screen when collegues were using a
cathode ray 1895.
• Investigation led to discovering x-rays.
• By1896, x-rays were being used in
medical exams
• 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics
• Donated prize money and took no patent

4. RADIOACTIVITY
Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre and Marie Curie
The 1903 Nobel Prize in
Physics was awarded
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services
they have rendered by
their joint researches
on the radiation
phenomena discovered
by Professor Henri
Becquerel”

5. AND EARNEST RUTHERFORD
• Developed the language and concepts of
alpha, beta and protons.
• Developed the equation used for nuclear
decay explaining U decay into thorium.
• Award the 1908 Nobel prize for these
• (Gold Foil was 1909)
• Created oxygen from nitrogen
• “Father of nuclear chemistry”

6. ISOTOPE SHORTHAND REVIEW
Mass number- A
x
Atomic number-Z

7. WHY ARE SOME ISOTOPES RADIOACTIVE?
• http://www.hydroisotop.de/en/isotopes-valuable-carriers-of-information
•The ratio of protons to neutrons determine
stability. (1 – 1.5)
•The ratio determines the type of decay that
will take place.

8. BAND OF STABILITY
• https://youtu.be/_fhBGGGbzzw

9. VIDEOS
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFdR_yMKOCw Bozeman Science
• Pause at 7:08

11. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RADIATION?
Property Alpha Radiation Beta Radiation Gamma Radiation
Composition
Symbols
Charge
Mass
Penetration Power
Sheilding

12. TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACITONS
• Fision
• Fusion
• Transmutation
• Alpha, beta, gamma
• Emmission or absorption

13. EXAMPLE OF DECAY REACTIONS
•66Cu  60Zn + 0e
•226Ra  222Rn + 4He 59Ni + 0e  59Co
37Ar + 0e  37Cl
•14N + 4He  18F  17O + 1H

14. USING LAW OF CONSERVATION TO
COMPLETE EQUATIONS
1. 239Pu + _____  242 ____ + 1n
2. 8B 8Be + _____
3. 232Th  228Ra + _______

15. NOW YOUR TURN
FILL IN AND FIND THE TYPE
1. 15O  14N+ _____
2. 232Th  228___ + 4He
3. _____+ 0e  37Cl
4. 9Be + ____  12C + 1n

16. WHAT IS HALF-LIFE? AND HOW DO
YOU SOLVE HALF LIFE PROBLEMS?
•Half-life is the amount of time that it takes for
½ of a sample to under go nuclear decay.
Half-life is unique to an isotope:
Beryllium-8 has 8.2 x 10^-19
Tin-126 has a half-life of 10,000 yrs

17. THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT-60 IS 5 YEARS.
IF YOU HAVE 10 GRAMS OF CO-60, HOW
MUCH DO YOU HAVE AFTER 15 YEARS
# half-lives time Size of Sample
0 0 10
1 5
2 10
3 15

18. AMERICIUM-242 HAS A
HALF-LIFE OF 6 HOURS. IF
YOU STARTED WITH 24 G
AND YOU NOW HAVE 3 G,
HOW MUCH TIME HAS
PASSED?
# half-lives Time
(by 6 hrs)
Sample size
0 0 24
3

19. FISSION AND FUSION
• nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a
radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of
an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
The fission process often produces free neutrons
and gamma rays and releases a very large amount
of energy even by the energetic standards of
radioactive decay.

20. • nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more
atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to
form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process,
matter is not conserved because some of the matter of
the fusing nuclei is converted to photons (energy). Fusion
is the process that powers active or "main sequence"
stars.
• Example form pg 17

21. WHAT ARE THE USES OF RADIOISOTOPES?
http://youtu.be/4p79UjkEObI