This presentation is focused on the introduction to the autonomic nervous system.

2.  Hypothalamus
 Nucleus Tractus Solitarious
 Reticular formation
 Amygdala
 Hippocampus
 Olfactory cortex

3.  Control of heart rate and force of contraction
 Constriction and dilatation of blood vessels
 Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
 Visual accommodation, pupillary size
 Secretion from exocrine and endocrine glands

6.  Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar outflow
 preganglionic cell bodies are located in the
intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord from T1 to
L2.
 Parasympathetic: Craniosacral outflow
 preganglionic cell bodies are located in the Brainstem
and sacral portion of the spinal cord.

7. Sympathetic:
 Para vertebral chain of Ganglia
 Collateral Ganglia; celiac, superior
mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, renal.
Parasympathetic:
 Cranial nerves Ganglia; ciliary,
sphenopalatine, otic, submandibular,
visceral ganglia of Vagus (X CN)
 Pelvic Ganglia

10. Sympathetic:
 Short preganglionic fibers,
 Long postganglionic fibers
Parasympathetic:
 Long preganglionic fibers
 Short postganglionic fibers

13. Sympathetics:
Preganglionic fibers use Acetylcholine
Postganglionic fibers use Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine (with an exception of “pilomotor” and
“sudomotor” fibers)
Parasympathetics:
Preganglionic fibers use Acetylcholine
Postganglionic fibers use Acetylcholine

15. 1. enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its
originating spinal nerve, and then ascends to a more
superior paravertebral ganglion, where it synapses with
the postsynaptic cell.
2. enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its
originating spinal nerve and synapses with the
postsynaptic cell at that level.
3. enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its
originating spinal nerve, and then descends to a more
inferior paravertebral ganglion, where it synapses with
the postsynaptic cell.
4. enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its
originating spinal nerve and then descends to a
prevertebral ganglion, where it synapses with the
postsynaptic cell.

19.  White rami communicans only exist to connect T1
to L2 ventral primary rami of typical spinal nerves to the
sympathetic chain of ganglia
 Gray rami communicans exist at All spinal nerve
levels. Every ventral primary ramus is connected to the
sympathetic chain by a gray ramus
 Sympathetic chain exists to carry some of the
preganglionic fibers from T1 to L2 levels up to the neck
head and down into the lower abdomen and pelvis.

20.  Afferent autonomic fibers are concerned
with the mediation of visceral sensation and
regulation of vasomotor and respiratory
reflexes. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the carotid
sinus and aortic arch involved in the control of heart rate, blood
pressure and respiratory activity
 These afferent fibers are usually carried to
the CNS by major autonomic nerves like X
CN, Splanchnic/Pelvic nerves
 Afferent fibers from blood vessels may be
carried by somatic nerves.

21. CRANIAL NERVES
1. Oculomotor--- -----III CN
2. Facial---------- -----VII CN
3. Glossopharangeal– IX CN
4. Vagus---------------- X CN
PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES
 S2, S3, S4