Abstract Of Work Done And Surveys

Abstract Of Work Done And Surveys
⦁ Abstract of work done
⦁ Introduction
⦁ Need of 4g in our Life
⦁ vision of 4g
⦁ Evolution of 4g
⦁ first Generation
⦁ second Generation
⦁ third Generation
⦁ fourth Generation
⦁ wimax
⦁ long Term Evolution
⦁ Adoption of LTE/ 4g innovation
⦁ Difference somewhere around 3g and 4g
⦁ comparison between First, Second, Third, Fourth era of portable correspondence.
⦁ 4g insurgency in India
⦁ Challenges and Opportunities of 4g in India
⦁ multiple Frequencies
⦁ prices and Smartphones

⦁ quality of Service
⦁ availability of uses/substance
⦁ enterprise Adoption
⦁ lte to go rustic
⦁ 4g gadgets accessible in India
⦁ discussion and discoveries
⦁ conclusion
⦁ list of references
⦁ glossary
Theoretical of Work Done
This research project exhibits a scrutinize of the work done and surveys on 4g remote innovations,
which is one of the rising telecom engineering in India, This paper starts with requirement for the 4g
innovation in our life and talk about its different benefits, for example, sending a complete
minimized plate (around 700mb) in under a moment at a normal rate of 20 mbps.
4g has seen different advancements and various innovation upgrades, from beginning with original
to advance to Second era amid which we first saw show of exchange pace surpassing 64 kbps, 2g
was advanced by Third Generation of portable correspondence with its exchange velocities of 2
mbps. As time advanced we saw presentation of fourth
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Mobile Wireless Technology Is An Important Part Of...
Introduction The world lives a large evolvement in all life aspects. Everything moves in the comfort
direction. One of these aspects is the technician aspect and it is an important part of everyone 's life
as every thing around you become technician. In your room there is a TV, mobile, laptop...etc. Even
most of kids ' toys became in need to a remote control. The wireless technology means no need to
wires or cables. Wi–fi and Bluetooth are examples of that. Mobile wireless industry now is in the
head of all industries due to the increasing in mobile usage day after day. It passed through several
generations until it reached this great evolvement which we see now. It started with the first
generation 1G with analog communication. In the second generation 2G the digital messaging was
added to the analog communication. In the 3G, both calls and messages became digital. In the 4G –
which we have now– the improvement was in the usage of a large bandwidth. The generation which
is expected to appear is the 5G. The 5G is purely based on the 4G and will give a huge level of
bandwidth which we cannot imagine. Furthermore, there are two predicted generations 6G and 7G.
The 6G will be a satellite based network with speed up to 1 GB. This leads to the space roaming
problem which shall be solved by the 7G. The report is organized as follows. First and Second
section provides literature review of past and current mobile communication generations from first
generation (1G) to fourth

Advantage Of 4g
6. ABCD analysis of 4G services based on different applications
ABCD analysis is a new model to analyse new concepts using its advantages, benefits, constraints
and disadvantages [13–14]. This analysis helps organisation to improve its services or revenue or
profit depending on different scenario or with respect to different types of problems. In this analysis
we consider different applications of 4G services in diverse fields like Entertainment, Multimedia,
Education, cloud based applications, emergence response and telemedicine. In Entertainment 4G
services are effectively used for different purposes. Most of the video games require live internet
connection with Wi–Fi connectivity mode. 4G portable connection can be used effectively used ...
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Through telemedicine and 4G technology hospital services can reach to remote areas, when ever
there is a necessity.
Benefits
A company can improve its revenue and profits through high speed internet connection available
with the help of 4G technology.
Online education system can be effectively improved, because 4G technology is carrier of different
services from one part of the world to another part of the world.
Through 4G technology users can avail some services in their personal mobile device.
Global or national wide expansion of services, goods and products using fast, high bandwidth and
speed 4G technology.
4G inherits the growing popularity and standard of smart mobile phones.
Mobile wireless communication service providers can promote their services along 4G network
through scrolling or flash videos
Online Education system can grow and improve through omnipresent and speed educational content
video with the help of 4G technology
The ability to get large customer base or no of customers increases due to ubiquitous nature of 4G

4G Advantages And Disadvantages
Abstract– The next generation wireless networks are the fourth generation (4G) networks which are
targeted for various applications; voice, data and multimedia communications. The mobile
technologies 1G, 2G and 3G have lot of disadvantages which has led to the invention of 4G. As the
users of mobile devices increase the demand for faster and efficient communication in the mobile
network also increase. 4G aims to provide the quality of service (QoS) guarantee for many
applications, is an important intension in the design of next–generation wireless networks. The
authors concentrate on the 4G architecture and its comparison with 3G networks. The main focus is
on three important mechanisms such as cross–layer approach, a novel QOS optimization
architecture and robust header compression technique with some header compression mechanisms
with respect to different QoS parameters.
Index Terms– Cross–layer, GSM, QOS, RoHC
I. INTRODUCTION
The First Generation Networks were referred to as cellular networks, which later termed as cell. The
cell phone signals were based on analog signal transmission, where these devices were
comparatively less heavy and more cost. The Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology
used for mobile communication. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) make use of
digital modulation to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G AND 4G NETWORK
As 3G technologies are broader in use when compared to 4G are in limit [2]. The major difference
between two is in the existence of yielding technologies. Many technologies EV–DO, HSPA and
WCDMA these drop under 3G network. Whereas, many mobile phone companies are intelligent to
dup their technologies as 4G; such as WiMax, LTE, and UMB. But, none of these technologies
gives detailed description set forth by the 4G network standard, so they are often mentioned as Pre–
4G or 3.9G. Here, are the some important points which are compared between two efficient
technologies.
A. 3G speeds are much slower compared to

Verizon Wireless Company Analysis Essay
A. Identify the company's vision, mission and strategic objectives
Vision statement: * Be committed to our business and improve benefits to our customers as wireless
product technology changes. * Implement greater exposure through expanding, customer referrals,
and innovative marketing. * Continue to grow in our market while ensuring sustained profitability. *
Lead the market in customer satisfaction by meeting their wireless needs and exceeding their
expectation.
Mission statement:
"As a leader in communications, Verizon's mission is to enable people and businesses to
communicate with each other. We are also committed to providing full and open communication
with our customers, employees and investors"
"We pledge to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In its 2012 annual report the company states "innovation in networks is the foundation for growth
across the whole industry." Therefore, Verizon has not only developed strong partnerships aimed at
enhancing services; the company has also expanded into the digital healthcare industry, reduced
reliance on energy usage, and will continue to expand vertically to other industries where their
technologies can influence social change.
Through this idea of "growth" and collaboration with other industries to provide optimal service,
Verizon has expanded its products and services in the following areas: * Advanced Wireless
Technology * Fiber–Optic Quality for the Consumer Home * Expansive High–Speed Global
Connectivity * World–Class Cloud Data Centers * Transforming Healthcare * Transforming Energy
Usage * Improve Educational Standards * Increase Sustainability by Minimizing Environmental
Impact
Implementing Verizon's strategy requires significant capital investment in all sectors of the business
to remain ahead of the competition through technological advancements, better services, and
partnerships with firms in other industries. http://www.annualreports.com/Company/2333 From a
business–level strategy, Verizon Wireless is the leader in customer service, according to consumer
reports, with an overall satisfaction score of more than 72 percent.

Cellular Technology Has Developed A Long Way From Its...
Chapter 1
Introduction
The cellular technology has developed a long way from its existence in the early 1980's. In the past
few decades it has grown into one of the biggest market with the rise of cell phone users, the cellular
network providers and cell phone makers have grown in immense amount. Cellular technologies
have evolved from first generation (1G), second generation (2G), third generation (3G) and to its
current technology which is fourth generation (4G) which is also known as Long Term Evolution
(LTE). Fig 1.1 Evolution of Cellular technology
The first generation (1G) only provided users with voice communication in its second generation
(2G) the service was expanded to voice and data communication in which the system capacity was
also improved. Second generation or 2G wireless technology is also known as Global Systems for
Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The third generation
(3G) was a revolution in the cellular technology the data rates increased immensely from 2G, 3G is
also known as Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and CDMA–2000. The current cellular technology that
are in existence is fourth generation (4G) also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), which can
theoretically provide data rates up to 100 Mbps.
Evolution of Cellular Technology
The first generation (1G) system was developed and implemented in 1981 in Norway which used
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), US and UK later followed similar technology for
developing

LTE technology Essay
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Maria Jane Valerie L. Delacruz Mrs. Tabada
Mary Rose Espana
Jeanna Mae A. Astano
1. Introduction
This paper provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX)–the leading technologies for next–generation mobile broadband. The
information presented here will help readers understand how the two technologies differ, why
Verizon Wireless chose LTE, and what advantages LTE offers customers. The following executive
summary gives a quick overview of the paper's contents and its subject matter. The remaining
sections go into greater technical detail about LTE and WiMAX wireless technologies. ... Show
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Finally, we give practical recommendations of how using the proposed combined LTE/MIMO
Network with a Multi–beam antenna system will increase the system's capacity. This will allow the
designers of wireless networks to obtain maximum data rate, better channel spectral efficiency and
less bit error rate, and as a result, much better service and transmission performances.
1.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Driving the evolution of wireless broadband technology is customers' increasing expectations for
speed, bandwidth, and global access. Customers want more information, such as business and
consumer applications, and entertainment available through their mobile devices, but with greater
speeds. For wireless carriers to achieve greater speeds and pervasive connectedness, their networks
need to start behaving more like landline IP–based networks. This line of thinking represents a
fundamental shift in perspective–from mobile services to broadband connections–for customers and
service providers alike. Enter the fourth generation (4G) wireless network. Unlike earlier wireless
standards, 4G technology is based on TCP/IP, the core protocol of the Internet. TCP/IP enables
wireless networks to deliver higher–level services, such as video and multimedia, while supporting
the devices and applications of the future. Verizon Wireless chose LTE over WiMAX as the
technological foundation for its 4G wireless broadband

The Importance Of Multicarrier Techniques For A Single...
Chapter 1 Multicarrier techniques
This section deals with the importance of multicarrier techniques.
1.1 Multi carrier techniques
In a single carrier system, single fade causes the whole data stream and undergo distortion i.e
frequency selective fading. The Single carrier systems also suffer with heavy Inter Symbol
Interference . In telecommunication Inter Symbol Interference was a form of distortion of signal in
which one symbol interferes with the subsequent symbol. Thus it causes an unwanted phenomena as
the previous symbols have similar effect as noise thus making communication less reliable . ISI
occurs when the signal bandwidth is less than the coherence bandwidth or when the delay spread is
greater than symbol duration. To combat the problem multicarrier techniques have been proposed
for high data rate transmission. Multicarrier techniques divide the whole bandwidth into large
number of narrow band orthogonal subcarriers [1, 2]. Thus the signal bandwidth becomes very less
compared with coherence bandwidth ensuring no ISI in time domain and flat fading in frequency
domain. Multicarrier systems such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC–CDMA) were considered to be the best
technologies for 4G wireless communication [1, 2]. Fig. explains the spectrum of multicarrier and
single carrier systems. In the single carrier system the information symbols are loaded into one of

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Oneplus One
Looking for an inexpensive but offering a smooth performance, well, the OnePlus One can meet
your expectations. With a wide range of price, starting from $299 to $349 corresponding to 16 GB
and 64 GB version respectively, these world – version are the best deal for an 4G phone. If you just
need basic features of a smart phone, you do not need to pay premium for extra features of the fancy
yet expensive one such as HTC One M8 or SamSung Galaxy S5. It is such a waste when you
actually do not need those fancy features. Furthermore, the shiny, smooth and catchy–eyes design of
OnePlus One is a plus point for the low–priced smart phone. It can be kept easily in your pocket,
however, it may be hard to use with one hand. There are also drawbacks with ... Show more content
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Fortunately, you need to pay only extra $50 to get 64 GB version, quite a good deal when you
compare it with other phones. 4G LTE One of the things you need to consider when you decide to
buy OnePlus One is that its 4G LTE does not work on every network. You better check out the list
of bands that the One supports: 1, 3, 4, 7, 17, 38 and 40, the list of 4G LTE networks in your country
to see whether it works or not. Since you cannot try, you had better be careful with it unless you
want to regret your decision. However, it is not a big deal if you do not use 4G, maybe you cannot
utilize the fast data speed but you are still able to make calls, using 3G, Wi–Fi and so on. The only
thing that disappoints you is you paying for what you do not use. It is such a waste. Software and
features Based on Android KitKat 4.4, the OnePlus One runs on CyanogenMod 11S platform which
enable an adjustment on desktop mode and the quick access to the camera or the LED light in
comparison with Android. It is very convenient for users to open camera mode to take pictures or
turn on LED light quickly. Additionally, you can activate voice control or double–tap the screen to
start the mobile phone, but remember to set a password, otherwise you may find your phone
activated when you put in your pocket. Also, you can set your customized theme according

Samsung versus Apple Smartphones
Compare & Contrast Essay Samsung Compare and Contrast Are you a teenager? If so, then that
must mean that you possess a phone, possibly a smart phone. Within this generation, the top
smartphone manufactures are Apple and Samsung. However, Apple has had the edge for a while,
but ever since the release of the Samsung Galaxy S4 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung has
soared to the top. I personally admire Samsung over Apple because I own a Samsung Galaxy S4.
Teenagers who favor Samsung over Apple are going to have to decide on either the Galaxy S4 or the
Note 3. A majority of the people believe that the Note 3 is more so than the Galaxy S4, but they
have a great deal in common. I assume that the design of the phone is the fundamental component
that will draw the consumer's attention. The Galaxy S4's dimensions are 5.38 x 2.75 x .31 inches.
The S4 materializes in four different colors: black, white, brown, blue, red purple pink, and light
pink. From a glimpse, you will notice that it is covered in plastic, which is actually polycarbonate
chassis, it incorporates a removable rear cover, and that there is a silver trim that goes around the
sides. On the front, there is a 2–megapixel front facing camera and LED notification lights. On the
back, there is a 13 megapixel camera, LED flash, and speakers. The Note 3's dimensions are 5.95 x
2.75 x .33 inches. The Note 3 is obviously larger than the S4, and from a glance, the Note 3 looks
outwardly different. The Note 3 was

Overview of 3GPP Lont Term Evolution
An Introduction of Overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is
4G wireless communications standard radio platform technologies that allow operators to achieve
higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth. LTE was developed by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and this began in 2004, with an official LTE work item
started in 2006 and a completed 3GPP Release 8 specification in March 2009. Initial deployments of
LTE began in late 2009, and it is part of the GSM evolutionary path for mobile broadband,
following EDGE, UMTS, HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA combined) and HSPA Evolution (HSPA+).
Although HSPA and its evolution are strongly positioned to be the dominant mobile data technology
for the next decade, the 3GPP family of standards must evolve toward the future. HSPA+ will
provide the stepping–stone to LTE for many operators. The overall objective for LTE is to provide
an extremely high performance radio–access technology that offers full vehicular speed mobility
and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth,
operators will be able to easily migrate from their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over time.
LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture and is designed to support voice in
the packet domain. It incorporates top–of–the–line radio techniques to achieve performance levels
beyond what will be practical with CDMA approaches, particularly in larger

Nokia Forms 3G Joint Venture in China Essay
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May, Nokia rival Ericsson announced it was teaming with ZTE to further TD–SCMDA in China.
At the time of the announcement, Ericsson committed to integrating ZTE's TD–SCDMA Node B
into its radio access network. The deal included both hardware and software.
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights to the remaining 51 percent.
Nokia will continue to offer W–CDMA products under its own brand around the world, including

China.
This is not the first 3G joint–venture deal China Puritan has announced this year. In January, the
Chinese company announced its plan to form a joint venture with Nortel. The companies said they
would cooperate on the research and development, manufacture and sale of 3G equipment and
services to the Chinese

Annotated Bibliography On Lte Deployment
IT 377 Graduate research paper LTE deployment in Small cells Submitted by Anuya Prabhu
Abstract: With the advent of high technological advancements in the field of telecommunication, it
has become necessary to provide full capacity network coverage and high data rates to a user at all
places. The research paper will focus on introducing small cells as a solution to the user needs by
giving an overview of different kinds of architectures for LTE deployment in small cells and
coordination techniques for synchronization between these architectures. The research paper will
also include the analysis of mobility between systems working on 3GPP and non 3GPP standards.
Mobile operators are working on Network Densification by deploying ... Show more content on
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Assistance with the current macro cell is required to power the small cells and coordinate with
internet and radio backhaul and maintaining the Quality of Service (QOS) in the process [1]. Figure
1 LTE deployment in small cells Why small cells? Small cells are beneficial in terms of the
following aspects: 1) Coverage: Adding capacity to high traffic areas and extend coverage to hard–
to–reach locations and indoor sites. 2) Capacity: Enhancing localized coverage 3) Data offloading:
Providing robust 4G LTE coverage to customers in challenging coverage areas Small cells mainly
consist of the femtocells, picocells, and microcells. The network can also be known by "distributed
radio technology" which consists of centralized baseband units and remote radio heads.
"Beamformingtechnology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can be utilized to further
enhance or focus small cell coverage". The common factor binding all of these technologies is that
all are centrally managed. [13] The range of small is from 10 meters within urban and in–building
locations to 2 km for a rural location. Picocells and microcells can also have a range of a few
hundred meters to a few kilometres, but femto cells do not have the self–arranging capability. [13]
There is need for backhaul to connect the small cells to the core network, internet

A Joint Venture Between Nora And Sakari
The negotiations for a joint venture between Nora and Sakari have been taking place for over two
years and 20 meetings. Meeting locations have varied, but have been held in both of the firm's
respective countries of Helsinki and KL. So far, the meetings sunk costs in promoting the JV
between the two companies are estimated at RM3 million.
There are mutual benefits for a cooperative effort. The main benefit for Sakari would be to meet its
strategy of expanding R&D centres in to South–east Asia which is a market of unexploited potential.
They would be to meet this strategy if they gained access through Malaysia. Nora's main benefit
would be able to fulfill its TMB contract since its bid was reliant on providing "Sakari's 4G LTE
technology" (XX). Despite the benefits that would occur due to the agreement the negotiation
efforts failed to reach a JV agreement between the two entities. Some of the major reasons for
negotiation failure were due to difference in goals, negotiation and interaction styles, cultural
differences and behaviors, and lack of trust.
GOALS, NEGOTIATION AND INTERACTION STYLES
Their approaches to negotiation and objectives were very different for each party. Nora went in with
an integrative negotiation strategy since they had already won their bid based on using Sakari's 4G
technology and having a successful agreement would be important in fulfilling the contract with
TGMXX. The were interested in creating a win–win situation. On the other–hand Sakari's

Directional Receiver Design For Interference Management
1. Introduction A Macrocell user operating in the same band as femtocell users may cause
unacceptably high interference levels, if it is close to the femtocell base station supporting the
aforementioned femtocell users, and far away from its own macrocell base station. Additionally, the
fact that femtocells can be deployed in an ad hoc fashion anywhere within a macrocell, and can be
removed as easily, adds to the critical importance of interference management. Notwithstanding the
importance of this issue, the concerns listed above renders jointly optimal design of the two
networks impractical due to the complexity and overhead associated with a large dynamic network.
Consequently, a computationally manageable yet effective interference management strategy is
needed. Interference management has been an important design element for multiuser systems in the
past two decades. Judicious receiver design for interference limited systems, e.g., CDMA, and
multiuser MIMO, proves useful for interference cancellation [3]. In addition to multiuser detection,
transmit power control [4], and joint design of transmitters and receivers [5], [6] offer interference
mitigation needed in interference limited systems. We note that while our approach does not involve
explicit frequency partitioning between the tiers, i.e., relies solely on the space dimensions, allowing
for greater flexibility, it is possible to have our scheme accompany a frequency partitioning scheme
and increase the number

Business Analysis: Vodafone New Zealand
Vodafone New Zealand is one of the biggest mobile network operator giving voice, data, and value
added mobile services. It is a tailback organization of London verified Vodafone plc. The
organization was shaped in 1998 discovering the pillars in Auckland. It has his major offices at
Auckland, wellington and Christchurch which employs over 3000 people, extending the services
nationwide. The market share in the mobile world was consistent at more than 50% for a long time,
which established an uncertainty in 2010 and was back to the structure at 2014 around 42% bringing
back its lost clients. In 2012, Vodafone acquired Telstraclear from Telstra Australia and also
developed an IMS infrastructure to introduce a single fixed–line and mobile network. Following its
acquisition of ISP, IHUG Vodafone NZ enriches its clients fixed line voice and data services. The
company has spent its millions of dollars in the 3g network improving its access capacity in the
urban areas. The company operates a 3g network and a 2g network very conveniently over 97% of
the county's population. The company has extended the market over to the virtual mobile operators
to support its marketing growth.
Vodafone supports the local service Telecommunications Service Obligations (TSO) policy goal of
social inclusion to ensure that all the New Zealand citizens has an access to the entire telephony
services. Vodafone and Telecom has a consignment to even out rural services in the Rural
Broadband Initiative (RBI)

Integration Of Wireless Lan And Wide Area Network
4G is the integration of wireless LAN and Wide Area Network providing 100MHz for mobile and
1GHz for stationary devices. It uses packet switching networking and is based on Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) technology. Wireless LANs soon will begin
multiplying or more in throughput and range if a smart antenna technology named MIMO works out
as its benefactors foresee.
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Universal Terrestial Radio Access (E–
UTRA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) principles are a piece of 3G advancements. Multi–input,multi –
output (MIMO) has turned into a key innovation to enhance communication over a wireless
channel. With constrained spectrum, MIMO procedures attain to least target cell spectral
proficiency, peak spectral effectiveness and cell edge client spectral efficiency which are the base
necessities indicated by the ITU.
4G allows IP–based voice, information and streaming multimedia at higher speeds and offers no less
than 100 Mbit/s with high versatility and up to 1GBit/s with low portability (traveling). Various
advancements thought to be 4G measures incorporate Long Term Evolution (LTE), Ultra Mobile
Broadband (UMB) and the IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) standard. At the point when utilized as a part of
MIMO frameworks it would have the capacity to give high information rate up to 100Mbps
furthermore give QoS and Security administrations to end clients. The 4G goal is to meet difficulties
displayed by the perpetually

Microstrip Antennas : An Analysis
The Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are
etched on one side and a ground plane on the other side. The shape of the patch is not constrained
(could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the
fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to
radiate. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal of various shapes on the
surface of a PCB, with a metal ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip
antennas consist of multiple patches in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further the consideration of space domain either with space diversity, smart antennas, and
nowadays, MIMO systems has also pushed the evolution of propagation modeling toward more
complex spatio–temporal considerations [1]. The MIMO antenna for wireless communications is
required to have a multiple bandwidth to cover the GSM, and ISM bands. On the other hand, it is
said that about 70% of the user demands and mobile flow for high–speed data services occur in
indoor environments [2–3]. In modern antenna design multiple–input multiple–output are employed
so that the multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit multiple data stream. Designing
MIMO antennas have their own challenges such as mutual coupling because of electromagnetic
interaction between antenna elements [4–5].
2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA Microstrip patch antenna can be
used for Mobile and satellite communication, Global Positioning System, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Radar,
Telemedicine, Rectenna and Medicinal. Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low–
cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all requirements and various types of microstrip
antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems. In the case of satellite

What Are 5g Network? And When Was It Developed?
Introduction:
In an ever–evolving world , people come up with new idea each day , some of them are in the field
of robotics , some in computer security and some are in computer networks. Well the Network
industry has risen up and been on a peak ever since 2008 , with new technologies coming by every
year , but they had to slow the roll down of such innovations in the field just to make the previous
technology have a good life span and make devices adapt to a certain technology for a certain time .
What is 5G network? And when was it developed? Well Lets first explain the meaning of the G in
the 5G , Well G means Generation , This is the 5th generation of Mobile communications and
networking , The first Generation 1G Was introduced in 1982 and it could only support calls and it
was quite flawed , as there was no security and was easily hack–able , then in 1992 2G or Known as
Edge was Introduced to fix some of the flaws 1G networks had Including support for text messages
and slow internet of about 512 kb/s which was quite superb at its time but quite slow if we are
comparing with today's standards. Network engineers have been trying to fix these problems , and
after the breakthrough of the internet and some social media websites like MySpace and email
messaging in business , 3G was introduced in 2003 , with theoretical downloads speed of 7.2 Mbps
which was respectable at the time , of course it took phones quite some time to adapt to the new
standard which wasn't very popular

A Report On A Virtual Core Network
III. Proposed Applications
The NFV ISG lists various possible scenarios in which NFV may be used in the current network
infrastructure to help organizations reduce capital and operational expenditures and increase revenue
via VNF services. While in theory, every network element can be virtualized, the ISG has identified
specific devices based on feasibility in terms of cost and complexity of implementation.
Mobile Networks: Mobile networks today are dominated by proprietary hardware. Having physical
resource increases expenditure for the operators. Scaling of such resources may require replacement
of hardware. Implementing NFV means that the hardware resource pool can be efficiently utilized
based on demand. A virtualized mobile core network would also help minimize the signaling traffic
on the network by grouping certain network functions together [1]. This paper will discuss more on
a virtual Core network in section IV.
VNF as a Service (VNFaaS): Many Enterprises have an infrastructure network of their own. Such a
network puts added expenditure on enterprises to have a dedicated team of professionals to maintain
and service this network. Also having equipment on their premises increases capital costs and
operational costs such as energy. The ISG use cases [10] proposes to provide these enterprise
infrastructure equipment as a virtual service hosted at the operator end. From the enterprise
perspective it will be profitable for them to outsource this functionality and have

Advantages And Disadvantages Of LTE Networks
These technologies bring the network closer to mobile users and improve spectral efficiency (SE)
per unit arena (i.e capacity). Due to lower power and smaller physical size, pico/ femto/ relay cells
can also be deployed to eliminate coverage holes and relay cells can be used in backhaul, where
wire line backhaul is unavailable or not economical [150]–[152]. The heterogeneous deployment of
LTE networks comprising of conventional Macro cell base stations overlaid with LPNs. The often
random and unplanned location of these access points can cause severe interference problems
especially for cell edge users. This problem was typically addressed by coordinating base–station
transmissions to minimize interference. Figure 2.10 shows a heterogeneous ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages: Despite the benefits that can be achieved by this technique, there are some
challenges that need to be addressed, including management of the interfaces between
heterogeneous environments and the dead zone problem. Towards this direction, 3GPP LTE
standard has introduced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) methods since Release 8
specifications. ICIC was developed to deal with interference issues at cell–edge and mitigates
interference on traffic channels only in heterogeneous network. These limitations were bypassed
with Release 10 specifications which introduced enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (e–
ICIC). Enhancements were brought to deal with interference issues in Heterogeneous Networks and
mitigate interference on traffic and control channels. In such networks, two major scenarios for
severe inter cell interference should be highlighted: macro–pico scenario with Cell Range–
Extension (CRE) and macro–femto scenario with Closed–Subscriber–Group

Disadvantages And Assignment: Volte
ASSIGNMENT
ON
VoLTE
SUBMITTED BY: JASMEEN KAUR 2014ECA1088 BTECH ECE (Sem6) SECTION B
VoLTE
Introduction
VoLTE stands for Voice over LTE, or Voice over Long Term Evolution. Most next–generation or so–
called 4G wireless networks use Long Term Evolution technology.
Voice over LTE is a standard based technology that is required to support voice calls over an LTE
network. This approach results in the voice service being delivered as data flows within the LTE
data bearer. This means that there is no dependency on the legacy circuit switched voice network to
be maintained .
VoLTE has up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides a more efficient use of spectrum than traditional voice. It can also be deployed in parallel
with video calls over LTE and RCS multimedia services.
Disadvantages of VoLTE
Though Volte has many advantages, but the biggest downside is that it could potentially mean more
expensive calling plans. As voice and video calls are lumped into the same data plan, consumers
who talk a lot will likely consume more data and will need bigger data packs. With todays mobile
share plans , customers need to calculate data for all the services they use minus voice calls. Voice
calls will also use data in future.
Some people who has just brought the mobile before the revolution of jio are not having VoLTE
feature in their smartphone in case of mid–ranger and lower end version. For example, Xiaomi Mi4
cannot support 4G VoLTE option in India.
We cannot make calls over 4G with VoLTE all along because VoLTE is data–only networking
technology, so it cannot natively support voice calls. While 3G and 2G were designed with voice
calls in mind and data was added to them.

4G Technologies and Telemedicine Essay
In this paper, it gives description about 4G network, architecture and discuss about functions of each
layer. It is evident that 4G technologies will expand on web–based communication around the
world. 4G technology will allow for improved applications such as telemedicine that may save lives.
It is a fully imp–based network and will improve data transfer dramatically. Signal disruptions will
be minimal and downloads will be done in a matter of seconds, faster than ever before. Within few
days 4G network may replace all existing 2G, 2.5G, 3G networks and it
Proposed attractive features such as very high data rate, global roaming, good quality of service,
More secure etc. 4G supports all IP based networks.
4G can be best described in one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mobile
Phones are used by remote users so we can say it's the communication on move. The evolution
Of mobile technology starts from 1G, and now we are using 4G in our daily life. Let's have a
Brief discussion on the topic: (Faisal, march, 2010)
2 First Generation (1G) This technology was first used in July, 1978 and the mobiles of that age are
used for only
Voice transformation and one way voice transformation. It uses 25 MHz bandwidth frequency
Allocated from one station to the cell phone and 25 MHz bandwidth frequency allocated for cell
phone to the station. The 1G technology uses frequency division media access (FDMA) through
which the users have to wait for the other user's reply. (Faisal, march, 2010)
3 Second Generation (2G) Because of the remarkable popularity of these cell phones the technology
changes its
Trends and change the way of communication by introducing a new technology called second
generation (2G). It was firstly used in 1991 and in this technology the new communication way
Was introduced which solve the problem of multiple users on the network and fully encrypted
Digital way was introduced instead of analogue way. (Faisal, march, 2010)
4 Third Generation (3G): Because of the much demand by the people it was felt that there must be
some better communication then 1G or 2G. The third generation is also one of the finest ways of
communication even now a day. 3G uses 2.5 GHz band

Taking a Look at MIMO Techniques
MIMO techniques are mostly used to accelerate system throughput over disruptive wireless
communication channels. It is well known fact that with the number of transmit antenna M and
number of receive antenna N, the capacity of MIMO systems increases linearly with a factor of MN.
The receiver decodes the received signal vectors into actual information, a narrow band flat fading
MIMO is designed as:
Y=Hx+n –––––– (1)
Where Y & x are received and transmitted vectors, H is channel matrix & n is the noise. During the
last decade, MIMO techniques in wireless industry have gained a huge interest in the study. MIMO
is treated as an extension of conventional smart antenna systems (SAS). In SAS, techniques of
beamforming are deployed and the optimal antenna weighting vector that determines antenna
radiation pattern is computed based on the optimal criterion such as maximum signal–to–
interference plus noise ratio (SINR), minimum mean square error (MMSE) [8]. The ability to
exploit and use the multipath propagation can be considered as one of the major advantages of
MIMO systems. In contrast to transmit beamforming schemes, channel state information (CSI) is
generally not required at the transmitter of MIMO systems. MIMO techniques for transmitting
systems can be majorly divided into two categories: spatial multiplexing and space–time coding
(spatial diversity techniques). In spatial multiplexing technique, it increases the data rate
(throughput) over a MIMO dedicated

Overview Of Internet And Telecom Services Providers
Overview of internet and telecom services providers MTC and Leo are the two mobile providers in
the country while Telecom Namibia continues to hold a monopoly over the fixed line market. There
are six ISPs, with the major players being Africa Online, M–Web Namibia and Telecom Namibia.
The following are some stats about the Internet market in Namibia.
· Internet users: 280,288 users, 143rd in the world; 12.9% of the population, 162nd in the world
(2012).
· Fixed broadband: 60,188 subscriptions, 110th in the world; 2.8% of the population, 119th in the
world (2012).[5][7]
· Wireless broadband: 624,257 subscriptions, 86th in the world; 28.8% of the population, 56th in the
world (2012).[8]
· Internet hosts: 78,280 hosts, 84th in the world (2012).[1]
· IPv4: 199,168 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 92.0 addresses per 1000
people (2012).
Mobile coverage is good along the highways and densely populated aeas. 3G is available in large
towns and villages. VOIP is technically illegal in Namibia, though Google Hangouts worked
reliably as of March 2016. Wireless
The wireless sector is dominated by Mobile Telecommunications (MTC), which is majority state–
owned. Its sole competitor is the mobile arm of wholly state–owned fixed line incumbent Telecom
Namibia (TN Mobile).
MTC has 94.1% of the subscriber market, with around 2.235 million active SIMs, while TN Mobile
claimed the remainder with around 140,000 customers, and a 21%

Wimax vs. Long Term Evolution
Wimax vs. LTE:
LTE and Wimax are 4G technologies. LTE is Long Term Evolution project which is been proposed
by 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) which is nothing but collaboration between various
telecommunication companies. So LTE has its background from the GSM technology. Wimax is
IEEE 802.16 standard and it's mainly roots in CDMA.
Frequency of operation: LTE operates at lower frequency as compared to wimax. Higher the
frequency of operation, higher the attenuation.
Both wimax and LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). OFDM uses
orthogonal frequencies as carrier frequencies so that there will be no interference between the
signals i.e. it uses the principle of orthogonality. This in turn improves the spectral efficiency.
Multiple Access: Both LTE and wimax uses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which a
Space Division Multiple Access technique. It is a smart technique in which the same signal is
transmitted in different streams to the receiver. The receiver choses the best of the transmitted signal
streams and decodes the signal. It is chosen such a way that, the best quality signal is obtained. So,
even the weaker signals are boosted up by this technique.
Infrastructure: Both LTE and wimax uses ip infrastructure. The flat structure of ip helps the mobile
as well as the base station.
Latency: Latency is less in LTE when compared to wimax.
Range: Theoretically LTE has better rang than wimax.
Speed: speed of LTE is way higher than

Verizon Communications, Inc.
Introduction and background
The Company
Verizon Communications, Inc. is a broadband telecommunication company that maintains a primary
focus on wireless communications. Verizon, in some capacity, maintains a presence in over 150
countries with new territories being developed yearly.
Identification of key decisions(s) made
In late October of 2010, Verizon announced the launch of their revolutionary 4G LTE network
through their subsidiary Verizon Wireless. According to the Chicago Daily Herald, Verizon would
launch the new network in a market of 38 major metropolitan areas, and then spread in across the
country (Brian 2010). Verizon's 4G LTE network would be over 10 times faster than their current
3G network and would revolutionize the telecommunications market by setting a higher standard for
all companies in the industry.
Purpose and Managerial Actions in Implementing the Decision:
Purpose
In developing a new cellular network, Verizon was able to raise the benchmark for cellular service
across the country. According to a press release by Verizon, chief operating officer Lowell McAdam
stated that, "we are driven by the vision to provide ubiquitous wireless broadband connectivity to
rural and urban Americans alike ... we will reach more than one third of all Americans where they
live, right from the start" (Verizon 2012). In the ever–growing technological society, consumers
want information faster than ever. Verizon was able to give this to the consumer with a faster

4g Technology
Contents 1. Overview 2. Predecessors of 4G 3.1 LTE 3.2 WiMAX 3.3 UMB (formerly EV–DO Rev.
C) 3.4 Flash–OFDM 3. Objective and approach 4.5 Objectives 4.6 Approaches 4.7.1 Consideration
points 4.7.2 Principal technologies 4. 4G features 5. Components 6.7 Access schemes 6.8 IPv6
support 6.9 Advanced Antenna Systems 6.10 Software–Defined Radio (SDR) 6. History of 4G and
pre–4G technologies 7.11 Deployment plans 7. Beyond 4G research 8. 4G wireless standards |
Introduction : 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea on
30 June 2006.
Sprint Nexte has announced that it will be using WiMAX, branded as a "4G" network.
UMB (formerly EV–DO Rev. C)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the
3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next
generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor,
announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead. The objective was
to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
Flash–OFDM
At an early stage the Flash–OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.
Objective and approach
Objectives
4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by
further development of existing 3G applications like mobile broadband access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow
roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video broadcasting
systems.
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication
standard: * Flexible channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20

4G Long Term Evolution Case Analysis
Abstract
Telecommunication technologies have evolved rapidly over the past decades, a situation which led
to the arrival of the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) to provide faster data speed better than the
legacy 3G EVDO data technology. Certainly, LTE has been of great benefit to both individuals and
corporations across the globe. However, operators are often faced with challenges such us Capacity
constraints, slow throughput due to increased numbers of usage, interference from other wireless
equipment, as well as poor coverage issues.
Over the years, telecommunication operators have been adopting strategies to mitigate all these
challenges in order to improve user experience. This research focused specifically on the
optimization of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also believed that the common issues that occur in the LTE network could be reduced
drastically if attention if given to certain engineering practices. The research revealed and discussed
some of those factors.
Furthermore, to understand the concept of LTE optimization in the practical sense, a case study was
done with drive test data collected on Nex–tech wireless network and a detailed analysis was made
and some issues were identified and rectified in the network.
By and large, the findings from the research and the deductions from the case study only proved that
there is a tremendous benefit in adopting a quality optimization strategy in any LTE network. More
so, not only do the subscribers get great quality of service but the operators also make maximum
financial gains.
Introduction
LTE network optimization remains an integral part of the LTE network. The main objective of
optimizing the LTE network is to ensure that (Ue) has good service which translates to good user
experience such as high data speed. The LTE optimization approach usually follows a process.
Optimization engineers follow this process to find out where the problems in the network are as well
as identifying what the problems are and then subsequently proposing ways to resolving them.
The first stage of the process is data collection where very sophisticated tools and

Evaluating A Resource Allocation Scheme For Coordinated...
The research has shown that Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) transmission can provide significant
gains in terms of the overall capacity of cell and cell–edge user throughput. The main purpose of
this paper is to enhance the throughput of cell and , the cell–edge user's, and the fairness among user
equipment terminals (UEs) in LTE–Advanced (LTE–A) systems using CoMP In this paper we
propose a resource allocation scheme for coordinated multipoint (CoMP). The transmit power is
allocated to spatial layer. The transmit power is allocated to spatial layer under the total base station
power constraint and the per base station power constraint Keywords : LTE A, CoMP, UE, MIMO,
3GPP Introduction In order to maintain the competitiveness of the 3GPP cellular system, Long Term
Evolution (LTE), is developed. For downlink transmission the technique selected is Orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). In this time and frequency resources are reused in
adjacent cells, inter cell interference becomes the crucial limiting factor. This problem can be
overcome by using interference mitigation techniques. The interference mitigation techniques are
interference cancellation, interference coordination and the third one is interference randomization
currently investigated within 3GPP [1]. However, by using these techniques also the performance or
improvements offered by the mitigation techniques are limited since inter cell interference is
difficult to remove completely. A

Applications of 3g Technology in the Education Sector:...
Study on "Applications of 3G technology in the Education sector: Perspective Bangladesh"
Name: Md. Mahbubul Haque Osmani Faculty of MSJ department, University of Liberal Arts
Bangladesh. Address: 105, 4th floor, Lake Circus, Kalabagan, Dhaka. Mobile: 01716806361 E–
mail: osmani.mcj.du@gmail.com
Applications of 3G technology in the Education sector: Perspective Bangladesh ABSTRACT:
Bangladesh recently touched a new milestone in Information and Communication Technology with
the inauguration of commercial testing of Third Generation (3G) services through the state–run
mobile service provider Teletalk. Teletalk will distribute 400,000 (4lacs) 3G–enabled SIMs' for the
capital Dhaka primarily. 3G is supposed to open new windows for mobile ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And the total number of internet subscribers has reached 29415.693 thousand at the end of July
2012 (http://www.btrc.gov.bd). Now–a–days students all over the world are "digital natives". They
are growing up in a decidedly digital world. Digital learning educates students using the same
technology they use for communication and entertainment outside of school. Also the teachers are
very much engage with technology. They provide their class materials through internet. Many
studies (Attewell, 2005; Murat et al, 2008) have already shown that mobile technologies have
considerable potential to enhance teaching and learning across all education sectors. Their impact on
student behavior, enthusiasm, motivation and progress is well documented, especially in some
conventional schools in the UK (Cook et al. 2007). The National Training and Simulation
Association and the U.S. Department of Education studied that, technology based instruction can
reduce the time and students take to reach a learning objective by 30 to 80 percent. According to a
meta– analysis and review of online
learning studies by the U.S. Department of Education, on average, students in online learning
conditions performed better than those receiving face–to–face instruction. (Means et al., 2009) The
new technology 3G can bring a profound impact on economic landscape of Bangladesh. It can
create scopes for e–learning

Strategic Planning Department Of My Company Essay
Here I'm working in the investment section of the strategic planning department of my company.
My organisation is considering the Australian equities market for research purpose.
As per our company management team meeting me and my colleagues have collected data from two
major ASX listed company, Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) and Telstra. We have
collected data regarding particular areas of the accounting standards, including, leasing, liabilities,
intangibles, and revenue. We have discussed four major areas as an indicator to be investigated. In
four of them, I'm analysing, comparing and discussing liabilities of these two companies.
Liabilities
An obligation that legally binds an individual or company to settle a debt. When one is liable for a
debt, they are responsible for paying the debt or settling a wrongful act they may have committed.
For Example: If you have a loan from the bank. You're liable to pay back.
Commonwealth Bank of Australia
Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) is a leading financial services organisations, which
provide banking and wealth management (funds management, superannuation, insurance and
investment advice) product and services for more than 10 million peoples in all over Australia. CBA
is a top notch company in home lending and retail deposits. CBA have managed its strength of scale
and brand by an irreplaceable infrastructure with 1150+ branches, 3800 Australia Post agencies,
3300+ ATMs and 155000 merchant relationships.
Investment

Questions On Wireless Network And Security
Assignment–1
MN603
Subject Wireless Network and Security
Teacher Biplob Rakshit Ray
Name : Loveneet Singh Dhanjal
ID: MIT130071
Contents
1) Introduction 3
2) Massive MIMO architectures 3
a. V–BLAST 3
b. Array Architecture 4
3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks 5
a. Spatial multiplexing 6
b. Pre–coding 6
4) Existing Technologies 6
a. WiMAX 6
b. 3G 6
c. 4G LTE 7
5) Recently proposed techniques in the literature 7
5G 7
6) Relevant information 8
Massive MIMO advantages 8
Massive MIMO Challenges 8
7) Conclusion 8
References 9
1) Introduction
Massive MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which antennas are used
at both the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, if the multipath scattering is adequate, then the numerous sub–streams are all
scattered marginally in an unexpected way, since they start from diverse transmit receiving antennas
that are situated at different points. By utilizing modern sign preparing, these slight contrasts in
scrambling permit the sub streams to be distinguished and recouped. As a result, the unavoidable
multipath is abused to give an extremely valuable spatial parallelism that is utilized to significantly

enhance data transmission rates.
b. Array Architecture Massive MIMO demands uniquely large base–station arrays. Challenge was to
transporting signals between the source and the antenna. Any array architecture requires partitioning
the transceiver functions into those implemented close to the respective antennas and those
implemented at the main system controller. Transceiver can be subdivided into three parts
 Analog–connected array
 Digitally–connected array
 Digitally–connected array with distributed beam forming
3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks
Massive MIMO Wireless Network convergence means using one pipe to deliver all forms of
communication services like video, audio and data communication within network. Convenience
and flexibility is offered by using multiple communication modes in a single

Wireless Networks And Wireless Network
Abstract– The Advancement in various wireless Network ,Enables Mobile Subcriber to enjoy
internet anytime anywhere ,but ensuring security and efficiency of this process is challenging,
because different networks have different security policies and authentication protocols.. Wireless
technologies such as the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), the Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX), and the Third–Generation (3G) mobile communications system
complement each other to support a variety of services suited for the home, urban, and global
environments. In Wireless roaming network, user privacy preservation has become an important and
challenging issue in the wireless network, and has been widely studied by researchers.
Keywords—: Authentication, Privacy –Preservation,WLAN,WiMax, Roaming Network
I] INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of mobile technology, wireless networks have become widely available and
interconnected. For allowing people to get connected seamlessly using their mobile devices without
being limited by the geographical coverage of their own home networks, roaming services have
been deployed, for example, GSM [9], [17], 3GPP [20], and WLANs With the advancements in
various mobile and wireless networks, e.g., long–term evolution (LTE) [1] worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) [3], and roadside–to–vehicle communication
systems [2], pervasive Internet access becomes a reality, enabling mobile subscribers (MSs) to enjoy
Internet

Maharsh Shah, M.S in Telecommunications, Southern...
Maharsh Shah, M.S in Telecommunications, Southern Methodist University The evolution of 3G
technologies and system into 4G evolution is driven by the development and creation of latest and
upgraded services for the mobile devices, and is enabled by this similar advancement for the
respective mobile systems. The development of LTE and LTE–Advanced technologies, with
'Advanced' specifying the only difference between LTE release 10 /LTE Advanced and ITU/IMT–
Advanced. The work on developing these technologies– LTE and LTE Advanced is performed as an
ongoing continuous task within the 3GPP, the same organization the developed the first 3G system
namely WCDMA and HSPA. The process for defining IMT Advanced was set by ITU–R
WP5D(Working ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Release 10 of LTE is the version that is approved by the ITU–R as an IMT Advanced
technology and so is called LTE–Advanced. Release 10 of the LTE that came out in March 2011
included carrier aggregation, enhanced downlink MIMO, uplink MIMO, enhanced ICIC and
advanced relays. Following the Release 10 came the Release 11 that incorporated enhanced carrier
aggregation and additional intra–band carrier aggregation. In 2008 the work associated with IMT–
Advanced within the ITU–R circulated the detailed requirements and process via a circular letter.
For 3GPP, LTE advanced is not a new technology but is an evolutionary step in the ongoing
development of LTE. To reach the IMT Advanced standards, wider bandwidth by aggregation of
various multiple carriers and evolved use of advanced antenna techniques in both downlink and
uplink are the two main phenomenon added in the Release 10 of LTE. The transmission scheme
used for this technology is called OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which is
also prevalent in other radio–access technologies like WiMax and DVB broadcasting technologies.
The work on LTE started in the late 2004 with the aim of providing new radio access technology
that focused on packet switched data. The tasks include user/system, throughput, peak data rates,
spectral efficiency and user plane latency. ITU defined a set of requirements for IMT Advanced
which include support for a

Essay On Wan Technologies
As the world progresses technology everyday, the reliance on the Internet and its uses become more
and more necessary. Many people connect to hundreds of applications and devices they use every
single day. Behind these applications are extremely complex networks that allow users to connect in
ways that expand every single day. To achieve this, companies must design their networks for secure
access and reliability to allow seamless access for users. On the back–end these companies must
also have a secure network in place for their offices, remote workers, and any other remote resource
to access confidential materials and other sensitive matter. This can be accomplished through a
variety of WAN technologies that are used in the world today. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With frame relay the user only has to pay for the local loop and the allotted bandwidth they
purchased. Since these loops are shared between many users the cost is reduced. Frame Relay
provides a better alternative because it only requires a single point of access. From that point of
access the Frame Relay allows the sites to connect together. On top of the overall cost, it is also
much simpler to configure which results in less overhead yet again. The connections were simpler to
establish because Customer Service Equipment or CPE would be configured and linked to the ISPs
Frame relay switch. This allowed end user configuration management to be simple and
straightforward. Besides cost savings, Frame relay is also more reliable and provides more
bandwidth than private/leased lines. Frame relay provides greater flexibility versus leased lines by
using Virtual Circuits or VCs. As communication is desired between locations, a connection to a
Virtual Circuit is formed. In this process each end point connection uses a Data Link Connection
Identifier or DLCI which acts as an "address" for the end point. Data sent through the relay is taken
from the network layer of the OSI model and is then encapsulated through the data portion of the
frame relay frame. Once this is done, the frame is then sent to the physical layer for delivery. Within
the packet there will be an address field that includes the DLCI and checksum to show where the
packet needs to go. Another alternative to a

Network Speed
Overview [WINNIE]
As the technology world evolves and develops faster and better every day, it puts new demands of
speed and throughput on the network that supports it. Today especially, we live in a world where
everyone is mobile, and it is expected that mobile networks keep pace with the innovations in
technology. The successor of 2G and 3G mobile network standard is the 4G mobile network
standard. The emergence of 4G, nonetheless, should provide faster and better mobile network
connectivity to support the newer and ever more demanding technologies born every day. The
emergence of 4G mobile network technology is aimed at offering higher data speeds and the ability
to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks for the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the convergence evolution, it is expected that the trend of progressive information
technologies will focus more on mobile and widespread media convergence and new services to
come.[3]
Broadband Services [WINNIE]
As the basis for enabling multimedia communication, broadband services naturally calls for media
convergence that will be based on packet transport to promote the integration of various media on
different behaviors. A lead to a demand for similar services in mobile communication environment
is expected to increase with the growth in broadband services like cable, DSL, optical fiber access
systems and office or home LANs. 4G service application characteristics will likely enable
broadband service to be low cost, high coverage of wide area, and wide variety of service
capabilities. [4]
Interactive BCN (All–IP) with Home Networking, Telemetric, Sensor–Network Services [WINNIE]
The evolution of an All–IP network is inevitable with the technologies now becoming more
collaborative and indispensible. An ALL–IP unified network converged services, providing the
next–generation telecommunications network solutions will transform, covering fixed, mobile and
IP communications network transformation through active access defines broadband convergence
and hence IP multimedia services becoming the major trend in the wired and wireless network. The
main idea is to have the broadband

The Evolution How 3g to 4g Technologies
University of Technology, Sydney 32702 Contemporary Telecommunications
The evolution how 3G to 4G technologies
Ming H. Zhao (10810164) University of Technology, Sydney minghui.zhao@student.uts.edu.au
Lecturer: Gay Valerie 13th September, 2010
1. Introduction Since contemporary communication came into daily life, people always keep
seeking unrestricted communication at all time. Mobile telecommunication satisfied people's
demand with the first generation (1G) and the second generation (2G). In the wake of development
in multimedia and internet, most of telecommunication mobile networks operators have offered the
third generation (3G) to the customers to replace 2G over the past two years. Currently, many ICT
professionals and research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The core technology of 4G is orthogonal frequency–division multiplexing (OFDM) which belongs
to Multi–Carrier Modulation (MCM). It divides assigned channel into orthogonal sub channels,
modulating and transmitting on each sub channel of narrowband (Aceña 2005). 3.2
Telecommunication system structure 3G is based on cellular network (shown in Figure 1), the core
network of 3G is developed from GSM–MAP, AMPS and ANSI–41 which is the core network of
GSM, the air interface and the corresponding system is backward 2G compatibility (Luo et al.
2003).
GSM–MAP SC–FDD
Air interface ANSI–41
SC–FDD
TDD
FDD
Figure 1: 3G system
2 | Page Ming H. Zhao 10810164
University of Technology, Sydney 32702 Contemporary Telecommunications
But contemporary communication requires to provide mobile user multimedia service over

broadband to enable full function of next generation mobile network based on internet technology.
As the 3G core network evolved from the 2G, it is not the optimal system that processing
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) packets. Meanwhile, it cannot handle
data transmission with containing large images and information either. Therefore, a critical need is
to create a new telecommunication network with the optimal transmission of TCP / IP data packet, it
would be completely different from the 2G and 3G wireless network

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