Referencing in ACADEMIC writing

Referencing in AcademicReferencing in Academic
WritingWriting
 A significant difference between academicA significant difference between academic
writing and other writing genres is based onwriting and other writing genres is based on
the citation and referencing of publishedthe citation and referencing of published
authors.authors.
 Academic writing relies on the ideas andAcademic writing relies on the ideas and
research of other sources: books, journalresearch of other sources: books, journal
articles, websites, and so forth. These otherarticles, websites, and so forth. These other
sources may be used to support the author’ssources may be used to support the author’s
ideas, or the author may be discussing,ideas, or the author may be discussing,
analysing, or critiquing other sources.analysing, or critiquing other sources. 11

Referencing in AcademicReferencing in Academic
WritingWriting
 Referencing is used to tell the reader whereReferencing is used to tell the reader where
ideas from other sources have been used inideas from other sources have been used in
your arguments.your arguments.
22

Reasons for Referencing SourcesReasons for Referencing Sources
in Academic Writingin Academic Writing
 to show that we have read and understoodto show that we have read and understood
the research published in our area of interestthe research published in our area of interest
 to demonstrate our academic integrityto demonstrate our academic integrity
 to support our argument by showing theto support our argument by showing the
sources of the information from which wesources of the information from which we
have formed our own ideashave formed our own ideas
 to avoid plagiarism so that we are not falselyto avoid plagiarism so that we are not falsely
claiming someone else's work or ideas as ourclaiming someone else's work or ideas as our
ownown 33

 to make it easy for readers to find the sourcesto make it easy for readers to find the sources
we have used, to check the information wewe have used, to check the information we
have used and to use the sources for furtherhave used and to use the sources for further
informationinformation
 to fulfil our moral and legal obligations toto fulfil our moral and legal obligations to
recognise and acknowledge the author(s) ofrecognise and acknowledge the author(s) of
the original ideasthe original ideas
44

PlagiarismPlagiarism
 If you don’t acknowledge sources you mayIf you don’t acknowledge sources you may
be accused of plagiarism.be accused of plagiarism.
 Plagiarism is the act of using anotherPlagiarism is the act of using another
person’s ideas as if they are your own.person’s ideas as if they are your own.
 It doesn’t matter whether the original wordsIt doesn’t matter whether the original words
or ideas are those of a published writer, oror ideas are those of a published writer, or
those of another student—you must notthose of another student—you must not
copy without giving your source.copy without giving your source.
55

Strategies to Use in ReferencingStrategies to Use in Referencing
 In order to acknowledge properly the detailsIn order to acknowledge properly the details
from your reading materials, consider thefrom your reading materials, consider the
following strategies:following strategies:
 Organise notes and record details of whereOrganise notes and record details of where
information was actually found.information was actually found.
 Record details of the resource being used onRecord details of the resource being used on
the pages of your notes, printouts orthe pages of your notes, printouts or
photocopies of information.photocopies of information.
66

 Learn about correct citation and referencingLearn about correct citation and referencing
methods before you begin your research.methods before you begin your research.
 Access the information required forAccess the information required for
referencing different types of resources (Seereferencing different types of resources (See
Table 2).Table 2).
 Ask teachers for guidelines about the style,Ask teachers for guidelines about the style,
format and amount of detail required toformat and amount of detail required to
acknowledge the resources used in anacknowledge the resources used in an
assignment.assignment.
77

 Set up a chart to keep track of the basicSet up a chart to keep track of the basic
bibliographic information (i.e. author, title,bibliographic information (i.e. author, title,
date, pages used, publisher, etc) of anydate, pages used, publisher, etc) of any
resource you use know the differenceresource you use know the difference
between a quotation, summary andbetween a quotation, summary and
paraphrase.paraphrase.
88

How to Integrate Sources intoHow to Integrate Sources into
your Writingyour Writing
 The sources may be integrated in four ways,The sources may be integrated in four ways,
including:including:
 SummarizingSummarizing
 SynthesizingSynthesizing
 ParaphrasingParaphrasing
 QuotingQuoting
99

SummarizingSummarizing
 When you summarize, you collect the majorWhen you summarize, you collect the major
points of the passage, section, article, orpoints of the passage, section, article, or
book and present them in your own words.book and present them in your own words.
 Since summaries usually condense severalSince summaries usually condense several
pages of a source or even a whole document,pages of a source or even a whole document,
page numbers are not necessarypage numbers are not necessary
 Although you use your own words, youAlthough you use your own words, you
must still cite the source both within the textmust still cite the source both within the text
and on the reference page.and on the reference page. 1010

SynthesisSynthesis
 Synthesis is a form of summarizing thatSynthesis is a form of summarizing that
combines several sources.combines several sources.
 In synthesizing, you must combineIn synthesizing, you must combine
summaries from sources that agree onsummaries from sources that agree on
many overall points.many overall points.
 Like summaries, synthesized sources doLike summaries, synthesized sources do
not require page numbers because thenot require page numbers because the
summary represents more than one source.summary represents more than one source.
1111

ParaphrasingParaphrasing
 Paraphrases are similar to summaries in thatParaphrases are similar to summaries in that
they use your own words; however,they use your own words; however,
paraphrases focus on a small part of textparaphrases focus on a small part of text
while summaries focus on a larger portion.while summaries focus on a larger portion.
 Unlike summaries, paraphrases CANNOTUnlike summaries, paraphrases CANNOT
be synthesized and may/may not includebe synthesized and may/may not include
page numbers. Paraphrases should basicallypage numbers. Paraphrases should basically
state the same thing as the original sourcestate the same thing as the original source
using your own words.using your own words.
1212

QuotingQuoting
 Quoting sources is perfectly acceptable inQuoting sources is perfectly acceptable in
papers; however, your paper must not bepapers; however, your paper must not be
filled with quotations.filled with quotations.
 Most instructors would prefer that you useMost instructors would prefer that you use
one of the other methods of sourceone of the other methods of source
integration. They would rather hear youintegration. They would rather hear you
express your point in your own words.express your point in your own words.
 Quotations should only be used when youQuotations should only be used when you
are planning on analyzing the text or whenare planning on analyzing the text or when
you cannot put it into your own words.you cannot put it into your own words. 1313

 All quotations must appear in your paper asAll quotations must appear in your paper as
they do in the original source.they do in the original source.
 If you use a quote, you should be ableIf you use a quote, you should be able
explain the meaning and discuss theexplain the meaning and discuss the
significance.significance.
 Quotations cannot be synthesized becauseQuotations cannot be synthesized because
the words are exact from one particularthe words are exact from one particular
source.source.
 You have to provide page numbers forYou have to provide page numbers for
quotations. Page numbers allow your readerquotations. Page numbers allow your reader
to find the quotation and read theto find the quotation and read the
surrounding material.surrounding material. 1414

Direct Quotation RulesDirect Quotation Rules
 Only direct quote directly if:Only direct quote directly if:
 the original author stated something in athe original author stated something in a
particularly striking wayparticularly striking way
 the author’s precise wording is verythe author’s precise wording is very
important, orimportant, or
 the original words are needed for purposesthe original words are needed for purposes
of analysis or discussion (e.g., in the case ofof analysis or discussion (e.g., in the case of
a definition).a definition).
1515

 Quote the original author’s exact words andQuote the original author’s exact words and
punctuation, including any spelling orpunctuation, including any spelling or
grammatical errors. If the original wordinggrammatical errors. If the original wording
contains such errors, point them out bycontains such errors, point them out by
placing the word [sic] in square brackets inplacing the word [sic] in square brackets in
the quote directly after the error.the quote directly after the error.
For example: “It is common paractise [sic]For example: “It is common paractise [sic]
to use public relations as a tool for . . .”to use public relations as a tool for . . .”
 If part of the original text in a directIf part of the original text in a direct
quotation is left out, indicate this by anquotation is left out, indicate this by an
ellipsis, i.e. three dots. Add a fourth dot ifellipsis, i.e. three dots. Add a fourth dot if
the ellipsis is at the end of a sentence.the ellipsis is at the end of a sentence. 1616

For example: Smith (2005: p. 10) definedFor example: Smith (2005: p. 10) defined
marketing as “all activities related tomarketing as “all activities related to
bringing a product to market, . . . the actualbringing a product to market, . . . the actual
marketing of the product and the follow-upmarketing of the product and the follow-up
activities.”activities.”
 Words can be inserted in a direct quotationWords can be inserted in a direct quotation
to make the quoted sentences clearer and theto make the quoted sentences clearer and the
inserted words are placed in square bracketsinserted words are placed in square brackets
[ ]. For example: “They [the members of[ ]. For example: “They [the members of
Alice’s family] gathered around the table.”Alice’s family] gathered around the table.”
1717

 Common signal phrases used whenCommon signal phrases used when
integrating sources into your work, forintegrating sources into your work, for
instance:instance:
 If you agree with what the writer says:If you agree with what the writer says:
 The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) indicates thatindicates that......
 The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) reveals thatreveals that......
 The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) shows thatshows that ......
 Turning to Salum (2009), oneTurning to Salum (2009), one finds thatfinds that ......
 Reference to Salum (2009)Reference to Salum (2009) reveals thatreveals that ......
 In a study of Maduhu (2007), it wasIn a study of Maduhu (2007), it was foundfound
that ...that ... 1818

 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) points out, ...points out, ...
 AsAs Salum (2009) perceptivelySalum (2009) perceptively statesstates, ..., ...
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) has indicatedhas indicated, ..., ...
 A study by Salum(2009)A study by Salum(2009) shows thatshows that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) hashas drawn attention to the factdrawn attention to the fact
thatthat ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) correctlycorrectly argues thatargues that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) rightlyrightly points out thatpoints out that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) makes clear thatmakes clear that ......
1919

 If you disagree with what the writer says:If you disagree with what the writer says:
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) claims thatclaims that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) states erroneously thatstates erroneously that ......
 The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) asserts thatasserts that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) feels thatfeels that ......
 However, Abdulkarim (2008)However, Abdulkarim (2008) does notdoes not
supportsupport Salum’s (2009)Salum’s (2009) argument thatargument that ......
 If you do not want to give your point of viewIf you do not want to give your point of view
about what the writer says:about what the writer says:
 According toAccording to Salum (2009) “...”Salum (2009) “...” 2020

 It is the view ofIt is the view of Salum (2009)Salum (2009) thatthat ......
 The opinion ofThe opinion of Salum (2009)Salum (2009) is thatis that ......
 In an article by Salum (2009), ...In an article by Salum (2009), ...
 Research by Salum (2009)Research by Salum (2009) suggests thatsuggests that ......
 Salum (2009) has expressed a similarSalum (2009) has expressed a similar
view.view.
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) reports thatreports that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) notes thatnotes that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) states thatstates that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) observes thatobserves that ...... 2121

 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) concludes thatconcludes that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) argues thatargues that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) found thatfound that ......
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) discovered thatdiscovered that ......

 Direct QuotationDirect Quotation
 Sometimes you quote an author's wordsSometimes you quote an author's words
exactly, not to paraphrase them. If youexactly, not to paraphrase them. If you
decide to quote directly from a text, youdecide to quote directly from a text, you
will need an expression to introduce itwill need an expression to introduce it
and quotation marks will be used:and quotation marks will be used: 2222

 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) said/sayssaid/says, “... ...”, “... ...”
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) stated/statesstated/states, “... ...”, “... ...”
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) wrote/writeswrote/writes, “... ...”, “... ...”
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) commented/commentscommented/comments, “..., “...
...”...”
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) observed/observesobserved/observes, “... ...”, “... ...”
 AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) pointed/points outpointed/points out, “... ...”, “... ...”
 To quote fromTo quote from Salum (2009), “... ...”Salum (2009), “... ...”
 It wasIt was Salum (2009) whoSalum (2009) who said thatsaid that “... ...”“... ...”
 This example is given by Salum (2009):This example is given by Salum (2009):
“... ...”“... ...” 2323

 According toAccording to Salum (2009), “... ...”Salum (2009), “... ...”
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) claims thatclaims that, “... ...”, “... ...”
 Salum (2009)Salum (2009) found thatfound that, “... ...”, “... ...”
 The opinion ofThe opinion of Salum (2009Salum (2009) is that) is that, “... ...”, “... ...”
 ConcludingConcluding
 After quoting evidence you reach aAfter quoting evidence you reach a
conclusion:conclusion:
 The evidence seems toThe evidence seems to indicate thatindicate that......
 It must therefore beIt must therefore be recognised thatrecognised that......
2424

 The indications are therefore thatThe indications are therefore that......
 It is clear therefore that ...It is clear therefore that ...
 Thus it could be concluded that...Thus it could be concluded that...
 The evidence seems to be strong thatThe evidence seems to be strong that......
 On this basis it may be inferred thatOn this basis it may be inferred that......
 Given this evidence, it can be seen that...Given this evidence, it can be seen that...
2525

Steps Involved in ReferencingSteps Involved in Referencing
 Note down the full bibliographic details,Note down the full bibliographic details,
including the page number(s) from whichincluding the page number(s) from which
the information is taken.the information is taken.
 Insert the citation at the appropriate placeInsert the citation at the appropriate place
within the text of the document.within the text of the document.
 Provide a reference list at the end of theProvide a reference list at the end of the
document (see examples below).document (see examples below).
2626

In-text CitationIn-text Citation
 In-text means in a body of text that youIn-text means in a body of text that you
have composed.have composed.
 In-text citation means that you cite theIn-text citation means that you cite the
sources that you use in your text.sources that you use in your text.
 Whenever you are using informationWhenever you are using information
from outside your text, you should citefrom outside your text, you should cite
the sources that you are using in-text.the sources that you are using in-text.
2727

 In this course, you will only learnIn this course, you will only learn AmericanAmerican
Psychological AssociationPsychological Association (APA) Citation(APA) Citation
Styles. This style as it is very common inStyles. This style as it is very common in
Tanzanian higher learning institutions andTanzanian higher learning institutions and
SUA in particular.SUA in particular.
 When using APA format, follow the author-When using APA format, follow the author-
date method of in-text citation. This meansdate method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year ofthat the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear inpublication for the source should appear in
the text.the text. 2828

For example, (Jones, 1998), and aFor example, (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in thecomplete reference should appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper.reference list at the end of the paper.
2929

Capitalization, Quotes, andCapitalization, Quotes, and
Italics/UnderliningItalics/Underlining
 Always capitalize proper nouns, includingAlways capitalize proper nouns, including
author names and initials: D. Jones.author names and initials: D. Jones.
 If you refer to the title of a source withinIf you refer to the title of a source within
your paper, capitalize the first letters of allyour paper, capitalize the first letters of all
content words within the title of a source.content words within the title of a source.
 When capitalizing titles, capitalize bothWhen capitalizing titles, capitalize both
words in a hyphenated compound word:words in a hyphenated compound word:
Natural-Born CyborgsNatural-Born Cyborgs..
3030

 When capitalizing titles, capitalize the firstWhen capitalizing titles, capitalize the first
word after a dash or colon: Defining Filmword after a dash or colon: Defining Film
Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's VertigoRhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo..
 Italicize or underline the titlesItalicize or underline the titles The Closing ofThe Closing of
the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
 If you are directly quoting from a work, youIf you are directly quoting from a work, you
will need to include the author, year ofwill need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for thepublication, and the page number for the
reference.reference.
3131

 Introduce the quotation with a signal phraseIntroduce the quotation with a signal phrase
that includes the author's last name followedthat includes the author's last name followed
by the date of publication in parentheses.by the date of publication in parentheses.
 If the author is not named in a signal phrase,If the author is not named in a signal phrase,
place the author's last name, the year ofplace the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number inpublication, and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.parentheses after the quotation.
3232

Signal verbsSignal verbs
 The common signal verbs used in in-textThe common signal verbs used in in-text
citations include:citations include: claim, point out, drawclaim, point out, draw
attention to, argue, discuss, define, assert,attention to, argue, discuss, define, assert,
describe, suggest, point out, indicate,describe, suggest, point out, indicate,
observe, question, maintain, challenge,observe, question, maintain, challenge,
analyse, remark, explain, affirm, state, drawanalyse, remark, explain, affirm, state, draw
attention to, present, prove, conclude,attention to, present, prove, conclude,
imply, note, look at, mention, refer to, findimply, note, look at, mention, refer to, find
out, discover, express, conclude, respond,out, discover, express, conclude, respond,
contend, acknowledge, assert, clarify, insist.contend, acknowledge, assert, clarify, insist.
3333

BooksBooks
 When a book is written by a singleWhen a book is written by a single
author, there are two main ways to use in-author, there are two main ways to use in-
text citations:text citations:
 You may mainly focus on the informationYou may mainly focus on the information
from your source (from your source (information prominentinformation prominent))
 You may focus on the author of theYou may focus on the author of the
information from your source (information from your source (authorauthor
prominentprominent))
3434

 If you are using ‘If you are using ‘Information prominentInformation prominent’,’,
the author’s name is within parentheses:the author’s name is within parentheses:
Examples:Examples:
Tanzania upholds the agricultural sectorTanzania upholds the agricultural sector
as the foundation of its economy and aas the foundation of its economy and a
driving force of its development (driving force of its development (Majule,Majule,
2008)2008)
Tanzania’s agriculture sector includesTanzania’s agriculture sector includes
“the subsectors of crops, livestock,“the subsectors of crops, livestock,
hunting and gathering, fisheries andhunting and gathering, fisheries and
forestry, remains the largest sector in theforestry, remains the largest sector in the
economy” (Mashindanoeconomy” (Mashindano et alet al., 2011:5).., 2011:5). 3535

 If you opt for ‘If you opt for ‘Author prominentAuthor prominent’, the’, the
author’s name is outside the parentheses:author’s name is outside the parentheses:
Example:Example:
According to the World BankAccording to the World Bank
([WB]2001:6)([WB]2001:6) “only 15% of Tanzanian“only 15% of Tanzanian
farmers use chemical fertilizer, 27%farmers use chemical fertilizer, 27%
use improveduse improved seeds and 18% useseeds and 18% use
pesticides”pesticides”
Tanzania Institute of Education ([TIE],Tanzania Institute of Education ([TIE],
2007) reported that many secondary2007) reported that many secondary schoolschool
teachers were trained enough toteachers were trained enough to apply theapply the
new teaching approach.new teaching approach. 3636

 When a book is written by a single author:When a book is written by a single author:
when the quoted information doesn’t exceedwhen the quoted information doesn’t exceed
40 words40 words
 Include the material in the paragraph andInclude the material in the paragraph and
include specific page number/s.include specific page number/s.
Example:Example:
An interesting view was expressed thatAn interesting view was expressed that,,
“the connection of high profile“the connection of high profile
developments to their surroundingdevelopments to their surrounding
environment has increasingly beenenvironment has increasingly been
questioned”questioned” (Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).(Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).
3737

OROR
An interesting view was expressed byAn interesting view was expressed by
Cochrane (2007) that, “the connection ofCochrane (2007) that, “the connection of
high profile developments to theirhigh profile developments to their
surrounding environment hassurrounding environment has
increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).
 When a book is written by one author: whenWhen a book is written by one author: when
you quoted 40 or more words to your workyou quoted 40 or more words to your work
 Begin quoting the material on a new line,Begin quoting the material on a new line,
indent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool toindent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to
keep all lines of the quote evenly indented),keep all lines of the quote evenly indented),
and include specific page number/s.and include specific page number/s. 3838

 Omit the quotation marks.Omit the quotation marks.
 Use single spacing for the indented quote.Use single spacing for the indented quote.
 Make sure the quote is exactly as it wasMake sure the quote is exactly as it was
published.published.
3939

Example:Example:
Finkelman (2006), for example, points out that:Finkelman (2006), for example, points out that:
There are changes in acute care servicesThere are changes in acute care services
occurring almost daily, and due to theoccurring almost daily, and due to the
increasing use of outpatient surgery,increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgicalsurgical
services have experiencedservices have experienced majormajor
changes.changes. Hospitals areHospitals are increasing the sizeincreasing the size
of theirof their outpatientoutpatient departments anddepartments and
adjustingadjusting to theto the need of movingneed of moving
patientspatients into and outinto and out of theof the surgicalsurgical
service inservice in 1 day or even1 day or even a few hours.a few hours. (p.(p.
184)184)
4040

 When a book is written by two authorsWhen a book is written by two authors
 Name both authors in the signal phrase or inName both authors in the signal phrase or in
the parentheses each time you cite the work.the parentheses each time you cite the work.
 Use the word “and” between the authors'Use the word “and” between the authors'
names within the text and use the ampersandnames within the text and use the ampersand
in the parentheses.in the parentheses.
Examples:Examples:
Research by Wegener and Hashim (2007)Research by Wegener and Hashim (2007)
revealed that many tertiary students facerevealed that many tertiary students face
communication skills problems.communication skills problems.
4141

 When the book is written by three to fiveWhen the book is written by three to five
authorsauthors
 List all the authors in the signal phrase or inList all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source. parentheses the first time you cite the source.
 Use the word “and” between the authors' namesUse the word “and” between the authors' names
within the text and use the ampersand in thewithin the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.parentheses.
Example:Example:
A recent study (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-A recent study (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-
Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001,p. 20)Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001,p. 20)
concluded that…concluded that…
4242

Subsequent in-text reference/s:Subsequent in-text reference/s:
A recent study (DuffyA recent study (Duffy et alet al., 2001, p. 20)., 2001, p. 20)
concluded that…concluded that…
NOTE:NOTE: et al.et al. should be followed by a period.should be followed by a period.
 Six or More Authors:Six or More Authors:
 Use the first author's name followed byUse the first author's name followed by et alet al. in. in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.the signal phrase or in parentheses.
ExampleExample
Harris et al. (2001) argued...Harris et al. (2001) argued...
It was argued that…(Harris et al., 2001)It was argued that…(Harris et al., 2001)
4343

 Several works by same author, same yearSeveral works by same author, same year
 Arrange alphabetically by title in the ReferenceArrange alphabetically by title in the Reference
List.List.
 Place lowercase letters (“a”, “b”, “c”, etc.)Place lowercase letters (“a”, “b”, “c”, etc.)
immediately after the year.immediately after the year.
Examples:Examples:
Leadership and change in schools haveLeadership and change in schools have
been major topics of discussion forbeen major topics of discussion for severalseveral
years (Fullan, 1996a andyears (Fullan, 1996a and 1996b)1996b) andand
this conference…this conference…
4444

 Several authors, different years, referred toSeveral authors, different years, referred to
collectively in your workcollectively in your work
 List sources alphabetically by family name inList sources alphabetically by family name in
the in-text reference in the order in which theythe in-text reference in the order in which they
appear in the Reference List.appear in the Reference List.
 Separate each reference with a semicolon.Separate each reference with a semicolon.
Example:Example:
The cyclical process (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;The cyclical process (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;
Dick, 2000; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988;Dick, 2000; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988;
MacIsaac, 1995) suggests…MacIsaac, 1995) suggests…
4545

Exception:Exception: You may separate a major citationYou may separate a major citation
from other citations within parentheses byfrom other citations within parentheses by
inserting a phrase such asinserting a phrase such as see alsosee also, before the first, before the first
of the remaining citations, which should be inof the remaining citations, which should be in
alphabetical order.alphabetical order.
ExampleExample:: (Minor, 2001;(Minor, 2001; see alsosee also Adams, 1999;Adams, 1999;
Storandt, 2007)Storandt, 2007)
4646

 Authors with the Same Last NameAuthors with the Same Last Name
To prevent confusion, use first initials with theTo prevent confusion, use first initials with the
last names.last names.
ExampleExample
E. Johnson (2001) and L. Johnson (1998)E. Johnson (2001) and L. Johnson (1998)
argued that…argued that…
 E-BookE-Book
An eBook is an electronic version of aAn eBook is an electronic version of a
traditional print book that can be read by usingtraditional print book that can be read by using
a personal computer or by using an eBooka personal computer or by using an eBook
reader.reader.
4747

 If the Universal Resource Locator (URL) leadsIf the Universal Resource Locator (URL) leads
to information about how to obtain the book,to information about how to obtain the book,
use “use “Available fromAvailable from” instead of “” instead of “Retrieved fromRetrieved from””
 If there is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI),If there is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI),
include it instead of the ‘Retrieved from’include it instead of the ‘Retrieved from’
statement. [A DOI is a unique, permanentstatement. [A DOI is a unique, permanent
identifier assigned to many electronicidentifier assigned to many electronic
documents. ]documents. ]
Examples:Examples:
We found helpful information about deafWe found helpful information about deaf
children (Niemann, Greenstein, & David,children (Niemann, Greenstein, & David,
2004) that meant we could…2004) that meant we could… 4848

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001).Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The Post-Traumatic StressThe Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide to Healing, Recovery,Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide to Healing, Recovery,
and Growthand Growth [Adobe Digital Editions[Adobe Digital Editions version].version].
doi:10.1036/0071393722doi:10.1036/0071393722
 Citing a Source Within a SourceCiting a Source Within a Source
 When citing a source you haven’t read yourself,When citing a source you haven’t read yourself,
but which is referred to in a source you havebut which is referred to in a source you have
read.read.
 Include an entry for the source you have inInclude an entry for the source you have in
hand (in this case the journal) in your referencehand (in this case the journal) in your reference
list.list. 4949

 In your parenthetical (in-text) reference after theIn your parenthetical (in-text) reference after the
quote, credit the original source (in this case thequote, credit the original source (in this case the
book) adding the wordsbook) adding the words ““as cited in...”as cited in...” to showto show
that you have quoted a secondary source, ratherthat you have quoted a secondary source, rather
than the original.than the original. See examples provided hereSee examples provided here
below.below.
Example:Example:
Lilly (as cited in Sam, 1999, p. 25) statedLilly (as cited in Sam, 1999, p. 25) stated
that...that...
OROR
Lilly’s 1980 study (as cited in Sam, 1999, p.Lilly’s 1980 study (as cited in Sam, 1999, p.
25) found that…25) found that… 5050

Edited BookEdited Book
 AnAn edited bookedited book is one that is divided intois one that is divided into
chapters, each of which is written by achapters, each of which is written by a
different author or group of authors.different author or group of authors.
 Be careful, though. Like the other type ofBe careful, though. Like the other type of
book, edited books can become outdated.book, edited books can become outdated.
It is therefore important to make sure theIt is therefore important to make sure the
edited books you use in your research areedited books you use in your research are
current and valid.current and valid.
5151

 Chapter in Edited BookChapter in Edited Book
 Use family names(s) of the author(s) of aUse family names(s) of the author(s) of a
chapter.chapter.
 On the reference page, start with full names ofOn the reference page, start with full names of
the author(s) of the chapter followed by title ofthe author(s) of the chapter followed by title of
the chapter, then write full names of thethe chapter, then write full names of the
editor(s) of the book where the chapter appear.editor(s) of the book where the chapter appear.
 Don’t forget to either bold or italicize the title ofDon’t forget to either bold or italicize the title of
the edited book (On the Reference List).the edited book (On the Reference List).
ExamplesExamples
Richards (1997) proposed that…Richards (1997) proposed that…
5252

 EditorEditor
 If an entire edited book with authored chaptersIf an entire edited book with authored chapters
is cited, the editor is listed as the author with theis cited, the editor is listed as the author with the
abbreviation “(Ed.)” after his name, or “(Eds.)”abbreviation “(Ed.)” after his name, or “(Eds.)”
 If there is more than one editor. Multiple editorsIf there is more than one editor. Multiple editors
are formatted the same way as authors.are formatted the same way as authors.
ExampleExample::
Best practice indicators in managementBest practice indicators in management
have been identified (Zairi, 1999) and…have been identified (Zairi, 1999) and…
Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999).Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999). Best Practice:Best Practice: ProcessProcess
Innovation Management.Innovation Management. Oxford,Oxford, England:England:
Butterworth-Heinemann.Butterworth-Heinemann. 5353

Brochures and PamphletsBrochures and Pamphlets
 Treat brochures and pamphlets likeTreat brochures and pamphlets like
books.books.
 Indicate the type of publication inIndicate the type of publication in
square brackets after the title, unless thesquare brackets after the title, unless the
publication type is included in the title.publication type is included in the title.
 When the publisher is the same as theWhen the publisher is the same as the
author, write ‘Author’ as the name ofauthor, write ‘Author’ as the name of
the publisherthe publisher
5454

Example:Example:
The security of personal information isThe security of personal information is
addressed in the TransACT brochureaddressed in the TransACT brochure
(TransACT, 2007.)(TransACT, 2007.)
5555

 No Author/EditorNo Author/Editor
 Place the title in the author position.Place the title in the author position.
 Alphabetize books with no author or editor byAlphabetize books with no author or editor by
the first significant word in the title.the first significant word in the title.
 In text, use a few words of the title, or the wholeIn text, use a few words of the title, or the whole
title if it is short, in place of an author name intitle if it is short, in place of an author name in
the citation.the citation.
Example:Example:
According to Merriam-Webster's CollegiateAccording to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
DictionaryDictionary (2005:11), education is defined as...(2005:11), education is defined as...
5959

On the Reference PageOn the Reference Page
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11thMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th
ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.Webster.
6060

Approximate Date of PublicationApproximate Date of Publication
If the date is not known but can be reliablyIf the date is not known but can be reliably
estimated, use “ca.” (the abbreviation forestimated, use “ca.” (the abbreviation for circacirca))
before the date in square brackets [ca. 2307before the date in square brackets [ca. 2307
B.C.].B.C.].
For example:For example:
Other academics, such as Smythe [ca. 2007]Other academics, such as Smythe [ca. 2007]
have provided more up-to-date informationhave provided more up-to-date information
confirming that…confirming that…
Smythe, V. [ca. 2007].Smythe, V. [ca. 2007]. Ant colonies: How theyAnt colonies: How they
communicate.communicate. Canberra, Australia: EmuCanberra, Australia: Emu Press.Press.6161

 No Date of PublicationNo Date of Publication
Some aspects of forensic science are moreSome aspects of forensic science are more
challenging than others (Browne, n.d.) and forchallenging than others (Browne, n.d.) and for
this reason…this reason…
NBNB: if the date does not appear on the item but: if the date does not appear on the item but
is known from other sources, put it in squareis known from other sources, put it in square
brackets [1934]brackets [1934]
6262

 Cite the Materials Without Page NumbersCite the Materials Without Page Numbers
 If the cited material does not have pageIf the cited material does not have page
numbers, use any of the following locationnumbers, use any of the following location
information instead:information instead:
 a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively,a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively,
you can count paragraphs down from theyou can count paragraphs down from the
beginning of the document;beginning of the document;
 an overarching heading plus a paragraphan overarching heading plus a paragraph
number within that section;number within that section;
6363

For exampleFor example
““People planning for retirement need more thanPeople planning for retirement need more than
just money—they also need to stockpile theirjust money—they also need to stockpile their
emotional reserves” to ensure they haveemotional reserves” to ensure they have
adequate support from family and friendsadequate support from family and friends
(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).
Chamberin (2014, “Matter over Mind” para. 1)Chamberin (2014, “Matter over Mind” para. 1)
stated that “people planning for retirement needstated that “people planning for retirement need
more than just money—they also need tomore than just money—they also need to
stockpile their emotional reserves” to ensurestockpile their emotional reserves” to ensure
they have adequate support from family andthey have adequate support from family and
friends.friends. 6464

 Corporate AuthorCorporate Author – when the author is also– when the author is also
the publisherthe publisher
 Spell out the full name of the body each time itSpell out the full name of the body each time it
is cited in-text, unless it is long and has ais cited in-text, unless it is long and has a
familiar/easily understood abbreviation.familiar/easily understood abbreviation.
 In the latter case, give the full name with theIn the latter case, give the full name with the
abbreviation for the first in-text reference.abbreviation for the first in-text reference.
 Use the abbreviation only for subsequentUse the abbreviation only for subsequent
references.references.
A recent study (Tanzania Ministry ofA recent study (Tanzania Ministry of
Education[MoE], 2004) highlighted that…Education[MoE], 2004) highlighted that… 6565

Subsequent in-text reference/s:Subsequent in-text reference/s:
 The MoE (2009) found that,…The MoE (2009) found that,…
 Journal Article With One AuthorJournal Article With One Author
In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson,In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson,
2007) that …2007) that …
 Journal Article With Two AuthorsJournal Article With Two Authors
Kramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in theirKramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in their
latest article…latest article…
6666

 Journal Article With Three to FiveJournal Article With Three to Five
AuthorsAuthors
For the first in-text reference, list all theFor the first in-text reference, list all the
authors’ family names, then use the firstauthors’ family names, then use the first
author’s family name followed by ‘author’s family name followed by ‘et alet al.’.’
for subsequent entries.for subsequent entries.
A recent study to investigate the effects of anA recent study to investigate the effects of an
organisational stress management program onorganisational stress management program on
employees (Elo, Ervasti, Kuosma, & Mattila,employees (Elo, Ervasti, Kuosma, & Mattila,
2008) concluded that…2008) concluded that… 6767

 Article in Online Journal With Six orArticle in Online Journal With Six or
Seven AuthorsSeven Authors
 Give the first author’s family nameGive the first author’s family name
followed by ‘et al.’ for all in-textfollowed by ‘et al.’ for all in-text
references.references.
Agriculture is regarded as the backbone ofAgriculture is regarded as the backbone of
Tanzania’s economy (Majule et al., 2009).Tanzania’s economy (Majule et al., 2009).
6868

 Newspaper Article – With an AuthorNewspaper Article – With an Author
The notion of a Bill of Rights may beThe notion of a Bill of Rights may be
inappropriate in the Australian contextinappropriate in the Australian context
(Waterford, 2007).(Waterford, 2007).
Waterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill ofWaterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill of
Rights gets it wrong.Rights gets it wrong. The Canberra Times,The Canberra Times,
p. 11.p. 11. 6969

 Newspaper Article – Without anNewspaper Article – Without an
AuthorAuthor
The Redesign of the Internet (2007) is saidThe Redesign of the Internet (2007) is said
to…to…
Internet Pioneer to Oversee NetworkInternet Pioneer to Oversee Network
Redesign. (2007, May 28).Redesign. (2007, May 28). The CanberraThe Canberra
Times,Times, p.15.p.15.
7070

 CD Recording – MusicCD Recording – Music
Lyrics from Paul Kelly’s song “From littleLyrics from Paul Kelly’s song “From little
things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10)things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10)
were used in recent television advertisements.were used in recent television advertisements.
 Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication
Includes private letters, memos, email,Includes private letters, memos, email,
telephone conversations, personaltelephone conversations, personal
interviews, etc. These are cited in-textinterviews, etc. These are cited in-text
only, not in the Reference List.only, not in the Reference List.
7171

Referencing in ACADEMIC writing

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