Communications: Systems have four basic properties (holism, equi-finality, negative entropy). List the principle behind each property. What does it mean that “a system is more than the sum of its parts?” How does this concept apply to organizations? Solution Four basic properties of systems are: Principle of Holism: It emphasizes that system is more than sum of its part due to interdependence upon each other. Principle of Equi-finality: It states that outcome can be achieved through many different paths due to interdependence of components. Principle of Negative Entropy: It is based upon openness of the system that says that system owns the ability to prevent deterioration and thrive. Principle of Requisite Variety: It is also based upon openness of the system and it says that internal complexity should be maintained to deal with external complexity. Statement of “a system is more than the sum of its parts” means that system achieves more when all of its parts complement each other and work together. Each component / part of the system cannot do much in isolation but they can achieve big goals when grouped together as a team. It is very important in organizational perspective as it consists of many different functions as components. When, these functions work together, organizational objective is achieved. If not, organization falls apart..