Carbohydrates

1.  Old definition,
 (hydrates of carbon)
 Hydrates :
 any of a class of compounds containing
chemically combined water.
 here Carbon attached with water that why it is
called carbon hydrates or carbohydrates.
 Exception acetic acid lactic acid
 dexoyribose does not apply the formula but
it’s a carbohydrates.

2. Carbohydrates may be defined
as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones or compounds which
produce them on hydrolysis
Formula = (C.H2O)

4.  Monosaccharide's (Greek : mono-one)
are the simplest group of carbohydrates
and are often referred to as simple
sugars.
 Can not be further hydrolysed.
 Also called monomers.
 Contain only one sugar unit.
 Further classified on the bases of
number of carbon and functional group.

5.  When the functional group in
monosaccharide's is an aldehyde called as
aldoses.
 They may be glyceraldehydes 3C
 Erthroses 4C
 Ribose 5C
 Glucose 6C
 Glucoheptose 7C

6.  When the functional group is a keto group then
are referred as a ketoses .
 They may be dihydroxy acetone 3C.
 Erthrolose 4C
 Ribolose 5C
 Fructose 6C
 Sedoheptolose 7C

8.  The sugar formed when two monosaccharides
are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
 For example
 lactose= galactose +glucose
 Sucrose=glucose +fructose
 Maltose = glucose +glucose

9.  1)Reducing sugar. A reducing sugar is
any sugar that is capable of acting as
a reducing agent because it has a free
aldehyde group or a free ketone group. All
monosaccharides are reducing sugars
 lactose= galactose +glucose β(1-4) linkage
 Powder shape
 Maltose = glucose +glucose α(1-4) linkage
 Sun flower shape

10.  Non-reducing sugars do not have an OH
group attached to the anomeric carbon so they
cannot reduce other compounds
 i.e sucrose =glucose +fructose

11.  (Greek: oligo-few) contain 2- 1O
monosaccharide molecules which are liberated
on hydrolysis.
 Naturally occuring found in plants .
 Raffinose, a trisaccharide found in many
plants.
 Maltotriose, a trisaccharide of glucose, occurs
in some plants

12.  Polysaccharides is (Greek: poly-many) are
polymers of monosaccharide units with high
molecular weight (up to a million).
 They are usually tasteless (non-sugars) and
form colloids with water.
 The polysaccharides are of two types homo
polysaccharides and hetero polysaccharides.

14.  Same constituent unit.
 i.e same sugar unit
 They may be starch=amylose +amylo pectin
 Alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6) linkage.
 Cellulose
 Dextrin
 Dextron
 Inulin

15.  different constituent unit.
 Also called mucopolysaccharides.
 Mucus in nature.
 Shock absorbent .
 They may be
 Agar
 Agarose
 Keratin sulphate
 Dermatin sulphate.

16.  Molisch test for carbohydrates .
 Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for
detecting the presence of monosaccharide
 Benedicts test is for reducing sugar.
 Seliwanoff's test is a chemical test which
distinguishes between aldose and ketose
sugars

17.  Instant source of energy
 Storage Form
 Formation of Conjugated Molecules
 Formation of GAGs
 Sperm Nourishment
 Normal blood glucose level

18.  Carbohydrate are the first food components
which get digested in body giving out energy.
 A single molecule of glucose produces 38
molecules of ATPs.
 One gram of carbohydrates provide about 4
calories of energy which is equal to 16.736
Joules.
 They have the advantage of being converted
into energy faster than fats and protein.

19.  Carbohydrates are stored in animals body in
the form of glycogen.
 Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of
glucose that serves as a form of energy storage
in animals.
 It is also known as animal starch
 Glycogen primarily stored in the cells of the
liver and muscles.
 During starvation, glycogen act as primary
source of energy by providing ATPs

21.  Conjugated molecules are those molecules which
are made by combination of two different groups.
E.g. Carbohydrates with proteins forms
glycoprotein's and proteoglycans, while with
lipids they form glycolipids
 Glycoprotein's helps in formation of Structural
molecule, Lubricant and protective agent, Cell
attachment-recognition site and Hormone.
 The glycolipids and glycoproteins are located on
the exterior of the cell membrane. They allow for
communication with their neighboring cells so
each cell would know which process they should
be carrying out in order for the whole organism to
be able to function properly.

22.  Sperms (Male gametes) are nourished and
protected by fructose.
 Fructose fulfil energy requirements of sperm
cells till fertilization

23.  A normal fasting (no food for eight hours)
blood sugar level is between 70 and 99 mg/dL.
 A normal blood sugar level two hours after
eating is less than 140 mg/dL