Here you will get what is saccharides and their types and its biological functions, M.Sc. Zoology sem IV

1. Monosaccharides and
Polysaccharides and its
Biological Functions
Presented by
Miss Pratiksha G Puranik
M.Sc.(Zoology),B.Ed., MH-SET

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Monosaccharide
• Biological Important
• Polysaccharide
• Biological Important
• Reference

3. Introduction
• Monosaccharide's are the simplest
carbohydrates they cannot be broken down
to the smaller carbohydrates.
• Polysaccharides are large molecules
containing 10 or more monosaccharide
units. Carbohydrate units are connected in
one continuous chain or the chain can be
branched.

4. Monosaccharide
• The monosaccharide is the simplest sugar.
• The monosaccharides are either aldehyde or
ketone with two or more hydroxyl groups.
e.g., glucose, fructose
• The six carbon monosaccharide glucose and
fructose have five hydroxyl groups.

5. The Two Families of
Monosaccharide Are Aldoses and
Ketones
• If the carboxyl group is at an end of the carbon
chain the monosaccharide is an aldose.
• If the carbonyl group is at any other position the
monosaccharide is a ketose.
• The simplest monosaccharides are the two three-
carbon trioses, glyceraldehydes an aldotriose, and
dihydroxyacetone, a ketoriose.

7. Biological Important
• Monosaccharide's are colorless, crystalline
solids.
• That are soluble in water but insoluble in
nonpolar solvents.
• Glucose is the most abundant
monosaccharide found in nature.
• Glucose is broken down in cells to produce
energy.
• Most have a sweet taste.
• Mannose, a monosaccharide, is found in
some fruits and vegetables.

8. Cont….
• Mannose is an epimer of glucose.
• Fructose is combined with glucose to give sucrose.
• Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide and is found in fruits,
vegetables, and honey.

9. Polysaccharide
• Polysaccharide also called glycans.
• Homopolysaccharides contain only a single
monomeric species.
• Heteropolysaccharides contain two or more
different kinds.
e.g., starch, glycogen,dextrans

10. Starch and glycogen
• Starch contain two types of glucose polymer,
amylose and amylopectin.
• Glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide of
animal cells.

11. Fig:- Glycogen and Starch

12. Dextrans
• Dextrans are bacterial and yeast
polysaccharides made up of (α1-6) linked
poly-D-glucose all have
(α1-3) branches and some also have (α1-2)
or (α1-4) branches.

13. Biological Important
• Starch and glycogen are used for storage of
carbohydrates.
- starch is found in plants and glycogen in animals.
• Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and starch
in plants.
• Glycogen is stored in:
• Liver
• Muscle cells

14. Cont….
• Dental plaque, formed by bacteria growing
on the surface of teeth, is rich in dextrans.
• Two important polysaccharides are cellulose
in plants and chitin in arthropods and fungi.

15. References
• Principles of Biochemistry (fifth edition)
David L. Nelson
Michael M. Cox

16. Thank You