Resins are one type of proteins

1. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION
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2. Resins
 The term ‘resin’ is applied to more or less solid, amorphous
products of complex chemical nature.
 These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated
products of terpenes and carboxylic acids.
 Resins and related resinous products are produced in plants
during normal growth or secreted as a result of injury to the
plants.
 They are end product of metabolism.
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3. General Properties
Physical nature
 Brittle, amorphous solids
 Hard, transparent or translucent.
 Insoluble in water.
 Dissolve in alcohol, chloroform and ether.
 When heated, they become soft yielding clear, adhesive
fluids (melt)
 On evaporation, these solutions deposit resin as a varnish-
like film.
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4. Chemical Nature
 Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of
 resin acids,
 resin alcohols,
 resinotannols,
 resin esters, and
 resenes.
 Resins do not contain nitrogen elements
(Non nitrogenous compounds).
 Many resins ,when boiled with alkalis yield soaps.
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5. Resine acid
 are mixtures of large proportion of diterpenoid oxyacids,
carboxylic acids and phenolic acids
 Occur both in free state and as esters.
 Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalis, forming soap like
solutions or colloidal suspensions.
 Used in manufacture of soaps and varnishes.
Examples:
 Abietic acids present in rose or colophony
 Copaivic acid present in copaiba
 Commiphoric acid present in myrrh
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6. Resin Ester:
• This group contains esters as the chief constituents
of the resins
• Examples:
 Benzoin and Storax ,
 Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate,
 Storax contains cinnamyl cinnamate
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7. Resin Alcohols:
• These are complex alcohols of high molecular weights
• Present in free state or as ester of simple aromatic acids
like benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and salicylic acid
• Resin alcohols are further subdivided into:
I. Resinotannols (resin phenols)
– have tannin like properties and form blue color with
ferric chloride
Example: Aloeresinotannol from aloe
II. Resinols
– are high molecular weight non phenolic alcohols which
do not give tannin reaction with iron salts
Example: Benzoresinol from benzoin
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8. Are complex neutral substances that do not respond to any
chemical reactions
Are insoluble in alkalis and acids,
Do not form salts or esters and resist hydrolysis by alkalis
Example: alban and fluvial from gutta percha
Resenes
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9. Classification of resines
On the basis of their occurrence in combination with other
compounds, resins are classified as:
1. Glycoresins (glucoresin)
2. Oleoresin
3. Oleo-gum resin
4. Gum resin
5. Balsams
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10. Glycoresins
Resins in combination with glycosides are known as
glucoresins or glycoresins.
These are complex mixtures.
On hydrolysis, they yield sugars and complex resin
acids.
examples:
– Jalap
– Podophyllum
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11. Oleoresin
Resin often occur in more or less homogenous
mixtures with volatile oils
Volatile oil is removed by steam distillation
Examples:
a. Turpentine
b. Ginger
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12. Oleo-gum resin
• Resins associated with both gums and volatile
• The volatile oil is removed by steam distillation
• Dissolving in water separates the gum, because gums
are water-soluble carbohydrate derivatives
Examples:
• pomoea
• Myrrh
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13. Gum resin
• Resins that occur in combination with gums
• Dissolving the associated gums in water can purify
these resins
– Asafoetida
– Gamboge
– Myrrh
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14. Balsams
• Resinous substances containing high proportions
of balsamic acid (benzoic acid, cinnamic acid
etc) either in free or in combination or their esters
• Tolu balsam
• Benzoin
• Peru balsam
• Storax
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15. Preparation of resins
• Two general classes of resinous substances are
recognized based on the method used in preparing
them:
1. Natural resins
• Occur as exudates from plants, produced normally or
as result of pathogenic conditions.
Example
 by artificial punctures e.g. mastic; or
 deep cuts in the wood of the plant e.g. turpentine,
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16. 2. Prepared resins
• are obtained by different methods.
• The drug containing resins is powdered and extracted
with alcohol till exhaustion.
• The Concentrated alcoholic extract is either
evaporated, or poured into water and the precipitated
resin is collected, washed and carefully dried.
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17. • In the preparation of oleoresins; ether or acetone
having lower boiling point are used.
• The volatile oil portion is removed through
distillation.
• When the resin occurs associated with gum (gum-
resins), the resin is extracted with alcohol leaving the
gum insoluble.
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18. Crude drugs containing resins and resin
combinations
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19. Resins
1. Rosin
Synonyms:
Rosin
Colophony
Chir
From Pinus
palustris (Pinaceae)
Part used:
Solid Resin
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Constituents:
• Sylvic acid
• Sapinic acid
• Pimaric acid
• Resene etc

20. Uses:
• As stiffening agent in plasters, and ointments
• As a diuretic in veterinary medicine.
• Manufacture of varnishes and paint dyers, printing
inks, soaps, sealing wax, floor coverings etc.
• As an adulterant of other resinous products.
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21. 2. Cannabis
• Indian hemp
• Marijuana
• Pot
From Cannabis
sativa (Moraceae)
Part used:
• Dried flowering
parts of the pistillate
plants of Cannabis.
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Constituents:
• 15-20% of resin, which contain
major active principle 1,3,4 Tetra
hydro cannabinol.
• Cannabidiol
• Cannabidiolic acid etc.
Uses (drug of abuse)
• Sedative, Hypnotic, Narcotic
analgesic, Antibacterial agent
• psychotropic properties due to
1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol.

22. Glycoresins
1. Podophyllum
• May Apple
• Mandrake
• From Podophyllum
peltatum and
Podophyllum emodi
(Berberidaceae)
• Part used is dried rhizome
and root
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Chemical constituents:
• 3.5 - 6% resin whose active
principles are lignans. These
include:
Podophyllotoxin
Alpha- peltatin
Beta- peltatin
Uses:
• Possess purgative properties.
• Resin is antimitotic and caustic.
• As a bitter tonic.

23. 2. Jalap
• Jalap
• Jalap root
• From Exogonium purga
(Convolvulaceae)
• Part used is dried, tuberous root.
constituents
Resins including glycosides such
as:
• Ipurganol
• Jalapin
• Volatile oil , Starch, Gum
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Uses:
• Cathartic
• Purgative

24. Oleoresins
1. Turpentine
– Gum turpentine
– Gum thus
• From Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)
• Turpentine is concrete oleoresin obtained
from Pinus species
• The oleoresin is secreted in ducts located
directly beneath the cambium in the sap-
wood.
Constituents:
• Volatile oil
• Resin
Uses: Employed externally as counter-irritant.
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25. 2. Capsicum
• Capsicum
• Chillies
• Cayenne pepper
• From Capsicum frutescens (African chillies)
• Capsicum annum (tabasco pepper) (Solanaceae)
• Part used is dried, ripe fruit
Constituents
• Capsaicin, extremely pungent principle
• Red coloring matter Capsanthin
• Volatile oils
• Fixed oils
• Carotenoids
• Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
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Uses:
• Irritant and carminative
• As a nerve stimulant and condiment.
• As a source of vitamin- C.
• As an appetizer.
• As a stomachic

26. 3. Ginger
• From Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
• Part used is dried rhizome
Constituents:
• Aroma is due to volatile oil whose
principle constituents are
sesquiterpenes:
– Zingiberene
– Zingiberol
• Pungency is due to ginger oleo
resins
– Zingerone
• In addition it contains 50% starch.
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27. Oleo-gum resins
Myrrh (Gum myrrh)
• From Commiphora molomol
Commiphora abyssinica (Burseraceae)
• Part used is oleo gum resin obtained from
incisions made in the bark.
Constituents:
• Odor is due to presence of volatile oil.
Resin composed of:
• Resin acids
• Resenes
• Phenolic compounds,
• Gum that forms mucilage and yield
arabinose on hydrolysis.
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uses:
• Is a protective.
• As stimulant and stomachic
• In mouth washes as astringent