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Financial Planning and Forecasting part 3
1.
Chapter Four Financial
Planning and Forecasting Principles of Managerial Finance First Canadian Edition Lawrence J. Gitman and Sean Hennessey © 2004 Pearson 4-1
2.
Learning Goals LG1
– Understand the financial planning process, including long-term (strategic) and short-term (operational) plans. LG2 – Discuss the cash budget, importance of sales forecasts, procedures to prepare cash budgets, and coping with uncertainty when preparing a cash budget. © 2004 Pearson 4-2
3.
Learning Goals (continued)
LG3 – Discuss fundamentals associated with preparing pro forma income statements and balance sheets. LG4 – Discuss and illustrate three approaches to preparing pro forma income statements. LG5 – Discuss and illustrate judgmental approach to preparing pro forma balance sheets, and determine amount of external financing required to operate during the forecast year. © 2004 Pearson 4-3
4.
Financial Planning Process
• There are three key aspects to the financial planning process. – Cash Planning, forecasting the need for cash. – Forecasting future profitability. – Forecasting the need for financing. • These are prepared as “Pro Forma” income statements and balance sheets. © 2004 Pearson 4-4
5.
Long-Term Strategic Plans
• Long-term financial plans are the planned financial actions and the anticipated financial impact of those actions over periods ranging from 2 to 10 years. • Such planning projections may be carried out as a regular function of the firm’s operations, or in conjunction with corporate strategic planning efforts. © 2004 Pearson 4-5
6.
Short-Term Operating Plans
• Short-term financial plans are those planned financial actions and the anticipated impact of those actions over periods ranging from one to two years. • Because of their relevance to immediate operations, such plans form a regular and needed function to the firm. © 2004 Pearson 4-6
7.
Figure 4.1 Short-Term
Financial Planning © 2004 Pearson 4-7
8.
Cash Planning: Cash
Budget • The Cash Budget or cash forecast is a statement of the firm’s planned inflows and outflows of cash that is used to estimate its short-term cash requirements. © 2004 Pearson 4-8
9.
Sales Forecast •
The prediction of the firm’s sales over a given period, based on external and internal data, and used as the key input to the financial planning process. – External forecasts involve the use of general economic data such as GDP, interest rates, disposable personal income, and other similar data. – Internal forecasts utilize data internal to the firm, such as sales force surveys, order buildups, and other sales channel information. © 2004 Pearson 4-9
10.
Preparing Cash Budgets
• Two basic categories of data are required to develop the Cash Budget: – Cash Receipts, including cash sales, collections of accounts receivable, and other cash receipts. – Cash Disbursements, including cash dividends, principal repayment, purchases, payment of accounts payable, wages, salaries, and taxes. © 2004 Pearson 4-10
11.
Preparing Cash Budgets
(continued) • Given the Cash Receipts and Cash Disbursements the Cash Budget produces: – Net Cash Flows, – Ending period cash, and – Any required total financing needs or excess cash balances. © 2004 Pearson 4-11
12.
Evaluating Cash Budget
• The Cash budget provides the firm with figures indicating whether a cash shortage or surplus is expected to result in each month covered by the forecast. © 2004 Pearson 4-12
13.
Coping with Budget
Uncertainty • There are two basic ways of coping with uncertainty for the cash budget: – Prepare several cash budgets based on pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic forecasts of cash receipts and disbursements. – Develop a cash budget simulation with detailed assumptions of possible outcomes and their underlying probability distributions. © 2004 Pearson 4-13
14.
Cash Flows within
the Month • While the cash budget generally shows cash flows on a monthly basis, this may not ensure that the firm is able to meet daily cash requirements. • Effective cash planning requires a look beyond the cash budget. © 2004 Pearson 4-14
15.
Fundamentals of Pro
Forma Statements • Pro Forma statements are vital for – Management to evaluate the future expected financial position, and – Investors and Creditors to evaluate the firm’s ability to provide a return on funds invested. • Three key outputs of forecasting: – Pro forma income statement, – Pro forma balance sheet, and – Statement of external financing requirements. © 2004 Pearson 4-15
16.
Items Required for
Forecasting • Preparing Pro Forma statements require: – Financial statements from the previous year, – Sales forecast for the forecast year, and – Forecasts for all other financial statement accounts. © 2004 Pearson 4-16
17.
Pro Forma Income
Statement • Like the Cash Budget, Pro Forma Income Statements are based on the sales forecast. • One approach to forecasting expenses is to project them as their historical “percentage of sales.” © 2004 Pearson 4-17
18.
Weaknesses of Percent-of-Sales
• There are three weaknesses of the percent-of- sales approach: – It is unrealistic to assume all expenses will remain exactly the same percentage from year to year. – It essentially locks in a fixed profit margin. – It assumes all costs are variable. • Basing forecasts solely on past data tends to understate profits when sales increase, and overstate profits when sales decline. © 2004 Pearson 4-18
19.
Pro Forma Balance
Sheet • The Judgmental Approach is a method for developing the Pro Forma Balance Sheet where values of certain balance sheet accounts are estimated, and others are calculated, based on a ratio analysis. • Projected changes in assets from the latest fiscal year to the forecast year determines the Total Financing Required (TFR). © 2004 Pearson 4-19
20.
Pro Forma Balance
Sheet (continued) • Increases in accounts payable and accruals generate the internal “spontaneous sources of financing.” • When internal financing is less than the Total Financing Required, the Pro Forma Balance Sheet will determine the External Financing Required (EFR). © 2004 Pearson 4-20
21.
Using Pro Forma
Statements • Both financial managers and lenders can analyze the firm’s expected financial performance. • After analyzing pro forma statements, managers can take steps to adjust planned operations to better achieve short-term financial goals. © 2004 Pearson 4-21
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