Introduction to Computer Architecture and Orgnization

1. Computer Organization
and Architecture
Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Why should we study this subject?
 The subject explores how machines are designed, built, and operate.
 Knowing what's inside and how it works will help you design, develop, and
implement applications better, faster, cheaper, more efficient, and easier to
use because you will be able to make informed decisions.

3. Architecture & Organization 1
 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
 Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
 e.g. Is there a multiple instruction?
 Organization is how features are implemented
 Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiple unit or is it done by repeated addition?

4. Architecture & Organization 2
 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
 The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
 This gives code compatibility
 At least backwards
 Organization differs between different versions

5. Structure & Function
 Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
 Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

6. Function
 All computer functions are:
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control

7. Functional View

8. Operations (a) Data movement

9. Operations (b) Storage

10. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

11. Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

12. Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer

13. Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU

14. Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit