The presentation outlines South Sudan's geological and mineral investment opportunities, highlighting a variety of metallic and industrial minerals, including gold, copper, bauxite, and iron ore, with significant potential for development and exploration. The government aims to attract investors through tailored mining laws, despite challenges such as poor infrastructure and the need for local training. Overall, there is a strong emphasis on the wealth of resources available and the potential for profitable investments in the mineral sector.

1. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN
MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND MINING
RSS/JUBA
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
IN SOUTH SUDAN
DR. ANDU EZBON ADDE
MAY 2013

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1. Introduction.
2. Geology.
3. Minerals: occurrences & work done.
4. Investment opportunities in minerals and
geological materials.
5. Positive investment factors in minerals.
6. Challenges of investments in minerals.
7. Conclusions.

4. 1. INTRODUCTION
• Rock types and structures optimum for metallic
mineralization
• Precious and base metals occur in several places
• Industrial minerals/building materials are
widespread.
• Insignificant exploration work done; no existing mine.
• Many investment opportunities in mineral sector.
• Government tailors mining laws to attract investors.

5. 2. GEOLOGY
• Precambrian gneisses, meta-sediments, basic
volcanics and recent sediments at the lowlands.
• Crystalline rocks cover about 40 % of the surface
area.
• Granitic intrusions of various ages.
• Metamorphism: high, medium and insignificant
low.
• Multi-phase deformation: folding and faulting.
• Metallic mineralization in Precambrian and
Tertiary orogenies.

7. 3. MINERAL OCCURRENCES AND EXPLORATION
WORK DONE IN SOUTH SUDAN.
• There are a vast number of metallic minerals spread
all over the South Sudan: gold, copper, zinc, lead,
manganese, iron, silver, tin, etc.
• Also industrial minerals exist: marble, limestone,
dolomite, kaolin, clay, asbestos, etc.
• Apart from gold at Kapoeta and Luri; copper at Hofrat
Ennahas, bauxite/iron ore at Wau area and marble at
Kapoeta no other mineral has been prospected to an
appreciable level.
• A lot of work needs to be done on the minerals to
develop them exploitation subsequently
development stage.

14. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN MINERALS
AND GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS.
4.1. Investment opportunities in gold.
• Areas of gold occurrences in S.Sudan
• Eastern Equatoria State: All Kapoeta Counties +
Nimule.
• Central Equatoria State: Luri, Lobonok, Yei.
• Western Equatoria State: Mundri-Amadi.
• Western Bahr El Ghazal State: Khor Ghana, Wau
County.
• Upper Nile State: Sobat County.
• Some prospecting/exploration work was done on
gold in the Kapoeta Counties and Luri in Juba County;
other areas are still untouched.

21. Fineness of South Sudan gold Neutron
activation analytical results
Variable Composite gold Samples Av
C1 C2 C3 C4
Au % 89.1 84.4 90.5 76.0 85.0
Ag % 6.3 10.9 3.9 4.4 6.4
Fe, % 4.2 4.1 5.3 5.9 4.9
T ppm 3395 5840 3470 -- 3179
Sb ppm 180 294 153 -- 156
Hg, ppm 77 75 39 114 76
Au Fineness [a] 891 844 904 881 880
Au Fineness[b] 934 886 959 945 930
Au/Ag ratio 14.1 7.7 23.2 17.3 13.3
[a] = 1000 Au [Au+Ag+Fe+Te+Sb+Hg]-1
[b] = 1000 Au[Au+Ag]-1
[Source; Adde, 1990]
Pure gold is 24 carat or 1000 Fine; so South Sudan gold is of a very high purity it is
worth investing in.

22. • The main copper-gold ore occurrence is at Hofrat Ennahas,
Western Bahr El Ghazal State.
• Prospected and explored by several companies, including
Billington of South Africa.
• Ore is strata bound with minor later basic intrusions.
• Associated with radioactive minerals.
• Assays commonly 1 – 5 % Cu and up to 3 g Au/t.
• Ore resources 40 – 60 m tons.
• Mineralisation open at depth and laterally to CAR boarder.
4.2. Investment opportunities in copper and gold.

23. • Three main areas of bauxite prospects: West of Wau City, North
and east of Juba City and West of Yambio town.
• Wau bauxite area 30 km by 30 km prospected by grid drilling.
• Bauxite layer 4 – 20 m thick, usually underlies laterite.
• Samples assay 20 - 30 % Al203, occasionally > 40 % Al203
• Bauxite ore resources estimated at about 3 b tons.
• Occurrence open to the west and north.
4.3. Investment opportunities in bauxite.

24. • Extensive iron ore occurrence north and west of Wau City to
borders with Sudan and CAR respectively.
• Represented by iron caps as discontinuous bodies.
• Generally overlies bauxitic layer.
• Chip and percussion samples assay 30 – 70 % Fe203, occasionally
> 80 % Fe203.
• Variable ore zone thickness: 10 – 30 m.
• Possible tonnage in 900 km2 drilled area about 10 b.
• Ore occurrence thickens to the north.
• Unlimited investment opportunity.
4.4. Investment opportunities in iron ore.

25. Other minerals of widespread occurrences in South
Sudan include:
• Zinc; around Torit, right to border with Uganda and south of
Juba to Kajokeji.
• Manganese; south and west of Juba to Yei and to the borders
with Uganda and Zaire.
• Lead; mostly east and north of Yei, also towards Juba and Torit.
• Nickel and cobalt occur in patches in soil samples.
4.5. Investment opportunities in other metallic
minerals.

26. • Areas of carbonate occurrences in South Sudan
Despite presence of marble, there is no cement plant in South
Sudan.
4.6. Investment opportunities in cement
manufacture.
No Area, State Carbonate Status
1 Kapoeta, Eastern Equatoria State Marble Explored
2 Kajokeji, Central Equatoria State Marble/limestone Unknown
3 Kineti, Torit County; Eastern
Equatoria State
Dolomite Prospected
4 Mangayat, Raja County; Western
Bahr El Ghazal State
Ferroan dolomite Prospected

27. Kapoeta marble for cement:
• A lot of construction needing cement in South
Sudan.
• All cement in South Sudan imported and sold at
640 US $ a ton: too expensive for most people
and still getting more expensive.
• Kapoeta marble explored for a cement solution.
‾ Mapping.
‾ Chip sampling plus trenching.
‾ Drilling and logging.
‾ Sample assays and data interpretation.
‾ Marble reserves calculation.

28. • AVERAGE ASSAYS OF KAPOETA MARBLE, CLAY AND KLINKER
SAMPLES
• High CaO and low MgO contents will produce a high quality cement.
(Sources, Klockner, 1978).
Constituents
(%)
Kapoeta samples
Marble Clay Klinker
CaO 52.67 1.80 41.89
MgO 0.81 1.53 0.97
Al2O3 0.47 17.03 3.98
Fe2O3 0.30 8.31 2.00
SiO2 1.93 57.29 13.67
LOI*/others 43.82* 14.04 37.49

29. • Kapoeta Cement Moduli – cement quality.
(Sources, Klockner, 1978)
• The Kapoeta raw materials for cement production will produce a high grade
cement that is in a high demand; therefore it is worth investing in cement in
the South Sudan.
Modul Value Optimum reference
Lime standard 95 90-94, ordinary grade cement.
95-98, high grade cement.
Silica modulus 2.47 2.4 – 2.7
Iron modulus 1.81 1.5 – 2.5
Harmonic modulus 2.12 1.7 – 2.2

30. • Aggregates; for buildings, roads, bridges, airports etc.
Many fresh rocks to crush and sell to markets nearby.
• Clays for brick making. At each depression thick clay
layers exist.
• Sands. Thick deposits of sands along river courses for
civil engineering.
• River gravels; along major winding streams. Sieved to
desired sizes; preferred by heavy duty civil engineers.
4.7. Investment in building/construction materials.

31. • A huge amount of white sand deposit at current river beds.
• Khor Romula sand, south of Juba studied for exploitation.
• Sample assays reveal > 95 % Si02 and insignificant Fe2O3
• Unlimited tonnage and replenished yearly by erosion and
deposition.
• Huge and increasing demand for glass and bottles.
4.8. Investment in glass and bottles industry.

32. • There is no geological or geophysical lab in South
Sudan.
• A lab is vital for preparing and analysing samples.
• Lab data set the way forward and check quality of
materials for controls of operations.
• A reliable and fast lab is a money maker.
4.9. Investment opportunities in laboratories.

33. Types of Labs to invest in.
• A preparatory lab – for bringing samples to analysis
stage: crushing, grinding, pelletization, thin
sectioning, separation, dissolution, standardisation.
• Chemistry Lab – for analysis of samples: soil, rock,
ore, water etc for desired elements.
• Physical Lab – XRD, hardness strength, conductivity,
resistivity, radioactivity, etc tests.
• Heavy mineral Lab – Separation, identification, etc.
• Petrographic Lab – Thin sectioning, mineralogy,
alterations, etc.

34. • Efficiency in work reflects the measure taken in
training/teaching the employee to do the work.
• Nations, families, groups are prepared to pay highly
for a high quality training.
• Apart from general and university education South
Sudan lacks professional training institutes in the
mineral and related sector.
• South Sudanese are sent abroad for short trainings; it
is found insufficient and unreliable.
• Home based training will cost less but train more
people.
4.10. Investment opportunities in study/training
institutions.

35. Where to invest in Training.
• Investment in practical geology, geochemistry and
geophysical training on home soil and materials.
• Investment in Lab technology to cater for exploration
and hospitals.
• Investment in metallurgy for extraction of metals
from home ores.
• Investment in drilling industry for supplying the many
oil and water drilling companies with competent
South Sudanese drillers.
• Investment in hydrogeology and hydrochemistry for
monitoring water availability and suitability for
consumption.

36. • Geological factors convenient for vast mineralizations
• Vast minerals to choose from.
• Some background information available for a smooth
start.
• Mining Laws designed to encourage investors.
• High demand for building materials in local market
• Local personnel eager for work in the mineral sector.
5. Positive factors for investment in minerals and
related things in S. Sudan.

37. • Land-locked Country – transport of heavy equipment a
problem.
• Poor road infrastructure – access to sites rather hard.
• Most minerals occur in remote areas – haul and
accommodate manpower at work place at a cost.
• Training of local staff – to level of proficiency at a cost.
• After-shocks of a long war ebbing slowly – long time to
adjust to civil life.
6. Challenging investment factors in minerals.

38. CONCLUSIONS
• About 40 % of the South Sudan area is covered
by crystalline rocks.
• These rocks are folded and fractured to provide
dilation zones.
• Several minerals are found in the South Sudan at
commercial potentials.
• The Government is all out to lure investors.
• Many investment opportunities exist in the
mineral sector.

39. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION