2. 2
⊸ The word statistics conveys a variety of meaning to people in
different walks of life.
⊸ The word statistics comes from the Italian words
Statista = "statesman"
Or
⊸ Latin Word ‘Status’ = State
Or
⊸ The German word Statistik = "Collection of data involving the
State"
INTRODUCTION
3. ⊸ The word Statistics today refers to :
⊸ either quantitative information or a method of dealing
with quantitative or qualitative information.
⊸ Statistical Science or Statistics
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5. 5
Three different context of Statistics
Numerical
Data
Numerical
Facts
Collection of
Data and
Facts
Use of
Theory,
Methods, and
Procedures
in analyzing
interpreting
collected
data
6. 6
⊸ DEFINITION
⊸ “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
Croxton & cowden
⊸ Statistics is a science of probability and Inference
Boudington
7. 7
⊸ Statistics is a Science of
averages
⊸ Statistics is a science of
measurement in Social
Sciences
⊸ Statistics is the sciences and
art of dealing with figure and
facts.
9. Approaches
⊸ Descriptive Statistics –
It deals with the presentation of
numerical facts, or data, in either
tables or graphs form.
It give techniques to get general
picture of sample.
Example :- Mean , Median , Mode,
Standard Deviation
etc…
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10. Approaches
⊸ Inferential Statistics –
It involves techniques for making
inferences about the whole
population on the basis of
observations obtained from samples.
Examples :- t test, F test etc…
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11. USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
⊸ It shows how sample differs from normal
distribution
⊸ It facilitates comparisons
⊸ It simplifies the message of figure
⊸ It helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis
⊸ It help in prediction
⊸ It helps in inference
12. Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To ascribe unrealistic data by
misuse of an average
⊸ To compare unrelated and
irrelevant data in order to mislead
people
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13. Students marks out of 100
( passing marks 35) :-
Average :- 42
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Roll No Marks
1 30
2 25
3 25
4 30
5 30
6 25
7 35
8 25
9 96
10 99
Actually 7 Students failed but for advertisement only
average will be presented
15. Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To commit an error of generalizing
the conclusion on the basis of small
samples
⊸ In the above mentioned example
the result of only brilliant class is
displayed for advertisement of the
school
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16. Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To predict changes in two variables
without taking cognizance of causal
relationship between them
⊸ To mislead people by making
unnecessary and clumsy
presentation of statistical data
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