Here are some common sources of primary and secondary data:
Primary data sources:
- Surveys (questionnaires, interviews)
- Experiments
- Observations
- Focus groups
Secondary data sources:
- Government data (census data, vital statistics)
- Published research studies
- Organizational records and documents
- Media reports
- Commercial data providers
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
Introduction to Business Statistics
1. Course Title: Business Statistics
BBA (Hons)
2nd
Semester
Course Instructor: Atiq ur Rehman Shah
Lecturer, Federal Urdu University of Arts,
Science & Technology, Islamabad
+92-345-5271959
aatresh@gmail.com
2. Learning Objectives
• Define statistics
• Become aware of a wide range of
applications of statistics in business
• Differentiate between descriptive and
inferential statistics
• Learn about population and samples
• Collection of data
• Types of data
3. What is Statistics?
• Statistics is the science of conducting
studies to collect, organize, summarize,
analyze and draw conclusions from data.
4. Statistics in Business
• Accounting — auditing and cost estimation
• Economics — regional, national, and international
economic performance
• Finance — investments and portfolio management
• Management — human resources, compensation, and
quality management
• Management Information Systems — performance of
systems which gather, summarize, and disseminate
information to various managerial levels
• Marketing — market analysis and consumer research
• International Business — market and demographic
analysis
5. Population Versus Sample
• Population — the whole
• a collection of persons, objects, or items under
study
• Sample — a portion of the whole
• a subset of the population
10. Descriptive statistics
• Descriptive statistics consists of the
collection, organization, summarization and
presentation of data.
• In descriptive statistics the statistician tries
to describe a situation.
11. Inferential statistics
• Inferential statistics consists of the
generalizing from samples to population,
performing estimations and hypothesis test,
determining relationships among variables,
and make predictions.
• In inferential statistics, the statistician tries
to make inferences from sample to
population
12. Collection of data- Levels of Data
Measurement
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
13. Nominal Level Data
• Numbers representing nominal level data
are used only to classify or categorize.
Example: Gender
1. Male
2. Female
Example: Geographic location
1. Punjab
2. Sindh
3. KPK
4. Baluchistan
14. Ordinal Level Data
• Numbers are used to indicate rank or order
• Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
• Differences between numbers are not comparable
Example: Ranking productivity of employees
Employee Rank
A 2
B 3
C 1
16. Ordinal Data
Do you think your university is providing you
adequate facilities??
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly
Agree
Agree Strongly
Disagree
DisagreeNeutral
17. Interval Level Data
• Distances between consecutive integers are
equal
• Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
• Differences between numbers are comparable
• Location of origin, zero, is arbitrary
Example: Fahrenheit Temperature
30*, 31*, 32*, 33*
18. Ratio Level Data
• Highest level of measurement
• Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
• Differences between numbers are comparable
• Location of origin, zero, is absolute (natural)
Examples: Height, Weight etc
19. Types of data
• Primary data
• Original data collected for a specific research goal.
• Secondary data
• Data originally collected for a different purpose and
reused for another research question.