What Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins...

What Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins...
First of all, we are talking about what role did violence and warfare play in the origins and the rise of Islam. Since the 1950s, Western countries led by
the committee to allow the establishment of Islamic mullahs called on the community of believers. Freed from the oppression of Islam out of the only
parts of the land has old Yugoslavia and modern Israel.
The real windfall rooted in Islamic fundamentalism and religious revivalism, part of the Muslim Arab countries because the current situation for
dissatisfaction, therefore advocates reply to doctrine, and everything in the Koran Mohamed ancient code of conduct during the implementation of
Church and State unity. Happened at this moment, the Yankees came out to intervene, and not to that point for the oil it? Completely intensified
internal contradictions of the Arab people, while approaching rose to international conflicts, it produced extreme violence you say Islam. In fact, any
religion are more or less have some violent tendencies such as the Christian Crusades, ah, just because the bourgeoisie established a dominant
position in Europe the rights of religious restrictions are tight, plus the religion itself also had a reform, as it is not so prominent. But if you kill the
Pope, mad followers of the same will take you to shreds. The key point is that Christianity and other religions have reform, so in order to catch up with
the trend of the times, while some Muslims not only to pursue reform, but like back in the
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Rise Of Islam Research Paper
The religion of Islam began its emergence through the life of the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. Muhammad's belief in a single god and his
teachings of Islamic religion grew importance in his hometown of Mecca, India. Though initially rejected by successful merchants, Muhammad and his
followers grew faith through military conquest and Arab Muslim traders. The emergence of Islam served as the beginning and end of the 7th century CE
because of its dominance within Afro–Eurasian trade and significant military conquests that served as the underlying factor of the development of
states and empires from the Middle East through North and East Africa. With Islam becoming an incredibly influential and appealing religion among
trade routes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previously, before the 7th century CE, African civilizations were made up of nomadic people, such as the Bantu. They relied on kinship rule, which
was the basis of their political and economic aspects. Most of the African civilizations were monarchies with clear social structures that grouped people
according to their kinship. During the 7th century, as Islam began to branch out into East Africa, wealthy city–states began to develop. Swahili
city–states and capitol civilizations such as Ghana and Mali rose from the spread of Islamic merchants and religious ideas. These Islamic beliefs
transformed small villages into powerful and growing civilizations with complex political and economical aspects. Islam connected Africa with Middle
Eastern ports, opening up trade opportunities with goods such as salt and gold. East African city–states now dominated gold trade, because of the
connection Islam made with its emergence in Africa and their reliance on trade. The importance of the Hajj in Islam further deepened the connections
between Africa and India. Those followers of Islam in Africa would make their pilgrimage to Mecca, India and diffuse cultural ideas and trade with
Indian followers. Despite Islam changing the development of African city–states in the turn of the 7th century, it continued the spread of languages
through Trans–Saharan trade routes. Bantu migrations may have been wealthier after Islam, but their incredible journeys throughout Africa and their
abilities to spread their language, knowledge of iron production, and their experience with settled tropical agriculture still made their impact throughout
Africa. Islam proved to be a turning point for East Africa through its ability to link port cities together through common religious beliefs and encourage
the uprising of

Jihad : Islamic Tradition And Theology
This paper examines the concept of jihad in Islamic tradition and theology, the study unveils the logical and hermeneutical presuppositions of Islam in
upholding the doctrine of jihad in the 21st century. As a universalistic religion with the ultimate aim of converting the entire world and eliminating
other religions, Islam uses jihad as the last option either in self– defence, or territorial expansion. Jihad may mean self–purification in theory, but for
political Islam, it is a strategy to defeat the enemies of Islam through full armed confrontation. While some people are defending Islam as a religion of
peace, global political Islam has adopted jihad as a platform for military confrontation with the enemies of Islam. The international ... Show more
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The international community is facing a tough time in combating the militant agenda of political Islam.
Keywords: jihad, religion, Islam, territorial expansion, political Islam, warfare in Islam
1 Introduction
'Islam ' is derived from the Arabic word aslam, which means submission, surrender, resignation and committing of oneself to the cause of Allah
(Cowan, 1968: 424, 426). Another Arabic word that is the root word of aslam is salam, which is interpreted as safety, immunity, freedom, soundness,
well being, peacefulness, salutation or imperfection (Lane, 1978: 1415). The social and spiritual goal of Islam involves the attainment of peace
through absolute submission to the will of Allah. A. R. I. Doi writes: "Islam means absolute submission to the creator and Lord. A Muslim is a
believer whose faith (Iman) is firm in him and believes in the absolute unity of God who watches all his activities. The entire message of Islam,
therefore, is based on two fundamentals; faith (Iman) and right doing (Ihsan) " (1981: 44).
A Muslim is not an ordinary citizen in any society. As a bearer and reservoir of peace, a faithful Muslim is called khalifat Allah (vice
–gerent of Allah).
As ambassador of Allah on earth, Muslims have a duty to promote peaceful co–existence in all human societies. Abul 'ala Maududi writes: "The moral

Islam In West Africa Research Paper
Between 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E in West Africa the spread of Islam influenced several cultural, economic, and political changes and continuities.
Culturally, West Africa managed to maintain their traditional ideals while also allowing for Islamic integration. The spread of Islam also helped to
transform many West African cities into places to practice religion and academic studies. Economically, the spread ofIslam increased world trade
opportunity for West Africa, as well as allowing for trading across the Sahara Desert. Politically, Islam's spread caused a change in which empires held
power, along with provoking the creation and demise of some major empires. In the beginning of 1000 C.E. the introduction of Islam was brought to
West Africa.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the help of Islamic, trading routes were expanded from primarily the Trans–Saharan to places outside of Africa such as Europe, the Middle East,
and Asia. Trade still continued through the Trans–Saharan, but began to expand due to the spread of Islam. Through this expansion of trade, West
Africa was able to receive imports that had previously not existed to this area. Other areas that were impacted by this trade also experienced change in
their societies due to the introduction of Islam. Missionaries of Islam were able to continue the spread of their religion through traveling these trade
routes and expanding the Islamic Empire. The main exports of West Africa included gold, salt, and slaves. The trading of slaves through Islamic slave
trade and the Trans–Atlantic continued well past 1750 C.E. Slaves were traded to myriad areas during this time. They were traded along the
Trans–Atlantic and Trans–Saharan trade routes, being transferred to areas in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America. The business of slave
trade was very profitable and allowed the blending of cultures to be established. Trade had a huge impact on societies due to the transfer of knowledge,
goods, and

Byzantine And Islam Similarities
Both the Byzantine and the Islamic Empires both used religion to govern through the political, economic, and social aspects, but some were used
similarly and some were used differently. Now, we will go over many of the similarities and the differences between theses two empires. вЂЁBoth the
Byzantine and the Islamic empire used politics to govern their citizens. A similarity on how they usedreligion was that both theirs religious leaders
were also political leaders. This led to another similarity, the fact that there was no separation between church and state. This means that the
governments leaders would make decisions for both the religious and political aspects of government. There was a difference though, that Islam had a
monarchy where

Islam Studies Jahiliyyah
The essay shall explore the concept of the jahiliyyah and demonstrate the importance and impact it has to understand the origins and development of
Islam. The Jahiliyyah is a core and critical part of the foundations of Islam, that certain elements of the jahiliyyah were borrowed, adopted and
developed; whilst other elements were discarded as Islam evolved. It is important as aspects of the jahiliyyah period continues to have an influence
after the advent of Islam. Elements of the jahiliyyah such as the geographical location; the political, social and religious life; pre–islamic literature,
rituals of the Ka 'ba and the role of Women have shaped the understanding of Islam.
The term 'Jahiliyyah ' means the period of ignorance or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tribal aspect reflects the adopted leadership of Muhammad; as tribal rulers were seen as an arbitrator than a ruler (Weissleder, 1978). This political
structure influenced the Shura system. The legal system of this period was based on tribal or customary law which influenced the Islamic communities
of today(Weissleder, 1978). This element reinforces why Jahiliyyah period shaped the origins and understanding of Islam.
Similarly the social integration of pre–Islamic shapes our understanding of Islam. The notion of social integration developed within the Byzantine and
Sassanic period (Hoyland, 2001). The Sassanic dynasty influenced the Islamic administrative system, it was also the aftermath of the competition
dwelling between the two dynasties (Hoyland, 2001). Although these dynasties were competitive they shared a common values such as being
imperialists and harmony (Hoyland, 2001). The imperial commercial network meant that the leaders had to negotiate and political rapports were
created with the empires and harmony prevailed.
The Bedouins became the foundational symbol of Arab nationhood identity (Hoyland, 2001). They became the nationhood identity through their
significant oral transmitted poetry and written Arabic literature, which became the basis and core language and humanity of Islam (Hoyland, 2001).
The pre–Islamic poetry was very fine and unique, it became the linguistic standard of the interpretations of the Qu 'ran. It is noted that the

The Rise And Further Development Of Islam
With the rise and further development of Islam, the Middle East emerged as a key world region. The religion not only dominated the Middle East but
was also spread to the West, Southeast Asia, and sub–Saharan Africa as it gained followers and influence. Why was the spread of Islam so quick,
extensive, and influential? What was it about Islam that appealed to so many individuals and converted such a large geographical part of the world?
This can further explained by the process of globalization and "the great world convergence–the opportunities that worldwide communication and
transport, as well as empire building, offered to introduce the faith to more people across greater distances" (Panorama 568) as the world became
more interconnected as well as ideal circumstances and factors such as the increased spread of knowledge, extensive maritime trade, and new military
capabilities. The variety of methods and processes that promoted the religion such as through militant conquers and missionaries, the appealing beliefs
and notion of equality that converted individuals, and the overall trend of increased trade and empires that held Islamic ties also contributed
immensely to the spread of Islam. While political, economic, and social aspects contributed to the expansion of Islam, the spread of the religion had
ultimately altered the social and cultural aspects of geographical areas. (thesis probably needs more clarity)
Initially, Islam was a militant conquering religion and

Causes Of The Rebellion Of 1857
There are many causes to the Rebellion of 1857, including, but not limited to: a disenfranchised populace; BEIC arrogance; and nobles who wanted
more power. There isn't not just one most important causation that caused all this, numerous concerns like political and administrative issues, social
and religious, and even a little bit of military issues all play a role as the a connexion to the rebellion of 1857,. But one of the main causation was
economic,along with political, administrative issues economic issues were also linked to this, BEIC expanded to gain stability and profit but while
doing this many problems arose. The most imperative reason for discontent was the British policy of financially manipulating India. This causes all...
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Economics was another issue for the pre–mughal dynasty, like every empire the pre–Mughal empire wanted to settle in good area as well as still being
able to expand their dynasty further. In addition to, becoming stable was seen as vital. In order to explain this to someone I would have to explain how
they accomplished stability through three important aspects being economics, religious, and political military. So below I will explain some of the
information that I would tell them about these aspects.
Economics and religion were the two main reasons people moved, in fact, that is how Muslim came here. While merchants from Arabia financial try
to support themselves, they were the first ones to spread their religion of Islam not only through Sufism but through trading in South India. This lead
to becoming a stabilized in society, due to the fact, as they made their trades they were able to spread their religion further and further causing more
people to convert to it, or have similar beliefs to them, causing them to become more stable not only financially, but culturally, more people belief and
did what they did so,

Political Islam And The Islamic Islam
Political Islam is a term that was coined inside the scholarly realm to allude to the more extensive group of political frameworks that are Islam
oriented. The greater part of the states that draw on the Islamic instructions to influence political and social elements of the general public are said to
be practicing political Islam. The vast majority of the practices will look for direction from the Islamic conventions and the Muslim scriptural
foundation to settle on choices that influence the whole state and how it identifies with whatever is left of the world. While the term may not be as
old, political Islam or Islamism are old ideas going back to the 1920s. Gatherings, for example, the Egypt 's Muslim Brotherhood in 1927, are a portion
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thought borne of philosophies that were presented by any semblance of Maulana Maudoodi and Jamaat, were ready to make Islam a formula that
would guide the contemporary life, policies and law in a thorough and pure structure, a portion of the fundamental components still remain while there
are some subtle contortions particularly with terrorism. Political Islam has quite a bit of consequences for policies in Middle East where Islam is a
center religion. In the meantime the essential elements of political Islam control how the laws of the states are produced close by the way the states in
the Middle East cooperate with the rest of the world. Political Islam is powerful in the Middle East nations, controlling how laws, policies and global
connections are managed.
Political Islam
Political Islam or Islamism is to a greater degree of a political outfit as the name proposes as opposed to a religious develop. As indicated by Ayoob,
a large portion of the general population that adherents of the ideology trust that it is really a collection of faith, which has something critical to say
in regards to the order of the public and legislative issues in a contemporary Muslim society and the style to be utilized to execute the same. For the
vast majority, it is the manual for living a definitive Islamic life. In any case this is entirely broad when attempting to reveal the

The Impact of Islam
"In world history, the most important new factor in the eastern hemisphere was Islam,a religion that is linked to Judaic–Samaritan tradition of the
Middle East." Islam spread across North Africa to West Africa beginning from the eighth century onwards, by means of military conquest, enabling
Muslims to wield tremendous political influence and power. The introduction of Islamic religion impacted social, political and cultural aspects ofAfrica
by means of trade, politics, and conversion.
The expansion of Islam in Africa reconfigured many existing African communities and empires to be based on Islamic models. One major shift due to
the adoption of Islam was the adoption of shariah or Islamic law. In many cities, the shariah ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The establishment of the first Islamic empire, Umayyad Caliphate, shifted key routes to Damascus which led to a large new ruling system and and the
ability to pay for products of other communities. As Islamic religion spread, there was a growth in political diversity that led to a rise in competing
Muslim states in Egypt and North Africa. "The growth of the trans–Saharan trade and the re–energizing of the Mediterranean Sea trade after the spread
of Islam tied together the economic fates, but not necessarily the political allegiances of North Africans." However, these developments did revive the
commerce of the Red Sea and brought new scale of commercial activity to Eastern Africa. Trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean predated
Islam, however North African Muslims intensified the Trans–Saharan trade. In later centuries it was then carried by commercial contacts across the
Sahara and into the western and central Sudan. Commercial relations have often been the means of spreading new ideas as well as diffusing new kinds
of commodities. The commercial dealings of the Sudan belt of Africa in the centuries before the thirteenth century were no

Islam Is Exceptional In Religion And Politics
Islam is exceptional when it comes to religion and politics. Never before has a leader been exemplary in both religion and the politics. History has
shown that many religious leaders, some of whom were prophets and founders of various religions, and many political leaders who were founders of
different nations and political groups; but not exceptional religious leaders. Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islamic religion, has demonstrated to be
exceptional being both a political and religious leader. Shadi Hamid explains many aspects of Islam and its relationship to politics. He compared
Islam from the 7th century to how the Islam is today. Hamid highlights the intense struggle the caliphates (Islamic leaders) faced in order to
legitimize political order based on Islamic view. From his perspectives, the western nations, specifically Europeans and Americans, are in denial that
Islam has "creed, theology, and practice," which are virtually not existent in other religions. His main argument is that Islam is exceptional because
the founder of Islam, "Prophet Muhammad was a theologian, a politician, a warrior, a preacher, and a merchant all at once. He was also the builder
of state". I agree with Hamid's statement. Therefore, I would argue that Islam, compared to other religion, has some special relation to politics or
political issue since its founder was both a religious and political leader, and he acted upon the law in his governance.
Most religious figures are sent to this

Factors Influencing Political System Of Indonesia
RELATION(S) OF FIVE MAJOR FACTORS IN INFLUENCING POLITICAL SYSTEM AND TO THE PEOPLE IN INDONESIA How is the
relation of five major factors in influencing political system of Indonesia? Those some of five major factors have a great relations. For instance is
youth and media as already explained before. Youth use media, especially social media, in delivering their aspiration to the government of
Indonesia. Youth also sometimes use political parties in delivering aspiration to influence political system of Indonesia. Other examples are media
and political parties, Islam and political parties, and so on. Islam and political parties have a great relation in influencing political system of
Indonesia. We can see the example is the existence of political parties based on Islam. For instance are PKS, PKB, PBB, and so on. Next is media
and political parties. They also have a great relation in establishing political system of Indonesia. Political parties often deliver their opinion and their
critic to government's policies through television channel, newspaper,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From explanation above, we can conclude that the most influential factors are Islam and political parties. After those two factors are media and
youth. For as the least influential factor for political system of Indonesia is military. How about their interaction to other factors and to the people of
Indonesia in this case? Most of factors have a great relations with other factors and a great interaction with the people of Indonesia in enacting
political system of Indonesia, except for military. As already explained above, military could not influence for political system of Indonesia nowadays
or even may be have an interaction with other factors and the people in political aspect, because they could not interfere in political aspect anymore
and only focus on security system of Indonesia after dual function of ABRI was erased by

Aisha Essay
PART B
Analyse the impact of Aisha bint Abu Bakr on the development and expression of Islam.
Aisha bint Abu Bakr was a leader, a woman, a wife, a theologian, a scholar and a political activist. She was precocious, loyal, brave and remarkably
intelligent. These aspects of her humble life have allowed her to make a powerful impact on the development and expression of Islam that "no woman
[has] reached"[1]. Not only did she influence the position of women in Islamic society, Islamic ethics, and the understanding and interpretation of the
Qur'an, but she also modelled these qualities for the men, women and children of Islam. As a woman in Islamic society, Aisha carried a particularly
high status. She was the daughter of Abu Bakr,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, she helped to preserve the Islamic faith, including the sayings and behaviour of Muhammad, by teaching it to others.
"It is the claim of Islamic scholars that without Aisha, half of the Ilm–I–Hadith (understanding and knowledge of the Hadith and Islam) would have
perished." 4
This also contributed to the spread of Islam, as many of her students came from places around the world. Therefore, Aisha established the importance
of education in the Islamic tradition by modelling it and educating others. Another active role Aisha played in the development and expression of
Islam was as a political activist. Due to her close companionship with the Prophet Muhammad, Aisha gained sufficient knowledge of warfare to be able
to participate in battles. An example of this is the Battle of the Camel, in which Aisha led opposition forces against the newly appointed caliph, Ali.
The fact that after their defeat, Ali "captured Aisha but declined to harm her"12 suggests that her bravery and leadership was highly regarded, by both
men and women. Such actions that were undertaken by Aisha, as a political activist, gives inspiration to all Muslims experiencing hardship, in that she
was willing to make the ultimate sacrifice and surrender to Allah, which is a fundamental part of belonging to Islam ('submission to Allah'). Through
the qualities of precocity, loyalty, bravery and

The Conflict Between Islam And Secular State And Islam
For Kazakhstan where the majority of the population is Muslims, harmonious relations between the secular nature of the state and the religion of Islam
are an important precondition for the conservation of the national consent, political and moral integrity and, thus, prevent conflicts in religious basis.
Therefore, finding a successful formula for relations between Islam and secular authorities, and after twenty years of independence, has a serious
intellectual, theoretical and practical challenge for all parties, including Europe. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the problem of harmonic
Organization of relations between the secular state and Islam cannot be a one–sided approach, in terms of the fight against terrorism. Rather, it is part
of the harmonization process, transformation and formation of a national government of Kazakhstan. At the same time it is undeniable that tension
between these two sides can lead to representatives of religious radicalization, up to the terrorism.
In the constitution of Kazakhstan the state is defined as secular. However, at the same time the state cannot close their eyes on another fact, namely, the
fact that Islam is the religion of the majority of the population. Muslim population and the political and intellectual elite, representing Islam, are
permanent civilizing and political "values" of strategic value of Kazakhstan.
The politicization of religion and the wrong approach to the problem of secular–Islamic relationships can

Mansa Musa
Courtney Holmes
March 5, 2014
HIS 276– Dr. Kalinga
Test one
Mansa Kankan Musa ascended the throne in 1312 and ultimately revived Mali. He was well known for stimulating Mali in many different ways.
Before Mansa Musa's accession to the throne, Mali was in a period of political instability. He ruled for approximately twenty–five years, which brought
wealth and consistency to Mali. This ultimately expanded the empire. Mansa Musa gave away so many gifts of gold that the value of gold fell and did
not recover for about twelve years. Although he spent his money generously, he did a lot to strengthen the economy of Mali. This included establishing
communications with certain areas, strengthening trade, encouraging new eating habits, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Askiya fortified his administration mainly by conquering new provinces and replacing the rulers with trusted individuals. This ensures unity in the
empire and prevented secession of these provinces. Each of these new rulers formed their own armies so that they were able to collect taxes. By
conquering these new areas, he greatly expanded the Songhai Empire. This expansion ultimately led to more wealth for the empire because of the
revival of the trans–Saharan trade. Askiya urged his armies to take over Tuareg territory for this expansion. The restoration of the trans–Saharan trade
was partially due to Askiya's feats in Islamic religion. After the rule of Suni Ali, Askiya needed to show those in the empire that Islam was no longer
a source of issues. He did this by showing that he supported Muslims with a Hajj. Although he supported the religion, he did not force it on others like
Suni Ali did. He also revived Timbuktu as a center for Islamic learning, which led to more education. Overall, Mansa Kankan Musa and Askiya
Muhammad Ture ruled in very similar ways. They strengthened many of the same aspects of their respective empires. They both also came to power
after somewhat unpopular and unstable rulers, and were put in a position in which they needed to improve the situations of their empires. They also
used similar aspects of ruling to improve their economies. Both Askiya and Mansa Musa were praised for

Islam And Western Imperialism In Islam
Although the Islamic world has faced many challenges throughout history, Islam's encounter with Western imperialism during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries has had the greatest impact on contemporary Islam. These encounters with Western powers influenced and shaped the Muslim
world by introducing Islam to modernity. The Islamic world's varied reaction to these challenges of modernity affects a wide range of issues in Islam
today. To understand how the Muslim world reacted to Western influence, we must understand what they were reacting to. With the fall of the Ottoman
Empire, European political ideas permeated the Middle East. Muslims were forced to respond to ideas of nationhood, nationalism, democracy, and
sovereignty. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modernists claimed these institutions were not foreign to Islam and could coexist within an Islamic state. Rashid al Rida argued Islam was democratic
and representative because Islamic leadership is determined through consensus of the community. According to Rida, an Islamic state requires Islamic
legal systems, where the uluma are representatives of the people. Other Islamic modernists such as Muhammad Abduh and Muhammad Iqbal also
attempted to balance Western ideologies with the Islamic faith. According to Abduh, reason and science were complementary to Islam. Iqbal also
believed some Western ideas were compatible with Islam. Iqbal applied reasoning to help understand Islamic female inheritance laws. One
interpretation of these laws is that a woman is worth half a man. Iqbal argued the share of female inheritance is not based on a woman's value, but
rather on social context specific to a certain period. He claimed these laws applied to a time when women had less financial responsibility than men.
This type of logic and reasoning still exists in contemporary Pakistani law. Both Abduh and Iqbal believed certain aspects of Western influence could
be applied to Islamic society, as long as those ideas did not contradict Islam. Other movements within Islam have directly challenged the Islamic
modernists' ideas on Western influence. Unlike Islamic

Marshall Hodgson And Islamic Civilization
Marshall Hodgson was born in 1922 and was an academic in Islamic studies and a renowned historian at University of Chicago. He held the
position of chairperson of the interdisciplinary CSTC. This book is a great piece of work that has received various honors since being published in
1975. It uses maps and charts to provide an interpretation of Islamic civilization's development of history from the time Muhammad was born to the
middle of the 20th century. A close scrutiny of this work discloses that it grew out of the course which Hodgson taught on Islamic civilization at the
University of Chicago for various years. Arguably, the book is an unparalleled piece of work due to the author's mastery of the subject and its
demonstration of the way history needs to be written. In the course of his lifetime, Hodgson did not make many publications, but remains among the
most influential historians because of this book. The compelling language he adopts can reconfigure the study of Islam. In addition, he provides a great
definition of terminologies focusing on religion and the history of Islam. The most significant aspect is perhaps the way Hodgson manages to provide
a distinction of Islamic and Islamicate phenomena. These were regional products where Muslims remained culturally superior. Through the book,
Hodgson paints a global view of the history of the world whereby Europe's rise represented the end–product of Eurasian cultural evolutionary
development. The book provides a

A Radical Islamic Group in Iraqi Kurdistan: Ansar al-Islam...
Introduction
Ansar al–Islam (AAI) issue titled the magazine and TV in September 2001, when it killed forty–two Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) fighters. This
was awakened up the Kurds, who rapidly built up a conventional defensive front. It was very clearly apparent that the Kurdish was the main
objective as priority of the new jihadist war, (Schanzer 2004: 43). The group was established in Kurdistan region in 2001 as a Salafist Islamist
organization imposed a strict application of the Sharia in some villages around Halabja city, near the Iranian border. After the US invasion ofIraq, AAI
became a clandestine insurgent group, which fought against the Kurdish political parties and the US armies and its Iraqi allies. Currently, the group ...
While Kurdish had unsuccessfully contested parliamentary elections in 1992, the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan kept it away from participation
Kurdish administration, relying instead on growing and strengthening a distinct administrative, military and political structure in fields under its own
power, (Zenko 2009: 618 & Human Right Watch 2003).
The IMK fragmented over power struggle as well as policy distinctions during 1997. Some smaller groups with the IMK, which advocated a more
radical and ultra–orthodox Islamic ideology, also splintered form, the movement at different times. Of these groups, the most significantly militaries
were factions namely the Soran Forces, Tawhid and Hamas. These smaller splinter groups themselves regularly unified, On September 1, 2001, they
announced Jundal Islam (Soldiers of Islam) organization. The group very soon changed its name for Ansar al–Islam (Supporters of Islam) in December
2001, and then it declared jihad (holy war) against apostates and other secular political parties in Kurdistan, that was because the group did not accept
the Kurdish sculler administration. AAI was financially and military sponsored by al–Qaeda, Iran and Wahhabi basic in Saudi Arabia. Najmuddin Faraj
Ahmad (Mala Fateh Krekar), whom a long member of the IMK became the leader (Emir) of Ansar al–Islam, (Joscelyn & Roggio 2012, Zenko 2009:
618–19 and Rubin 2004: 6). However, in the face of rise

Islamic Organizations Post World War II
As we get farther into the book, I become more intrigued into the events that took place in America in regards to Islam. I never actually knew the
broader history behind the enlargement of Islam in the United States. The formation of different Islamic organizations post World War II was very
interesting, because it created a society where Muslim immigrants can unite; such as the Nation of Islam and the FIA. I found that the sociological, and
political aspects of these religion–based communities and organizations were very relevant to the issues that many Muslims had to deal with.
However, some of the organization's teachings and actions seemed questionable. Also, the book is very difficult to understand as it gets very in
depth with fact after fact but not much background information, which makes it hard to follow the points that author, Kambiz GhaneaBassiri is
trying to get across. That being said, I would like to focus on the chapter 6 readings, and the author's style of writing. To begin with, throughout the
book, A History of Islam in America, the author has a specific style of writing where he makes the book extremely dense to read. From chapter one
to chapter six so far, there is a lot of information that he gives us as readers with fact after fact, but not a lot of detail on the main points that he is
trying to make. This can make the reading that we have been doing highly confusing to understand. As he begins to make a very significant point that
had to do with

Prejudice against Muslims and Islamic Fundamentalism Essay
Ever since September 11, 2001 Americans along with the majority of the world's population have been skeptical of Muslims. It's a sad reality but it's
hard for people to think of a Muslim without linking them directly to terrorism. But these assumptions aren't totally out of the blue–the Muslim's
religion, Islam, teaches a low tolerance for other religions and the Islamic government has no separation of church and state, so it's only normal to
assume that their government shall have a low tolerance as well–some however, immediately translate this into terrorism. Through the Islamic
government and religion, relations with foreign countries, and separation amongst themselves it can be concluded that Islamic Fundamentalism is
clearly a threat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a threat to political stability because if the nations of the world aren't operating on the same standards then equality and compromise can never
be achieved. Islam relations with foreign countries have the most profound impact on political stability. These relations aren't directly affecting the
Islamic nations' political stability as much as the nations' they are interacting with. Take example, the United States. Ever since September 11, 2001
Americans have been divided over the issue of Muslims in America, this issue has been dividing our country more than theirs. Liberals believe the U.S.
government should cooperate with them, hoping to achieve peace on a personal level, whereas the conservatives hope to confront them and give them
the same low tolerance treatment they have been dishing out. The Liberals hold the belief that Muslim politics in America are a positive aspect because
it's making us better–rounded; through learning about Muslim culture and government we are able to appeal towards a greater number of
people–creating the ultimate democracy. In contrast, Conservatives believe that war is the sole solution because it will prove to the Islamic
governments that American strength is far superior, thus intimidating them. Muslim immigration

Radical Islam
As the world increasingly becomes more interconnected and globalization continues at an alarming rate, radical Islam is now at the forefront of the
global agenda. While Islamic extremism is not a new concept, and has arguably been around since the dawn of Islam, it only now has become a truly
global affair, engaging every nation in the world. With the rise of attention on radicalIslam also comes another concept, the misunderstanding of
Islam. Some choose to argue that Islam a religion of peace, while others, the greater majority, choose to argue it is a religion of violence, but frankly,
neither are the case. The Quran, history, and modern politics all show that Islam is not a religion of peace or violence, but simply a religion of reaction;
The fact that both of these sides of one religion exists supports the claim that Islam is not solely a religion of violence, or solely a religion of peace, but
instead a religion of reaction and circumstance. The modern Islamic extremism that dominates news networks internationally is centered in the Middle
East and parts of Africa, which are places that have experienced economic oppression, social oppression, and are consistently a victims of Western
interference. All of these factors put together leave Middle Eastern and African Muslims, who in 2010 only formed 36% of the total Muslim
population, with an interpretation of violent circumstances, in which they feel compelled to respond to with violence. While this may not be the right
course of action, it is justifiable. On the other hand, the large sects of Islam that are peaceful and non–violent tend to be centered in areas that lack the
same history and ongoing oppression that those areas have, such as the 62% of the Muslim population in the Asian–Pacific and 3% in Europe. Whether
or not Islam is a religion of peace or violence is all determined by circumstance and

Spread Of Islam Dbq Essay
Islam's spread throughout 630–1600 CE was extremely rapid and sudden; however, it led to many favorable aspects. Over the span of 630–1600 CE,
Islam managed to spread throughout Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, North Africa, Spain, and parts of Central Asia. Women and education were on a
rise, socially. Also, flourishing trade contributed toIslam's economic wealth. Furthermore, political and legal reforms were also established during its
spread. Overall, the spread of Islam brought forth many positive social, political, and economic impacts. The Spread of Islam from 630–1600 CE
(doc.1) shows Islam's extensive spread throughout this time period and it spread throughout Africa, Asia, Spain, Mesopotamia, and Persia. The 570 CE
Trade Routes Map ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost, women were seen as equal partners to men, as seen by Allah. This change is significant because many of the civilizations that
came before Islam were patriarchal and saw women beneath men, socially. This is demonstrated in the Verses from the Qur'an (doc. 4). These verses
(doc. 4) also violence was overall rejected. They state the you should not take anyone else's land without justification. Also, they Qur'an looks down on
people who attack others, as they have "wronged." Another positive social change that came along with the Golden Age of Islam was the rise and
prominence of education. It brought forth advances in science, mathematics (specifically geometry and astronomy), philosophy, and medicine, which is
stated in the Saylor Academy article (doc. 5). Even poor children were taught, which was something is something that is not common in other
civilizations. This shows how significant education was to the the Islamic people (doc. 6). There was many significant economic impacts from Islam,
as well. This was aided through the improved irrigation methods, which allowed cultivation of larger lands. Mills and turbines were also utilized to
reduce the necessity for labor. Also, cultural exchange between crop and farming techniques were adopted. Furthermore, many products, such as rice,
cotton, sugar, citrus fruits, sorghum, ivory, and gold from India, China, and Africa, respectively, made their way

Islam And The Religious Beliefs Of Islam
Islam is an extremely pervasive and widely known religion that has greatly affected society and its independent religious views. The Islam ideology
and its numerous ideas rapidly and widely, and quickly became a prevalent religion with significantly influential aspects and elements. For instance, its
focus on Allah, the Arabic word of God, as well as many otherIslam spiritual aspects has taken effect in many countries, and continues to influence
many people as well as the religious ideas of other spiritual paths. People gravitate towards the concept of how spiritual theory developed from a small,
insignificant community could have so rapidly become a renowned, crucial part of life for much of the world's population. Retaining its emphasis on
an uncompromising monotheism and a strict adherence to certain essential religious practices,
Islam continues to influence society with its unique elements and divine inspired unity of mankind. The numerous Islamic trade routes surrounding
Mecca served as effective ways of spreading religious Islam ideas through various routes and courses in which people could record
Islamic spiritual views. For example, in document A, main Islam areas such as Mecca and
Medina are in the center of many main countries and empires, such as the Byzantine Empire
Knight 2 and Persia. Because of Arabia's location, people could come to its Islamic areas by trade, and see where Islam originated from as well as its
diverse religious notions and intentions.

Saudi Arabia Research Paper
Every nation has its own unique individual identity. For many of these areas, their current condition is a blend between history and tradition. Saudi
Arabia, like many others, is a perfect example of a kingdom influenced heavily by its experiences, and is also known to grow on a basis of tradition. In
fact, Saudi Arabia is specifically known to adhere to one specific aspect: religion. It can be seen that this kingdom has intertwined culture and religion to
dictate the rules and regulations of its people. This, in turn, navigates the political system; which ultimately results in an impact on the behavior or
social construction of the populase there. For instance, a contemporary issue that is heatedly in discussion currently is about the rights of women in this
kingdom. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of them, being clothing. In this Middle Eastern country, it seems as though the women are strictly taught to wear long, heavy, black cloth that
covers them from head to toe. People from more open countries, such as the United States, view this as a heavily undermining sentiment, disregarding
the various aspects that resulted in this living standard of the women there. This essay will highlight the religious, cultural, and political factors that
contribute to the way women dress in Saudi Arabia. By the end of this paper, it will be noted that all these factors significantly go hand in hand; as
one may be the result of another. There is a reason that women dress the way that they do, and the factors that contribute to them are what are going to
be

The Appeal And Spread Of Radical Islam
The appeal and spread of radical Islam within the United States is becoming a serious national security risk. In the past radical Islamic groups such as
ISIS and Al–Qaeda placed cells in the United States for the purpose of taking down the American establishment through domestic terrorism. In order to
counter and even stop this phenomenon, it is essential that law enforcing and the intelligence community understand what makes Radical Islam so
appealing. Moreover, Once Officials figure out the appeal of radical Islam, only then can an effective strategy to combat radical Islam be made and
implemented. Current methods for abolishing radical Islam are not working if anything it has made the situation worse. Therefore, a new strategy is ...
Furthermore, many radical Islamic groups believe that man–made laws are shirk and they are not too be bound by them (Quintan Wiktorowicz, 2006).
Moreover, the only laws that have a sense of legitimacy in the eyes of radical Islamist is Sharia law (Quintan Wiktorowicz, 2006). Which is believed
to be law directly passed down from Allah. In addition, radical groups such as Al–Muhajiroun believe that all actions, decisions and deeds are an act of
praise and worship as long as it follows sharia. Conversely, any deviation from the fundamentalist teachings of Islam is considered sin against God
(Quintan Wiktorowicz, 2006). Therefore, according to radical Islamist those who do not follow the strict interpretations of Islam are doomed to
burn in the fiery pits of hell, while those of follow such teaching will see paradise (Quintan Wiktorowicz, 2006). Radical Islamist groups use this
basic principle to keep their members in check. It is also important to note that each Radical Islamist group believes only it can offer its members
the True path to salvations and all other groups are false (Quintan Wiktorowicz, 2006). This ideology is based upon a passage in the Hadiths that
states "And this Ummah will divide into 73 sects all of which will go to hell and they are those who are upon what I and my

Sharia In Australia
The debate against Sharia goes much further than that, and instead becomes an argument against Islam itself. One such argument, is that Islam is not
in fact a religion and instead is a political ideology. This is a main belief of One Nation with one of their policies being to call for an inquiry or Royal
Commission to determine if Islam is a religion or political ideology.This belief is due to the idea that Islam does not separate religion and politics, yet
that isn't entirely true. There are around 6200 verses in the Quran, however, only around 500 of those actually relate to anything legal, which actually
isn't that many in comparison. This is why there is there is Islamic law as well, which doesn't necessarily have to be followed, especially ... Show more
There are a number of differences between divorce in Australia and in Sharia; however, despite them being different, mostly Sharia's laws on divorce
aren't illegal under Australian law; which means it would not go against Australian way of life, and would also abide by the law of the land, meaning
Sharia in regards to divorce is not incompatible with Australian society. As I also mentioned before, Sharia courts can help Muslims in Australia to feel
more at home and better represented, but this goes even further with divorce. Simply getting a divorce through an Australian Family Court, while being
legally binding, may not be viewed that way in Muslim communities and it may be difficult for the divorce as well as the participating parties to be
accepted within these communities. (Black,

Spread Of Islam In North Africa Essay
In the years before the Postclassical Period, the northern African region was predominantly influenced by polytheistic and animistic religions. The
region also held a variety of nomadic cultures that had a major focus on clan and family relationships. In familial roles, men had a different and higher
standard than women. In 610 C.E., the religion of Islam was founded in the northern African region, and the establishment of this religion effectively
revolutionized the region and its effects lasted for years afterwards. The emergence of Islam was the first instance in world history in which a religion,
through its universal elements, was able to effectively revolutionize social relationships, political institutions, and economic establishments that helped
completely unite societies within the region, and also was able to effectively spread itself across multiple empires within the Indian Ocean region. The
emergence of Islam was the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the influence of Islam spread over, the societies within the region lacked concentration of political power and authority, as they possessed no
ruler or kingdom. However, the emergence of Islam provided political unity. Empire building was a success as Islam existed as an ideology that
supported the missions of expansion and conquest by the state. As societies began to exist as an entire empire united by Islam. The military fought
for Islam by spreading their faith, and government leaders were united in their faith. The religion of Islam also encouraged that all were equal, which
allowed for more followers to accept the idea of being conquered and brought under new leadership, as they all would be united by Islam and citizens
would be able to identify with their rulers. Islam allowed for separate political entities to combine under one ideology, effectively revolutionizing the
political structures within the

Islam's Rise The Arabian Peninsula in the early seventh century was the perfect economical, political, social and religious setting for the rise of Islam.
Its successful emergence was due in part to the adoption and rejection of various factors which allowed Islam to mirror the socioeconomic trends,
traditions, practices and religious theories that were prevalent throughout the region during this time period. One of the most influential events on the
rise of Islam was in the rise of Mecca as a center of trade. Mecca's rise allowed people from various backgrounds to be exposed to and exchange ideas
about culture, tradition and religion. All these ideas congealed in to some of the main concepts and ideas adopted by Islam. Yet Islam... Show more
Prior to the rise of Islam most of the people of the Arabian Peninsula were polytheistic. Their beliefs consisted of multiple powers that governed a
chaotic and disorganized world, which mirrored their view of society, man, and nature as separate elements. They worshiped various elements of life,
like the moon, the sun, ancestors and nature. The situation was entirely different in the surrounding regions where there was a tectonic shift away from
polytheism to monotheism. This influenced the Arabian Peninsula because it was sandwiched between the Christian Byzantine Empire and the
Zoroastrian Sasanian Empire. The rise of Islam is quite logical in this religious climate. First and foremost the fact that Islam is a monotheistic religion
represents the overall rise in popularity of monotheism and the decline of polytheism in the region. This was due in part to the religious changes that
came with the rise of Mecca and the intermingling of people that I previously discussed. In this environment the idea of monotheism is introduced by
traveling Christians and Jews. This along with other concepts, theories and ideas, allowed for people to shake of the mental, emotional, and religious
restrains of the tribal society and envision new concepts of

How Did Islam Change Over Time
Throughout history, Islam has had a huge impact throughout the world and marking itself as a powerful religion to this day. The beginning of Islam,
which rose by the prophet Muhammad, has affected and defined the cultures of many societies over time and throughout the world. However, Islam
has encountered some changes and the view of the religion has changed drastically. For example, its relation with political power as well as the
location of its practice has changed dramatically. Even so, Islam continues to have the same traditions, beliefs, and practices and has become a
powerful religion as of today. The religion was founded in 622 C.E by a prophet namedMuhammad Ibn. Muhammad gained many followers
throughout his declaration, however in his hometown, they both suffered many persecutions and eventually, they migrated towards a city named
Medina. This aviation is known as the Hejira and is known as a marker event in Islam. Due to the Hejira, Islam was no longer just a religion and
practice. It became a political power where the followers became a community and Muhammed became their political and religious leader. Muhammad
These invasions were a primary factor of the religions spread. For example, the Islamic empire began to spread through Asia and the Middle East,
where they encountered people of various religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Confucianism. Though they tolerated religions like Christianity due
to their monotheistic aspect, they did not tolerate any other faith and forced conversions were made which in many cases, the alternate decision was
death. These brutal methods of conversion allowed Islam to become a powerful religion throughout Asia, and by the age of discovery, Islam reached
the New World. Currently, Islam is the largest ethnic religion and the second most practiced religion in the

How Does Religion Affect Australia
In the public speech made by Pauline Hanson in Australia to the Australian Parliament, she explains how Islam cannot be part of Australia's society,
which is secular and cohesive. Islam is about being obedient to the tradition and a secular society is about abandoning tradition and moving onto
progress. Hanson explains that the reason for the incompatibility is because of Islam's way of controlling every aspect of the lives of Muslims, in which
it will be influenced onto their society. And she argues that Australia has a separation betweenreligion and politics, which is not acceptable in the law
of Shari'a. She concludes that the Muslims are negatively affecting Australia by their religious laws, such as the Shari'a and the Halal certification ...
In the article "Are There Any Cultural Rights", Kukathas defines liberal theory as society focusing on freedom of association between individuals, and
not discriminating groups. He talks about how the secular society does not need to be made up of liberal communities and says "If society is, in Rawl's
phrase, a "social union of social unions," there is no necessity that these all be liberal social unions. What is of crucial importance, however, is that each
community enjoys a certain amount of independence and integrity: that they are in fact the social unions of those individuals and not simply the
categories within which society places particular groups" (Kukathas 127). Kukathas explains how a secular society needs communities to have some
rights and independence that is free from the government. Australia needs to have obligations to give some rights to Islam because the Muslims are
considered a community, even if that means there are financial costs for the secular society. The liberalism that Hanson wants for Australia is not true
freedom, because they are not giving the Islam community any rights or independence. Instead, Australia's secular society is attempting to fully control
the Islamic religion in Australia by minimizing Muslims and stopping the influences of their

The Importance Of Religion And Politics In Bangladesh
Religion and politics are interdependent from the beginning. Political and religious power are interconnected. In 1905, the separation between state and
religious institutions occurred. But, that doesn't mean that religion has lost its important in terms of politics. Still, religion plays and important part in
the political system. Religion influence the politics from the core. Religion is a mandatory part of politics which cannot be replaced (Fox, 2013).
Religion has not only influence over our political aspects but also in our social aspects too. More accurately, religion has more influence over our
social life than political. Religion is an element of social control. As Karl Marx has said, "religion is the opium of mass people" (Eggers, 2015).
Through socialization process a human being entangled in the chain of Social control. It is a process which enlighten a person about the rules,
regulations and procedures of the society. It tells an individual his or, her place and marks their limitations. Religion just make those implementations
more strong so that no one can break the traditional norms and values of the society. Thus religion preserve the traditions as they were and control the
society (Liska, 1992).
Bangladesh is a country where religion based parties play quite a dominant role. There are nearly 40 parties registered with the Election Commission
and among them 12 are Islamic parties. Those parties are legally accepted to participate into the political domain of

How Did Islam The Spread Of A Cultural Revolution
Islam: The Spread of a Cultural Revolution Traditionally, religions spread slowly. Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, four of the world's
largest religions, each took a millennium to cover their continent of their origin. Planting the seeds of theology takes time and certain doctrines are not
so readily accepted. This had been the standard since the advent of organized religion some 5000 years ago. However, this standard for religious spread
was shattered with Mohammed's founding of Islam in the 7th century of the common era. Spreading like wildfire and selling like hotcakes Islam
spread to cover all of central Europe achieving what took Hinduism a millennium in a mere 100 to 200 years. This distinct difference in speed can be
attributed

Essay Can Democracy Succeed in Islamic Countries?
In the west, the possibility of a successful democracy in the Islamic world is still in question. This is due in part to the significant revolutions that
have and are still taking place in many Muslim lead countries. These concerns stem from the possibility that a true democracy in Islamic lands may
lead to Islamic democrats seeking reconciliation of human rights and civil liberties under strict Islamic ruling. Needless to say, an Islamic democracy
is perceived as a threat; with good reason. Decades of anti–Islam aggravation succeeded in corrupting the image of Islam in many western countries,
depicting Islam as authoritarian and anti–democratic.
Islam has always been the soul of all Arabs. For all Muslim people, the embracing of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, having an Islamic democracy coexist with democracy in the west would concoct a recipe for turmoil as the Islamic religious beliefs and
way of life would be the ruling way for leaders of Islam to run their government. Whereas, in the western cultures, religion plays little, to no part in its
government affairs.
Throughout the Arab nations, Islam has and always will be their spirit and their strength of mind. Their negative expressions of stubbornness though,
heed warning to Muslims of other nations against electing parties with any type of an Islamic agenda.
While Muslims are not obligated to imitate or copy certain western aspects of democracy, there is nothing wrong in learning and borrowing from the
rich and long western experience of democracy. However, it should be made adequately clear that Muslims are under no obligation to agree with
anything that is incompatible with the principles of their faith.
If our decade long experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan have taught us anything it is that a stable democracy cannot be created from the removal of
tyranny alone. Granted, the western countries can provide assistance to the Arab world as far as discouraging violence but when it comes to the
long–term political change in the region, the question that should be asked is not what America can do to make sure that it turns out well for us. The
question asked should be is the Arab world ready for democracy?
Islam

The Islamic Movement Of The United States And Western...
Today many intellectuals and academicians still continue on these debates with different themes and aspects. But, in the last two decades, interestingly
some critical voices of these debates have been emerging in non–Muslim societies. New Muslim intellectuals in the western countries have been
producing a substantive amount of new practices and interpretations about the role of Islam in the modern world.
Additionally, in the last decade, the intellectual center of gravity of such groups as the Muslim Brotherhood, Gulen Movement, and many important
critical Muslim thinkers because of recent socio–political crises in their homelands have shifted to the United States and Western Europa in exile or for
different reasons. In addition to that, the second and third generations of Muslim immigrants have been creating a Islamic faith that aligns with
culturally and organizationally with the contemporary United States (Bilici 2012; Williams 2011). Mincheva (2016:13) argues that these recent
developments have generated the emergence of new reformist, home–grown and diasporic Muslim intelligentsia in the west who promote critical
reading of the original Islamic texts (the Qur'an and hadiths) and Muslim tradition in order to open new meaningful horizons for the religious message
(Kersten 2011). Mincheva (2016) also argues that the endeavours of these intellectuals lead the 'emergence of western Islamic public sphere' in the
west, which is supposed to historicize the absolute,

Essay on The History of Islamic Political Ideas
Al–Ghazali:
In past 20years, political role of Islam increased considerably which resulted in overgrown interest in finding the history of Islamic political ideas
existing in medieval Muslim society. The evaluation of ideas enabled it to find out the development of mechanism known as 'Muslim society' and
discover its functioning as an efficient government. Among many Islamic schools of ideas, Al–ghazali is also one of those renowned Islamic scholars
who gave his ideas regarding efficient government and political system.
Al–Ghazali was born at Ghazzalah near Tuss in 1058.He is one of the renowned and distinguished philosophers in the history of human thought. He is
considered as Mujaddid and also considered as imam among the four Imams. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Islam, ulemas are given tremendous importance due to their knowledge about Sharia, because Sharia is the direct source of authority. Because of
not having the concept of any church institute in Islam, ulemas' function exceed the bounds of pure religious issues. Since religion plays a vital role
in caliphate. So considering this fact, ulemas' authority because of having broad knowledge about religion, played a key role in political life of the state.
Caliph of the state used to base his authority on the imam's divine authority.in such crucial conditions, al–Ghazali gave his political theory of caliphate
and expounded it as a defender and champion for the unity of Muslim world.al–ghazali was inspired by both Islamic as well as non–Islamic sources
like Persia. The major work contributed to political ideas by al–ghazali includes the following remarkable attributes:
1) Munqidh Min ad.Dalal
2) ihyn–ul–ulam
3) Tibr–ul– Masbuk
4) Kimiya_i_sa'adat
5) Iqtisad fil–I'tiqad
6) kitab–ul–wajiz
7)Mustazkhiri
Political treaties:
Al ghazali pointed out two core aspects of the"caliph and sultan" issue.first the relation hukm and secular authority i:e sultan .second– religion and
state.he also gave the description and told the characteristics possessed by caliph and also depicted the selection procedure.In his imamate theory he
gave the three main conditions 1)power to ensure the order in state 2)caliph as source of

"Religion And Violence" Is Currently One Of The Most...
"Religion and violence" is currently one of the most recurrent themes authors write about due to the numerous terrorist actions that consistently occur.
These incidents raise multiple questions that the authors of the articles tried to answer by treating different aspects that intersect with religion and
violence such as politics and terrorism. The authors of these articles share a lot of ideas and assumptions while simultaneously disagree on others and
try to explain certain aspects differently.
First of all, the comparative analysis of the articles shows that the authors agree that the political is indispensable to examine the relationship between
religion and violence. In other words, the issue of politics is a crucial theme to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By showing these common viewpoints, both authors highlight the consequences of such categorization on society. By addressing how the religion is
portrayed as merely political, the authors seem to give importance to the nature of religion which is also a common theme in some of the other articles.
The nature, in this case, is the general concept, not the nature itself that the articles portray differently. In Should we blameIslam for terrorism?
Shariamadari emphasizes the importance of the nature of the religion in terms of understanding its interaction with the other components of the trilogy.
In addition in How Religion can Lead to Violence, by Gary Gutting, the nature of religion is also a key factor to comprehend the issue of theological
violence.
Although the concept of the nature is common in all the articles, they portray different perspectives in defining the nature of religion and its linkage
to violence and the political. Gutting, in his article, seems to correlate violence with the absence of a reformation. The religion seems rigid to be
tamed in order to be adapted to modernity where religion faces contradiction with civil rights and modern values. This confrontation may lead to
violence expressed via politics or in the case of Islam, applying Sharia. Therefore, the nature of the religion as being rigid to transformation seems
important to explain violence. That's why he emphasizes the

Political Islam And The Middle East
Political Islam is an interesting phenomenon that impacts law, policy, and international relations with the Middle East. In order to understand what
Political Islam is one must first understand, as much as possible when starting from a Western Christian worldview, what Islam is. In addition to simply
describing Islam a comparison to another similar or related religion, such as Christianity, is helpful. Once an understanding of Islam is established one
can begin to see how it touches on every facet of Muslim life including law and policy, which affects those living within that system and the
relationships it forms when engaged internationally.
Islam was founded by an Arab man named Mohammed, a citizen of Medina, in the early 7th century A.D. and is considered by Muslims to be a
prophet. It is said that while meditating in cave outside of Medina the angel Gabriel appeared to Mohammed and began to give him the first of over
6,000 versus of what would eventually become the Qur'an, Islam's equivalent of the Bible. Islam is considered an Abrahamic religion because Arabs
are, according to the Bible, descended from Abraham's son Ishmael, while Jews are descended from his son Isaac. Christianity was in turn founded by
Jesus Christ who was Jewish, but in creating a new covenant between God and men freed adherents from the strict and complex Jewish prescriptions.
While Christianity and Islam can trace their roots back to Abraham and are similar in that they both give guidance to

Factors That Influence Extremism
Politics. Interpretation. Media. These are all aspects that play a role in how people perceive the world. Because of these ideas and ideologies that are
influenced by society, some people may believe that certain religions such as Islam; may influence extremism. Yet, this is not the truth. Furthermore,
extremism is not created by religion or in this case Islam.
For the argument that Islam does not influence extremism, one must understand and educate one's self regarding the factors that create, influence, and
enhance extremism. Examples of such factors that may help create and influence extremism are: politics and radical interpretation. Also, extremist
ideology can be enhanced through the use of media and modern technology.
In the case of politics, extremists have three main reasons that may lead to simply becoming extreme. The first, is injustice against other Muslims.
Extremists see wars on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Media is used to influence extremism through three main points. The first, is by "painting" a violent image of Islam. This violent image is "painted"
through stereotyping and misrepresenting Muslims and Islam in the media. Research has shown that, "media depict Islam as "fundamentalism",
"extremism" and "radicalism"... in the modern world where the role of media is central, the image of reality can be manipulated to misrepresent the
actual facts. The media have tried to represent Muslims as "terrorists" posing a threat to the western security." (MEЕ IД† 5) The stereotyping and
misrepresentation leads to Islamophobia (the fear of Islam) and can go back to the politics point of injustice against Muslims; wherein extremists feel
as though they've been unfairly treated and must act out harshly and violently. The violence that occurs as a result also is fueled by further feelings of
threat enhanced through the media; again another example of a factor having absolutely no relation to

The Rejection Of The West As A Religious Duty
Currently, many Muslims regard the rejection of the West as a religious duty (Yasmeen & Markovic, 2014). Materialism and consumerism in their
eyes are a kind of idolatry. However, the exploitation of the natural world through science and technology is not only considered permissible but is also
encouraged by Allah, if such actions are carried out in accordance with the Islamic principles of the Quran and Sunnah.
Islamic radical revolutionary movements are calling for complete elimination of the Western and especially American interests and influences from the
life of the Islamic states (Yasmeen & Markovic, 2014). Their rejection sometimes takes the form of jihad, which means 'holy war' and acts as a form of
terrorism. Although the majority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The West continues to serve as the main symbol of the satanic evil in Iran, where government systematically and virtually eradicates Western influence.
Among others, opposition to Western values helps the government to maintain power over the people.
Islam and Muslims in the West
There are opposing manifestations of close connection of Islam with the peoples and institutions of the West. On the one hand, many Muslims argue
that the openness of the Western culture corrupts and misleads Muslims from the Straight Path (Yasmeen & Markovic, 2014). This is quite true, for
example, in the case of the Muslim youth attending Western universities. They discover that traditional social models like close family ties, gender
estrangement, and a well–established model of compliance with the rituals do not work. The Western daily routine and training schedule are not quite
convenient for prayers at the appointed hours. Also, the Ramadan fasting is not conducive to the efficient and fruitful education of students (Yasmeen
& Markovic, 2014).
On the other hand, Muslim students of different nationalities work together on the formation of student associations and carrying out Salahs and other
religious duties (Yasmeen & Markovic, 2014). The Muslim youth, which enters, for example, the United States, have clearly contrasting values and
customs to the dominant ethnic group in the host country and accordingly adapt to the situation, taking

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