Swot Analysis Of Intel Essay

Swot Analysis of Intel Essay
The Intel Corporation
Introduction The main purpose of this case analysis is to find the issue and problem that Intel
Corporation faced and how they improve their performance and solve problems. First, I will
summarize the history of Intel Corporation. Second, to point out the challenge that Intel Corporation
has. And, third, I will use SWOT analysis to analyze the internal strengths and weakness and
external opportunities and threats of Intel Corporation. Eventually, I will give some
recommendation.
History of Intel Corporation Intel Corporation is a leading microprocessor producer for personal
computer (PC) in the world. Intel Corporation was formed by In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon
Moore founded Intel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the customers will never feel satisfaction with buying the same or few types of
microprocessors. In order to satisfy various demands, Intel always spend huge amount and put a lot
of efforts into their R&D department which makes Intel is able to introduce new products before its
competitors. Consequently, Intel can provide the choices to the demand from high–end product with
high price and the low–end demand with lower price.
3. Economic of Scale Intel has almost dominated the PC, laptop, and corporate computer's CPU
which allows Intel to build up highly barriers for the new entrants because of the large economies of
scale. Once Intel reaches the economies scale, they have a significant cost advantage over its
competitors and that this dominant ability will make its competitors are essentially price takers, with
little power to set up their own prices.
Weakness
1. The Struggle of Expanding Smartphone Business Many experts claim that the smart phone will be
flagship product in high tech industry for next decades. However, currently, ARM (The Architecture
for the Digital World) dominates the smart phone chip market and acknowledges the first mover
advantaged. As a result, it is very difficult to expand smart phone chip business for Intel and lose its
competitive advantage.
2. Downward Microprocessor Demand
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Chemistry Advances in Computers with the Work of...
Chemistry and technology has allowed so many advancements in today's society. It has allowed us
to have faster computers, better displays, bigger hard disks(hard drives),and it gives us the ability to
work, to create, and to play. The main focus point of my research is how chemistry has advanced
computers with the work of transistors. A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify,
control and generate electrical signals. Transistors look like integrated circuts. They are placed in
micro processors, known as the heart of a micro processor. As times go on transistors decrease in
size and increase in capability.
What was society like before the discovery of your technology? The discovery of transistors has
been around ever since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How is your technolgyaffecting society today? In my opinion technology is having a negative affect
on society. You walk into resturants and you see a family everyone of their faces shoved into a
phone. But on the flip side it can be a positive affect. You see what all transistors do in all sorts of
technology. You have computers with games that look as if they are real life. Like if you were living
in the right part of the world you could look outside your window and see the same thing you are
seeing and hearing on the screen. You have an iPod that can fit in the palm of your hand yet it can
hold tens of thousands of songs. That is enough to play for a whole year! Technologly has come so
far with it's pros and cons of the world affect to all the advancements. You can have the world at
your fingertips, as long as you do not have a flip phone. But if you had an iPhone you could hold
music, apps, and much much more.
In your opinion, what impact will your technonly have on the future? In my opinion the future of
technolog wil have both a positive and negative affect, the same as what technology is doing now.
The technology of transistors will continue to have society in awe of what ever new product will
come out next. They will become friends with who ever gets the new product first. We will ask for
the things for christmas and boast about it too all of our friends. Because we have most storage for
all of our stuff. Transistors

Essay On Conditional Branch Predictor
Conditional branch predictor (CBP) is an essential component in the design of any modern deeply
pipelined superscalar microprocessor architecture. In the recent past, many researchers have
proposed varieties schemes for the design of the CBPs that claim to offer desired levels of accuracy
and speed needed to meet the demand for the architectural design of multicore processors. Amongst
various schemes in practice to realize the CBPs, the ones based on neural computing – i.e., artificial
neural network (ANN) have been found to outperform other CBPs in terms of accuracy.
Functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) is a single layer ANN with low computational
complexity which has been used in versatile fields of application, such as ... Show more content on
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The major dificulty encountered due to extensive use of parallelism is the existence of branch
instructions in the set of instructions presented to the processor for execution: both conditional and
unconditional branch instructions in the pipeline. If the instructions under execution in the pipeline
does not bring any change in the control flow of the program, then there is no problem at all.
However, when the branch instruction puts the program under execution to undergo a change in the
flow of control, the situation becomes a topic of concern as the branch instruction breaks the
sequential flow of control, leading to a situation what is called pipeline stall and levying heavy
penalties on processing in the form of execution delays, breaks in the program flow and overall
performance drop. Changes in the control flow affects the processor performance because many
processor cycles must be wasted in ushing the pipeline already loaded with instructions from wrong
locations and again reading–in the new set of instructions from right address. It is well known that in
a highly parallel computer system, branch instructions can break the smooth flow of instruction
fetching, decoding and execution. This results in delay, because the instruction issuing must often
wait until the actual branch outcome is known. To make things worse, the deeper the pipelining,
more is the delay, and thus greater is the performance loss.
Branch predictors

Porter Five Forces Of Intel
Five forces (semi conductor industry
Porters five forces model is a tool that helps a company understand competition in that market.
There are five different segments in this model, you have competitive rivalry, bargaining power of
customers, bargaining power of supplies, threat of substitutes, and threat of new entrains. In the
micro processing industry, there are many competitors. The one company that is a true competitor
for Intel is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). AMD is the second largest microprocessor supplies
and the significant rival to Intel for x86 based microprocessors.
Competitive Rivalry
Intel uses a differentiation strategy that builds competitive advantage through product quality,
customer service, and brand image management. Intel invests heavily in the innovation of their
products including their cutting edge microprocessors and other technological products, so they can
ensure leadership within the market. One way to succeed in product differentiation is to
continuously innovate and develop new or enhanced products that cannot be easily matched by
competitors.
Bargaining Power of customers
With Intel have very few substitutes in the microprocessor industry, it is it is most certain that
current customers will not want to switch and use another company's products. High switching cost
presents low bargaining power to the customers mainly because it would be very expensive to
switch to a competitor, and since Intel is the leader in the market, switching

History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in
developing and improving technology for various sectors to make the world a better place for us to
live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have
greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour,
finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that
life without computers will certainly be incomplete. In current times most of us own computer
gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids, ... Show more content on
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It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some
form of input, processing as well as output. In a modern computer, these processing is done
electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time.
Binary codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds,
text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and zeros that represents the electrical on and
off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective
would be the invention of hardware components over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated
circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand,
another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the
1950s the computers were almost impossible to use except by very patient geniuses. Next in the
1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s
till present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These first electronic computers used vacuum tubes.
They were huge and complex,

Related Literature Review: Computer Engineering As A Course
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Computer Engineering as a Course
Berry (2013) stated that background in basic science, mathematics and the humanities should
include in the curriculum of computer engineering. In the program, written and oral communication
skills should be nurtured and improved. Also, team coordination in creating projects and an account
of morally upright and professional responsibilities of an engineer should be counted in any related
computer engineering program.
Digital and microcomputer applications, telecommunications, image processing, digital signal
processing, computer architecture, electromagnetic compatibility and computer insights are some
involved in the recent progresses in computer engineering. These fields ... Show more content on
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They want to know how computers will be able to successfully work and make the computers faster,
smarter, and more efficient. They study mathematics, physics, and science to be able to learn how to
analyze, design and develop a computer hardware and software. In the articles that we collected,
these ideas should be included in the curriculum of computer engineering. The student must have a
prior knowledge about the said basic subject that is related in computer engineering. Additionally,
written and oral communication should be emphasized and developed. Also, in team project work
and professional responsibilities should be obtained. What Computer can do? Computer engineers
work to developed, designed, and testing computer hardware. Through this work, we can provide
new ideas and new systems that improve our technology. They can design and develop software
applications too that can software engineers can do. The subjects that are connected to computer
engineering course can hinder the perspective of the aspiring computer engineers. They can have
some hard time in taking up the subjects. Although it is hard, they can have developed their thinking
skills and socialization with others

Statement of Purpose for Studies of Microcontrollers and...
Evolution in technology has merely transformed the world into new era. Technology has evolved
from analog telephones to 4G wireless cell–phones in the past decades and I strongly believe that,
this pace will remain continuous. Hence, I would like to gain knowledge in this field and it would
give me the leading edge in technology and the practical knowledge and information I require.
My post masters goal is to work as a researcher in one of the top universities, here I expect to work
on different Embedded Systems. I am willing to work in the field of Microcontrollers and
Microprocessor; also would like to enhance my knowledge by acquiring the skills willing to
contribute in real time embedded systems and even Custom Designs. I intend to do ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent invention by Professor Harald Haas of The University of Edinburgh using visible light as
a source to send data led us to do some research on Visible Light Communication, ultimately using
this research for our project for the final year of my undergraduate program. In this the data is being
transferred using visible light from transmitter to another receiver. It had unique features like it
required very less hardware and a easy to learn software, the visual basic 2.0. The Project in the final
year of diploma was the 'CAR BATTERY INVERTER' in which it converts the Direct Current into
Alternating Current in most feasible way. This project was selected by our college to represent it for
the International Level Project Competition Cum Exhibition, for which we received Participation
Certificates. During the same time, I attended the workshop on R–duno bot, which was held in one
of the reputed institute of India, the IIT BOMBAY (Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay).
The Undergraduate Program developed skills such as Leadership and Communication. Since our
college being a newly established, we had to take more effort to improve and establish our
academics as well as the Extra Curricular Activities. Being posted as the Vice Chairman of the IETE
(Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication), I successfully Managed and Co–ordinated a
Technical Festival in the College, also organized workshops on wired robots for college students.
During my school days, I

Background Information & Analysis On Price Movements Essay
Background Information & Analysis on Price Movements Intel's main line of business is producing
semiconductors and has delved into other technologies such as flash memory, motherboards,
connectivity products, and storage devices. Since their inception in 1968 and the production of their
first microprocessor in 1980. Intel had become an industry leader not only just for their products, but
also as a key contributor to the evolution of the personal computer we all use today. Intel's current
financial condition is 3rd amongst other competitors in the industry. Intel's 2 biggest competitors
being Sony and Microsoft. Between the years 2011–2015 Intel's revenue has been stable pulling in
on average about $54 billion each fiscal year. The exception being the 2010 fiscal year where Intel's
revenue was $43.62 billion, the lowest point in the previous 5 years. The most recent income
statement reported a revenue of $55.36 billion for 2015. In the twelve months during the fiscal year
of 2015, the stock price for Intel had been quite unstable. Starting January 2015, the average stock
price was around $36.07. Since January, Intel's stock price decreased in March by 17% to $30.81 .
According to Lisa Eadicicco, a writer for Business Insider, she wrote "The company attributes this
change to weak demand for business desktops PCs. Intel also stated that fewer than expected
businesses upgraded from Windows XP computers, which could have contributed to lower inventory
levels across the PC

A Summary On Intel
Known as Intel Corporation (Intel) is an American multinational technology company headquartered
in Santa Clara, California. Intel's revenue base is one of the world's largest and most valuable
semiconductor chip makers. Intel chipsets also the motherboard, network interface controllers and
integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to
communications and computing it. Semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore
established it on July 18, 1968, and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of
Andrew Grove, Intel's advanced chip design capability with a leading–edge manufacturing
combines capacity.
Intel, in 1981, While the majority of this business represents Intel's ... Show more content on
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Apple has become public knowledge CEO Steve Jobs announced that the company provided by
Free–scale in its Macintosh computers (formerly: Motorola) and IBM would make a transition from
PowerPC to Intel microprocessors use, designed and developed by a chief supplier of processors for
most of Apple's competitors.
 SWOT ANALYSIS
1. Strengths
Intel, globally recognized brand name and strong brand loyalty.
Dominant Intel microprocessors for PCs and the pioneer supplier.
It is still dominated by various memory devices.
Intel–based AMD has about 17% of the time revenue.
Intel microprocessor market share is 80%.
Intel is a global technology company and the world's largest semiconductor chip producers.
Of world's 100 most influential brands published by MBO, Intel is listed at number 48 in 2010
standing.
In the 1990s, one of the largest and most successful companies in the world was Intel. For PC
business, Intel was a significant and beneficial hardware provider.
2. Weaknesses
Intel's strategy sometimes used to divide defend its market position against its

Electronic Voting Machine Using 8051 Microcontroller
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
By: G.CHAKRADHAR REDDY (07241A0263) R S R GAUTAM (07241A0268) P. KIRAN
KUMAR REDDY (07241A0274) B. NAGA TULASI RAM (07241A0280)
1
List of Contents
Abstract 1. Background 2. Microcontroller 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History 2.3 Definition of a
Microcontroller 2.4 Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors 2.5 Memory Unit 2.6 Central Processing
Unit 2.7 Bus 2.8 Input Output Unit 2.9 Serial Communication 2.10 Timer Unit 2.11 Watch Dog 2.12
Analog to Digital Converter 3. Introduction to 16X2 LCD Display 3.1 Pin description 3.2 DDRAM
– Display Data RAM 3.3 BF – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What forms the basis of such vast and complex system of governance? One needs not to be an
Einstein to guess the answer. It is fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections. Indian
constitution provide every adult above the age of 18 years irrespective of his/her religion, region,
caste, creed, color, economic status, education and sex the essential right to vote and elect her/his
candidate to represent her/him. Hence voting can be termed as backbone of not just democracy in
India but all around the world. Voting can be done in various ways. In early Roman Empire voting
used to be done by raising hands in favor or against. In board rooms voting is done in similar way,
some write their vote down, some choose to speak, some choose to cast vote using latest technology.
Voting Techniques In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to
cast his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by putting the stamp against his/her name and then
folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long,
time–consuming process and very much prone to errors. This method wanted voters to be skilled
voters to know how to put a stamp, and methodical folding of ballot paper. Millions of paper would
be printed and heavy ballot boxes would be loaded and unloaded to and from ballot office to polling
station. All this continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting

Computer Architecture And Its Impact On The Growth Of...
What is evolution? The term 'evolution' is defined in the Websters Dictionary as "the gradual
development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form." When it comes to
how we have progressed to a much more complex form in technology in general, the growth is
nothing short of outstanding. I remember when I was in awe when I viewed the first flat–screen
television in a mall, or seeing how cell phone pagers have evolved to cell phones so small they can
fit inside of your pocket as well as surf the internet while purchasing items, selling items, home care
and literally almost any subject you can think of technology and the growth of technology has
tapped into the market. We are living in an information age where every business sector is becoming
digitized; this can be a truly exciting or scary time depending on how you view technology.
Computer architecture, and it's evolution is at the heart of this growth in technology everywhere.
Increasing speed, minimizing area, cost and workload, while improving performance; it is truly
outstanding how a 1800 s.f computer clad with vacuum tubes weighing almost 50 tons has turned
into an a smart phone that has basically the same functionality as our current desktop. How did this
happen? What was the pioneering discovery or invention that led the race towards the prosperity we
currently enjoy? Some would argue: Cache Memory, Pipelining, Virtual Memory and even Paging,
however, those arguments all stem from the main

Mis Sop
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
I have always believed in the credo "If you set your sights for and the intention to do hard work is
strong, your feet will carry you there". It is to this belief that I attribute all, my accomplishments till
today and my passion to study further. Life for me is a dynamic process demanding one to be on the
move always. No goal is beyond my reach because I believe that "If a man wants to do something
he will find a way otherwise he will find an excuse"
I was given training in the basics of the operation and the applications of the computers during my
school days. I was constantly taught different concepts of computer in different levels at high
school. The various concepts that I am thorough with, in school, are ... Show more content on
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I have compeered at the national level technical symposium at college. I have presented an award
winning paper on "Network Routing" at a national level technical symposium, TAKSHATI, 2011
and was the runner up for quiz competition at technical symposium held at VNR VJIET.
Restricting to one area of study with tremendous competition around is not very helpful and the
versatility of courses in this program amazes me and fosters my keenness in joining this program I
believe that this program along with my determination, hard work, perseverance and dedication will
help me overcome all hurdles in my future in my future endeavors. Rapidly advancing technology
do necessitates mastering of a particular area. Hence I intend to pursue graduate study in "MIS".
MIS program provides the kind of exposure needed to broaden my thinking and undo my insular
prejudices that might be still prevalent in me. In a university of such confluence of people from
every culture, nationality, religion and ideology, I am sure that exposure to these kinds of diverse
influences would aid in the overall development of my personality. I also believe that I have better
chances of updating and scaling up my knowledge in your University through this program.
I aver that I shall work to the best of best of my capabilities and utilize every opportunity given to
me in the best possible way. I will be much obliged if I can be admitted into the program, which has
eminent professors, state–of–art

Intel Corporation: 1968 – 1997
INTEL CORPORATION: 1968 – 1997
Synopsis:
This case traces the strategic decisions of Intel Corporation which defined its evolution from being a
start–up developer of semiconductor memory chips in 1968 to being the industry leader of
microprocessors in 1997 when it ranked amongst the top five American companies and had stock
market valuation of USD 113 billion.
Intel in DRAM business:
The strategies employed by Intel for DRAM business focussed on:
1. Pushing the envelope of product design
2. Being first to market with newest devices
3. Premium pricing and skim marketing. No emphasis on mass production
Initially, Intel had a successful run in this business as they:
1. Had no immediate competition
2. The demand for memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Competitor
1. Defining industry standards: RISC v/s CISC technology led to stepping up of Intel's R&D for new
generations of the X86. Intel developed two generations of its X86 line simultaneously (the Pentium
and the Pentium Pro) and committed to a massive expansion in production capacity for these
products.
2. The threats from Clones: Intel's drive for intellectual property protection and settlement with
AMD followed by overwhelming successful propagation Pentium and Pentium Pro chips offset the
threat from clones.
Customers:
The 'Intel Inside' campaign with OEMs and "Runs better on a Pentium processor" sticker on PC
software strengthened customer recognition of Intel as a brand. Biggies like IBM and Compaq opted
out of these campaigns as they feared this would dilute their brand. However, growing demand and
popularity of Intel brand brought IBM and Compaq back to Intel. Intel emerged as a clear leader.
Intel's System Business added to the bottom line but the microprocessor was by and large their main
line of business.

Supplier Relationships
Intel moved from sole–source suppliers to dual to multi suppliers to ensure responsiveness to
requests for technical support and improvement.
STRATEGIC MANOEUVERS and IMPLICATIONS)
Intel strategic implications:
1st stage: DRAM story learning
2nd stage: Microprocessor story learning
3rd stage: The future
DRAM story:
R & D had three components:
1. Product development

Texas Instruments Case Study
1) Strategy, culture, strength and weakness. Volume up and the price down is the key strategy at TI
over the years. TI 's organizational culture can be summed by a "Do it ourselves" approach. TI is run
by engineers for engineers. The company prefers to hire straight out of college and incentivizes
employees with salaries and tenures in addition to a company culture that rarely fires. By this, TI
cultivates loyal and more importantly proud employees. It is no surprise therefore that there is an
almost obsessive dislike of other company 's products. TI 's culture both its strength and weakness as
it was a source for breakthrough innovation whilst at the same time arrogance and corporate hubris
which eventually tempered with their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Back then, as it is today, a computer was only as good as its software, and while other computer
could benefit a much wider array of software, the TI computer, whilst maybe powerful, was very
limited in its offering. TI was led by the fact that they hated the thought of sharing the lucrative
profits of program software and made it purposely hard for third party software companies to write
programs to run on their computer. So while software companies could write programs for any
computer it was extremely difficult to write for the TI a 5) Could these mistakes be avoided (with
respect to answers 2–4) These mistakes could have definitely been avoided, however this would
have required TI to change their companies core culture of "doing it ourselves". For example, TI
could have made it easier for programmers to create software that would be compatible with TI 's
computer. Another example would have been to purchase 8–bit processors which would have been
cheaper and in accordance to standard market practice at the time (and would also make it
compatible with most software). Analyzing the target market segment, "every man", would have
perhaps resulted in insights as per the market demand and needs. Turner based his decision on price
on a belief and not on market research. Perhaps market research could have resulted in an
understanding that people would pay a premium

The Innovative Rise And Effects Of Computer Corporations
THE INNOVATIVE RISE AND EFFECTS OF COMPUTER CORPORATIONS According to "The
History, Development, and Importance of Personal Computers" of Science and Its Times, in 2001,
estimates believed that "there will be 2 billion PCs in use worldwide as of 2014." Today, computers
have changed our modern society. Almost every human being is using a computer either by ordering
out a drive thru at a fast food restaurant or even just surfing the web. Computers allow the world to
be interconnected and people from all over the globe to communicate within seconds. To find the
foundation of computers, we must look at the creation of the first computer and the innovations that
led up to computer corporations. Next, we must examine the rise of large computer ... Show more
Another essential element in creating a computer is the knowledge of how to use electricity
("History, Development, and Importance"). All computers eventually develop the same basic
components: a CPU, RAM, hard disk drive, input and output devices, and a constant power source
(Goldsmith and Jackson). The first computer became the foundation of all computer development
and innovations were created afterwards to support and improve upon it. According to the article
"ENIAC" from World of Inventions, the first computer that required the use of electricity was called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and it was designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly during World War II ("ENIAC"). Eckert and Mauchly's ENIAC "contained
18,000 vacuum tubes and required 160,000 watts of power. It weighed thirty tons, and took up over
1,500 square feet" ("ENIAC"). In "The Development of Computer Assisted Mathematics" in
Science and Its Times, ENIAC was built to use numbers to describe the behavior of explosives, high
performance aircraft, and the weather ("Mathematics"). Even though ENIAC's main use was for
military purposes, it can also make meteorology calculations and help with nuclear weapons
research ("ENIAC"). According to Brian Overland, a professional programmer of the C family of
languages, "electronic . . . made it possible to use wires and vacuum tubes to stimulate logical
operations," and allowed for the use of wires and vacuum

Statement Of Purpose For Electronics Engineering
Statement of Purpose
I take this opportunity to introduce myself as a final year undergraduate student of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from SASTRA University, an elite university which is always among the
top 50 engineering universities of India. As a child I enjoyed playing with hot wheels cars and grew
up using remote controlled cars. I was always fascinated in understanding their mechanisms as I
wanted them to go faster and faster. My interest for electronics had its first footing from these
experiences. Electronics in particular interested me a lot with its presence in every aspect of our
daily life. With interest in electronics, during high school years I constructed logic gates and started
making small toys using batteries and motors. With such fascination for electronics I ... Show more
As with any good school my university had always helped me find new dimension in myself and
played a vital role in nurturing my interest in fields of electronics. Through a lecture on "Embedded
systems" by one of my professor Dr. Sankaran, I learnt that embedded systems are core electronic
systems and believed it could master mind future electronic devices. I pursued that field with an
intention to equip myself with the basics required for that field; I took up both theoretical and
practical courses on Microcontrollers and Microprocessors in my third year which gave me a deep
insight of the chip technologies. With the understanding from that course I undertook three course
projects; one of those was an "ELECTRONICALLY GUIDED WALKING STICK". To achieve this
I used long wavelength sensors to find out the obstacle and determine the distance of the obstacle
from the person. The second project involved creating an "AUTOMATIC WINDOW CLOSING
SYSTEM". In this, whenever there are loud noises a microphone

Essay- How Computers Benefit Businesses
The business world of the 21st century is becoming more demanding and challenging as operations
grew bigger and more complex with projects that need to be done in smaller time frames. There is
very little room for even slight errors and mistakes; as such errors can cost businessmen millions of
dollars. Therefore, reliable workforces are much needed to get projects done quickly as well as
efficiently. This is why computer–aided tasks are becoming an increasingly popular trend nowadays.
The first generation of computers dates back to as early as the 1940 's. The computers of that time
however proved to be a hassle just to run and maintain it to be of any use to businesses of the times.
It was very huge, extremely sluggish and slow but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Errors only occur if data or instructions itself that are being keyed into the computer contains error.
This is very important for companies to avoid problems, because a slight error can be costly as
mentioned earlier. A good example is when an accountant is doing hefty financial calculations, if
there 's even a slight mistake in the calculation; the whole account needs to be recalculated, which
will take a lot of time. With the help of computers, such problems do not exist.
Computers have the ability to store data in its storage media. This means previous transactions,
client database and other form of business–related information can be stored electronically inside a
computer for future reference. This is very useful as it replaces the obsolete method of keeping
records in files and papers inside cabinets, in a more secure manner where these data can be
protected with a password. Not only that, computers have the ability to search for specific file,
record or other form of information using the integrated search tool. This process is much faster
compared to the process of searching for files in cabinets manually, saving invaluable time.
Modern computers are very reliable and have low failure rate. Long gone are the days of expensive
maintenance costs and unreliable computers. This is because every electronic component in the
computer system have

Essay Intel Corporation, 1968-1997
Intel Corporation, 1968–1997
Synopsis:
This case traces the strategic decisions of Intel Corporation which defined its evolution from being a
start–up developer of semiconductor memory chips in 1968 to being the industry leader of
microprocessors in 1997 when it ranked amongst the top five American companies and had stock
market valuation of USD 113 billion.
Intel in DRAM business:
The strategies employed by Intel for DRAM business focussed on:
1. Pushing the envelope of product design
2. Being first to market with newest devices
3. Premium pricing and skim marketing. No emphasis on mass production
Initially, Intel had a successful run in this business as they:
1. Had no immediate competition
2. The demand for memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intel realized the advantage of partnering with IBM and initiated projects like "Crush" and
"Checkmate" to counter Motorola to ensure microprocessor supremacy. With the success of securing
IBM contract along with more wins, Intel was on set on track to ensure industry dominance.
Exit from DRAMs
Intel TMT had an emotional connect with the DRAMs business. Successful development of 1M
DRAM was traded off for microprocessor development more on the behest of the middle line
managers who developed the microprocessor technology over time with resources allocated for
DRAM research. This was in line with Intel's entrepreneurial culture which encouraged strategic
planning through all functions. By 1986, Intel's TMT officially approved middle managers' pursuit
to exit from the DRAM business and focus on the microprocessor.
Intel as a Microprocessor company
Intel began supplying microprocessor to IBM. To meet the demand, Intel licensed to as many as 12

other companies to produce 8086 chips, which left Intel with just 30% of the total revenues and
profits for that product. Gradually, they reduced the number of licensee to only IBM. Thus they
retained the "profits pool" within their value chain.
Meanwhile, IBM, who was Intel's star customer, decided to produce own proprietary components.
This was an inflection point for Intel. It partnered with Compaq and Microsoft, to break the
hegemony of IBM. Though Microsoft products did not

Essay On Conditional Branch Predictor
Abstract. Conditional branch predictor (CBP) is an essential component in the design of any modern
deeply pipelined superscalar microprocessor architecture. In the recent past, many researchers have
proposed varieties schemes for the design of the CBPs that claim to offer desired levels of accuracy
and speed needed to meet the demand for the architectural design of multicore processors. Amongst
various schemes in practice to realize the CBPs, the ones based on neural computing – i.e., artificial
neural network (ANN) have been found to outperform other CBPs in terms of accuracy.
Functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) is a single layer ANN with low computational
complexity which has been used in versatile fields of application, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The major dificulty encountered due to extensive use of parallelism is the existence of branch
instructions in the set of instructions presented to the processor for execution: both conditional and
unconditional branch instructions in the pipeline. If the instructions under execution in the pipeline
does not bring any change in the control flow of the program, then there is no problem at all.
However, when the branch instruction puts the program under execution to undergo a change in the
flow of control, the situation becomes a topic of concern as the branch instruction breaks the
sequential flow of control, leading to a situation what is called pipeline stall and levying heavy
penalties on processing in the form of execution delays, breaks in the program flow and overall
performance drop. Changes in the control flow affects the processor performance because many
processor cycles must be wasted in ushing the pipeline already loaded with instructions from wrong
locations and again reading–in the new set of instructions from right address. It is well known that in
a highly parallel computer system, branch instructions can break the smooth flow of instruction
fetching, decoding and execution. The consequence of this is in delay, because the instruction
issuing must often wait until the actual branch outcome is known. To make things worse, the deeper
the pipelining, more is the delay, and thus greater is the performance

Personal Statement For Electronic And Communication...
I have pursued my education so far in Electronic & Communication Engineering. Since Electronic
& Communication Engineering has both electronics and computer subjects I had an opportunity to
get to know about hardware and software. Computers and their applications interest me. Whatever I
did on the academic and professional front, it carried a flavor of Computers all through. I feel
proficiency in Computers is only the remaining thing that has been left out in my journey with areas
of study so far. So this stands out as the obvious choice for me now to indulging totally in
Computers. Since I'm working as an software engineer teaching and figuring out a new solution in
computers application intersect me, but that interest does not stop on computers development
applications. It extends to begin a research on Artificial Intelligence. I have always been very strong
in the area of computers and Electrical. From hardware to software I have natural inclination to
understanding and scripting for the computers applications.
To justify my eligibility to get into your respected university, I'd like to produce my academic details
and relevant experience, which speak for themselves of my ever–consistent proficiency and
performance. Starting from my high school I implemented science projects, which is considered as a
fairly impressive to do it more on it, secure 81.33% and continued the intersect even I entered my
12th and cleared it in the year 2008 with 86.1% which clearly elucidates my

My Statement Of Purpose For Electrical Engineering
Passionate, Curiosity to ask till you are convinced and Clarity such that it sounds simple but not
simpler. The quench for this would be fulfilled by understanding the unknown and what lies
undiscovered. Intrigued by the laws of nature I have always been inquisitive about science and
technology and how it can be most useful to the society. Also over the years, I have developed a
deep interest in a combination of technology and how it can be most useful to the society. I also
have developed an interest in a combination of technologies using electronics and computers. My
special inclination towards Electrical Engineering has been primarily because of subjects namely
Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and Computer Organization which I learned during my
undergraduate program. I am equally fascinated by the processors or microcontrollers used in our
computers and smart phones and the amazing number of possibilities they can be made in. I am
strongly determined to learn the working of these systems and pursue a research career in the same.
Hence, I resolved that pursuing M.S. will be an ideal step towards the achievement of my goal. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These topics have fascinated me ever since. When I studied the fundamentals of analog and digital
signals, I almost decided that Digital Signal Processing will be the career for me. What got me more
enthused in this area was when I learned about microprocessors. I had the opportunity to study some
of the processors during my third and fourth (final) year of undergraduate. That's when I realized
how the two fields could be merged together by having dedicated processors. I was certain that my
interest in this will increase by taking Digital Signal Processing and Computer Architecture as
electives in my final semester of undergraduate

Over time, computers have evolved tremendously due to...
Over time, computers have evolved tremendously due to inventors working with different devices.
Even before history was recoded, people used handheld counting and computing aids. Today, with
our modern technology, people use computers called laptops and even other handheld devices such
as IPads and even a cell phone. Over history, computers have evolved in order to fulfill the needs of
today's society and better serve people. My paper will explore the creation and usage of each device,
beginning with Manual calculators, looking at mechanical calculators, computer prototypes,
generations of computers and ending with personal computers. Before history was recorded by pen
and paper, people used counting aids–like pebbles– to keep ... Show more content on
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Mechanical calculators came on the scene shortly after the slide rule was developed. Instead of
needing the operator to apply algorithms to perform calculations as was the case with manual
calculators, a mechanical calculator implemented algorithms autonomously. The operator entered
the numbers for the calculations and pulled a lever/turned a wheel and the calculation would be
carried out. Mechanical calculators were developed in 1623, one of them was called Shickard's
calculator, which contained a series of interlocking gears. It had ten spokes and each spoke on a gear
represented a digit. Each time that the gear made one complete revolution, it moved on to the next
gear which was one notch to the left in order to "carry the one". Moving on to 1642, Blaise Pascal
developed what was known as the pascaline. A pascaline was a mechanical device that was used for
both addition and subtraction as well as division and multiplication. Gottfried Whilhelm von Leibniz
created a similar calculator in 1673. In 1820, however, Thomas de Colmar's Arithmometer was the
first mass produced mechanical calculator. Soon, calculators wouldn't need human power in order to
operate. In 1822, Charles Babbage created plans for a device that would be called the "Difference
Engine" that would run only on steam power. It was made to rapidly and accurately calculate large
tables of numbers that were used for engineering and astronomical applications. The blueprints for
the Difference Engine

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Microprocessor
Microprocessor is a semiconductor device which contains most of the central processing unit (CPU)
functions and an engine that is fabricated on a single chip (Brain, n.d.). It is a multipurpose and
programmable device that process the input data into output results according to instructions stored
in its memory which is represented in binary numeral system (Microprocessor, n.d.). The first
commercially available microprocessor is Intel 404 which is a 4 bit processor and it was introduced
by Intel Corp in 1971 and designed for the usage of calculator (Intel 4004 microprocessor family,
n.d.). The 4004 was fully integrated in a small chip and held 2,300 transistors which included the
4001 ROM, 4002 RAM and 4003 Shift Register. It also executed up to 92,000 single word
instructions per second which could access 4 KB of program memory while 640 bytes of RAM.
Intel 4004's minimum feature size is 10 µm while the maximum CPU clock rate is 740 Hz (Intel
4004, n.d.). It had a control unit capable of performing control ... Show more content on
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It consist 3500 number of transistor. The 8008 was available in two speed grades which is 500 KHz
and 800 KHz because it took the CPU from 5 to 8 cycles to execute each instruction while the
effective rate of instruction execution was around 45,000 to 160,000 instructions per second (Intel
8008 microprocessor family, n.d.). The following year, Intel produce the Intel 8080 which is an 8–
bit microprocessor with a 64 KB main memory and 2 microseconds clock cycle time. It also can
execute 500,000 instructions per second which is ten times faster that Intel 8008. In the mid 1970's,
microcomputers were designed using 8080 as CPU (Evolution of Microprocessor, 2010). Some
other 8–bit microprocessor is Zilog–80 and Toshiba's T3472 (Intel 8008 microprocessor family,

Computer Science As A Science
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Computer science spans the range from theory through programming to cutting–edge development
of computing solutions. Computer science offers a foundation to adapt new technologies and new
ideas. It has become one of the booming fields in the world. So this inspired me to pursue computer
science as major field. Many individuals have an aspiration to be a part of this highly coveted field
and I am one of those. My passion in the Computer Science developed ever since I was in school
and inspired by seminar of innovation of computer. I learnt that this is the technology which changes
the world every second to second. The connection with this e–world encourage me to enhance my
study in computer science as my master study as it has become my area of interest.
Academically I have a virtuous record; been an excellent student and chalked up good scores. I had
a natural attraction towards computers, this started from the games & other basic apps like paint,
notepad from the early childhood. My secondary school education was from SUNFLOWER HIGH
SCHOOL where I chose computer as co–curricular subject. My higher secondary school education
was from SHIV ASHISH BOARDING SCHOOL where my major subjects were Maths, Physics,
chemistry. I paid very much attention on my board exam and able to secure admission in
AHMEDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for bachelors in Computer Engineering.
The days of my undergraduate study helped me to get essential knowledge and a better grasp

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a single–chip microcomputer that contains all the components such as the CPU,
RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers.
Unlike a general purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a micro controller
is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. Micro controllers are sometimes
called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of an embedded system. A
microprocessor is a general–purpose digital computer with central processing unit (CPU), which
contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a program counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP), some
working registers, a clock timing circuit, and interrupts circuits.
The main disadvantage of microprocessor is that it has no on–chip memory. So we are going for
micro controller since it has on–board programmable ROM and I/O that can be programmed for ...
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The series of diodes used is IN4007.
ii) Filters:
The output of a rectifier contain d.c component as well as a.c component. Filters are used to
minimize the undesirable a.c., i.e. ripple leaving only the d.c.an inexpensive filter for light load in
the capacitor filter, which is connected directly across the load for high pass filter resistance should
be connected in parallel with capacitor and output is taken across capacitor. When low pass filter is
required output is taken across the resistance.
iii)Voltage regulators:
In an unregulated power supply, the output voltage changes whenever. The input voltage or load
changes. A voltage regulator is an electronic component that provides a stable d.c voltage
independent of the load current, temperature and a.c. line voltage variations. Component series used
as voltage regulator is 78xx and 79xx. Since it is required to connect capacitor before the voltage
regulator in order to block a.c current totally. For 12v output, operating range of capacitor should
around of 25v, which is quite sufficient to drive

Nt1310 Unit 3 Types Of Internal Devices
Internal devices
The devices that has installed within the computer are called as internal devices. For example, a
sound card is an internal device and a speaker is external device. Internal drive is an any drive
located inside the computer. Variety of internal devices is exiting inside the computer. [Source:
(Computerhopecom, 2016)]
Types of internal devices
Motherboard
Microprocessor
RAM chips
ROM chips
Expansion Slots
Expansion cards
Modem
Sound card
Network card
Fan
Motherboard
The main circuit board of a microcomputer is the motherboard. It is also called as the system board.
In order to attach all the parts of computer and devices, motherboard connects microprocessor.
Memory modules, microprocessors, BIOS chip and other ROM chips, display adapters, system
clock, build–in VGA and NIC, PCI and AGP expansion slots and are contained on motherboard.
Motherboard offers an additional connection through the south bridge chip such as SATA. [Source:
(Mcqsetscom, 2015)]
Figure 15: Motherboard
[Source: (Mcqsetscom, 2015)]
Microprocessor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It executes instructions. The major companies that produce microprocessor for IBM and Macintosh
computers are Motorola and Intel. Microprocessor requires a primary storage, a system clock and
power supply to function as processor. Some families of microprocessor chips are used by quite a lot
of types of PCs. The internal components of a standard microprocessor are Arithmetic logic Unit
(ALU), Control Unit (CU), cache memory, internal buses and registers. The basic characteristics of
a microprocessor are clock speed, instruction set and bandwidth. [Source: (Mcqsetscom,

Comparison and Contrast between Two Chapters
Comparison and Contrast between Two Chapters This paper will compare and contrast two CEOs
that led technology companies through difficult times. Michael Dell CEO and founder of Dell
Computers and Andy Grove former CEO and cofounder of Intel each provided quality leadership as
their companies faced challenges in the fast–paced computer technology industry. This paper will
introduce each man and describe their contributions to their company and the field of management,
resistance they encountered, similarities in their professional lives and how they differed. The
information about these two success CEOs comes from Jeffrey Krames (2003) book What the Best
CEOs Know: 7 Exceptional Leaders and Their Lessons for Transforming Any Business. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Michael Dell did face resistance from several competitors due to his direct selling and low
price strategy while the industry was in an economic downturn. History shows us, that he made the
right decisions as Dell Computer increased its market share even while burdened with the challenges
of a downturned economy.
Andy Grove and Intel faced two significant challenges that he successfully led his company to
overcome by making two substantial organizational changes. Intel confronted extraordinary external
competition in computer memory chips manufacturing. To save Intel, Andy Grove stopped
manufacturing memory and focused on making microprocessor chips. Management and employees
resisted this dramatic change, a change away from Intel's legacy. Andy Grove and Intel leadership
managed this change and led the company to new heights as a leader in microprocessor
manufacturing (Krames, 2003).
Similarities between Professionals
Both Mike Dell and Andy Grove possessed the vision, technical knowledge, and determination to
build companies that provided what their customers needed in the new and emerging computer
market. Both men led changes to their organizations when challenged by changes to their
environment. Both men also understood and embraced the importance of understanding their
customer and that customers' trust. Differences between Professionals
Michael Dell's

Nt1310 Unit 4 Language Analysis
what is the language in which computer can understand the given commands Binary language Hexa
decimal language Embedded C language Assembly language None 1 As computer is a machine, so it
can't understand normal language. It can understand only binary language i.e. '1' and '0'. Any input
language will be converted by it into binary language and understands the command which of the
following is a microprocessor 8086 8082 8088 8092 8080 1 The 8086 and 8085are microprocessor
chips designed by Intel 8086 is 16 bit microprocessor and 8085 is 8 bit microprocessor.
Microprocessor is asilicon chip that contains Arithmatic and logic unit, register circuits & control
circuits computers that can perform complex operations at very high speed are called ... Show more
Hybrid computers exhibit features of both analog and digital computers.
Super computers are the computers with highest computational capacity.speed of the present day
super computer measured in TERAFLOPS
who invented smartphone Alexander grahambell IBM Microsoft Antonio meucci infosys 2 First
smart phone was invented by IBM in

Microprocessors: X86 and Micron Technology
Microprocessors
Inside of the mysterious box that perches ominously on your desk is one of the marvels of the
modern world. This marvel is also a total enigma to most of the population. This enigma is, of
course, the microprocessor. To an average observer a microprocessor is simply a small piece of
black plastic that is found inside of almost everything. In How Microprocessors Work they are
defined as a computer's central processing unit, usually contained on a single integrated circuit
(Wyant and
Hammerstrom, 193). In plain English this simply means that a microprocessor is the brain of a
computer and it is only on one chip. Winn L. Rosch compares them to being an electronic equivalent
of a knee–joint that when struck with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The computer bus is the data line that connects the microprocessor the rest of the computer. The
width of the bus (how many bits it consists of) controls how much data can be sent to the chip per
clock cycle. MIPS or millions of instructions per second is simply how many instructions the chip
can perform in one second divided by 1,000,000. RISC is a commonly used term in the computing
world also.
It is an acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. Chips that incorporate
RISC technology basically rely on simplicity to enhance performance. Motorola chips use this
technology. The opposite of RISC is CISC which stands for Complex
Instruction Set Computer. These chips use more hardwired instructions to speed up the processing
process. All Intel PC products fall into this category.
Pipelining, superscalar architecture, and branch prediction logic are currently technological
buzzwords in the computer community presently. These technologies can be found in newer chips.
Pipelining allows the chip to seek out new data while the old data is still being worked on (Wyant
and Hammerstrom, 161).
Superscalar architecture allows complex instructions to be broken down into smaller ones and then
processed simultaneously through separate pipelines (Wyant and Hammerstrom, 161–163). Branch
prediction logic uses information about the way a program has behaved in the past to try to predict
what the program will do next (Wyant and Hammerstrom, 165). Bus speed is simply the speed in
MHz

Unit 3 Assignment 2.2 Arduino
2.2.1 BBC micro:bit
–––––––––––––––––––
BBC micro:bit is a wearable and programmable device that features a 5x5 LED display,
accelerometer, compass, buttons, I/O pins, Micro USB plug, Bluetooth Low Energy antenna, ARM
Cortex–M0 processor, and battery plug [@microsoft_touchdevelop_2015]. It is built with 29
partners to inspire children to start programming. Based on an ARM mbed chip, it is compatible
with many things, from mobile phones to popular micro–computers such as Raspberry Pis and
Kano, as well as microprocessors like the Arduino, Galileo, and little Bits, establishing a wide IoT
network. This is the microprocessor that will be enrolled in all the schools around in the UK. It will
be given free to students at year 7 and will be publicly available from October 2015. ... Show more
The Arduino is one of the most popular microprocessors available. There are various products
ranging its number of pins, functionalities, and processing power. On the Arduino website, the
recommended IDE is the Arduino IDE that was developed by the same company.
The compilation of Arduino is done with AVG/GCC, which is a compiler software built for AVR, a
single–chip microcontroller. The uploading is done through AVR–DUDE. Though the language of
Arduino's script is quite similar to C++, it is in fact wrapped C [@maxmackie_avr_2011]. The script
created in the Arduino IDE is handled and processed as such, once uploaded via the USB:
1. The Arduino IDE communicates with Arduino over USB–to–serial
2. Initialise programming mode in the Arduino, so the boot–loader, the firmware installed in the
factory, acknowledges the input
3. IDE sends new program to the Arduino using AVR–DUDE
4. The boot–loader will run the

Memory Management and Microprocessor
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we will cover the memory management of Windows NT which will be covered in first
section, and microprocessors which will be covered in second section. When covering the memory
management of Windows NT, we will go through physical memory management and virtual
memory management of that operating system. In virtual memory management section, we will
learn how Windows NT managing its virtual memory by using paging and mapped file I/O.
After covering the memory management, we will go through microprocessor. In this section, we will
learn a bit about the recent microprocessors, such as Intel and AMD microprocessors. We also will
learn about the trends that affecting the performance of microprocessors.
INTRODUCTION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The segmentation scheme in Intel 80386 microprocessor is more advanced than that in Intel 8086
microprocessor. The 8086 segments start at a fixed location and are always 64K in size, but with
80386, the starting location and the segment size can separately be specified by the user.
The segments may overlap, it allows two segments to share address space. To send the necessary
information, segment tables with segment selector as index are used. At any time, only two segment
tables can be active. They are Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and a Local Descriptor Table (LDT).
This two segment table only can be executed by the operating system.
Segment table is an array of segment descriptors which specify the starting address and the size of
the segment. Each segment descriptor has 2 bits specifying its privilege level, called as the
Descriptor Privilege Level (DPL). This DPL has to be compared with Requested Privilege Level
(RPL) and Current Privilege Level (CPL) before processor grants the access to a segment. If the
DPL of the segment is less than or equals to the RPL as well as the CPL, then the processor will
grant access to a particular segment. This serves as protection mechanism for operating system.
1.2.2. Virtual Memory Management in Windows NT
Windows NT virtual memory manager provides large virtual memory space to applications via two
memory management processes. They are called paging (moving data between

My Statement Of Purpose For Computer Science
Education is a companion which no future can depress, no crime can destroy, no enemy can alienate
it and no nepotism can enslave. It is this maxim that urged me to adhere to my interests and think
higher right from my young age. Being innovative and combining it with the knowledge gained
from education has helped me face challenges in life. That is the sole reason why I intend to pursue
my Masters at this juncture of my life. Education has always been the topmost priority in my life. I
finished my schooling under Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board and passed out
with an excellent result of 89.60%. As I was fascinated with mathematics and science concepts I
decided to take up science stream at the pre university level. I passed out with a result of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the advanced facilities, qualified faculty, I am confident that I will be exposed to the best
concepts and industry insights. This will help broaden my perspective and induce a sense of inquiry
in me. Coupled with genuine interest and an insatiable desire for computer software development
and programming, I am willing to dedicate myself towards the graduate program. My in depth
research on the US universities led me to (univ___name)__________ .Through various forums,
brochures , and the department website I have a definitive understanding about the courses offered
like _______________, _______________ and _________________ and undergoing research
which matches my area of interest. I have been especially impressed by the research being carried
out by renowned faculty members Dr. _____________ in _________ and Dr. ______________in
_____________. All of the above reasons have encouraged me to submit my application to your
university and get all the guidance and infrastructure to pursue my graduate studies and gain incisive

How Have Computers Changed Over The Years
How has the development of the central processing unit changed throughout the years as compared
to the structure of today's computer systems? Why are computers becoming more efficient in the
way we save energy? The functions of computers have evolved throughout the years. Central
processing units can be used for managing servers; they can also be used as personal desktop
computers in addition to notebook computers. The first generation of central processing units
consisted of having a magnetic core memory, while the second generation of central processing
units consisted in the arrival of transistors. After the 1960's, the third generation of central
processing units gave us an increase in the production of microprocessors. One of the
microprocessors that were developed during the 1960's was called Intel8742. The Intel8742 was an
8–bit microcontroller that had a central processing unit that run at a speed of 12MHz as well as
having a RAM of almost 128 bytes. During this time it was known that computers were very much
revolutionized in the size by making them smaller. The smaller the systems became the more
production of newer central processing units were developed. Another system that was part of the
newer version of central processing units is called personal computer systems. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The production of 32–bit microprocessors rose after the 1980's. Intel is one of the most prestigious
companies that were able to produce its first 4–bit microprocessor on November 15, 1971. On April
1, 1972, Intel was able to introduce its 8–bit microprocessor when also being able to create
processors such as Intel 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, as well as

Memory is the function of storage in a computer comes in a...
Memory is the function of storage in a computer comes in a lot of different sizes, types and shapes.
There are two basic categories: short–term and long–term. A classic computer contains several types
of memory including RAM, ROM, cache, and various long–term storage devices. Each type of
computer memory serves a detailed function and purpose.
Computer memory is dignified in bytes. A single byte is made up of a series of 1's and 0's normally
traveling in sets of eight. These eight 0's and 1's are the way the computer communicates and stores
information. With each character a byte of memory is used.
Power Supply is the power supply comes with the case, but this factor is mentioned separately since
there are several types of power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The microprocessor controls how data is fixed and directs the flow of data.
To a great extent a computer is defined by the power of its microprocessor. Chips with advanced
processing speed and more recent design offer the greatest performance and access to new
technologies. New microprocessors made for PCs are made by Intel or by companies that clone Intel
chips, such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Cyrix.
Things you will need:
Motherboard This is where the core components of your computer reside which are listed below.
Also the support cards for video, networking and more are mounted into this board.
Microprocessor – This is the heart of your computer. It performs instructions and controls the
operation of the computer.
Memory The RAM in your system is attached on the motherboard. This is the memory that must be
powered on to maintain its contents.
Drive controllers The drive controllers control the boundary of your system to your hard drives. The
controller lets your hard drives work by controlling their operation. On most systems, they are
comprised on the motherboard; however you may add additional controllers for faster or other types
of drives.
Hard disk drive This is where your files are permanently stored on your computer. Also, usually,
your operating system is mounted here.
.
Monitor This device which functions like a TV set lets the user see how the computer is reacting to

The Development Of Computer Development
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER FROM 1980 TO 2014
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of
figuring out/ calculating devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product
development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer
technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the
previous generation before it. As a result of the making something much smaller, speed, power, and
computer memory have proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed
that affect the way we live, work and play. Each generation of computers is seen as the major
technological development that basically changed the way computers operate, resulting in more and
more smaller, cheaper, powerful, efficient and reliable devices
As for now, there are four generations of computer which is first generation, second generation,
third generation, and fourth generation. The first generation begins from year 1940 to 1956 using
vacuum tube. For the second generation was from year 1956 to 1963 using transistor. Later
integrated circuit was produced in the year 1965 to 1971. By the year 1971 until present the
microprocessors is being used.
Microprocessor is a miniature electronic device that contains math, logic and control circuitry
needed to function as a digital computers CPU. Microprocessors are integrated circuits (Ic) that can
understand

Final Case 2 Intel Memo Essay
1. What are the lessons useful for their future microprocessor business that you think Intel should
have taken away from their experience in the DRAM industry?
Continuous innovation: As a technology company and from the experience of DRAM, it is
necessary to continuously innovate to uphold the leadership position in the industry. Intel was left
behind after 1103 DRAM in innovation.
Multiple approaches: It is necessary to take the multiple pronged approaches especially in the
uncertainty of the technology business. In DRAM, Intel deployed three different process
technologies 'Goldilocks strategy' and decided whatever technology came to fruition would be
mass–produced. This is effectively hedging the risk in the business.
Competitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How and why did Intel's added value change over time? What would you identify as the crucial
events, decisions, or moments in that transformation?
From pioneering in memory DRAM semicon to exiting the low–margin DRAM market – Intel was
primarily a Memory semicon manufacturer before it entered microprocessors in 1980s. Its added
value in the memory industry in 1970s was very high because of its advances in MOS process to
produce DRAM. However, with increase in competition and the advancement of Japanese
conglomerates in the memory industry Intel was forced to play a chasing game to improve
performance and reduce costs. In the mid–1980s, Intel's market share in the core memory business
was <1%, however it was continuing to invest in this domain. They finally exited the DRAM
market, which was more of a cash burner with low–margins.
Led the PC microprocessor market and ousted competition through sole licensor decision: Post
losing a contract to supply microprocessors to Apple, in early 1980s, Intel won a contract to provide
the same to IBM for its PCs. IBM PCs were a huge success and catapulted Intel to gain market
leadership. IBM initially forced Intel to license its product to other players to secure adequate
supplies reducing Intel's potential

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Printers
Introduction Since the earliest digital electronic computers, instruction sets have tended to grow
larger and more complex. The MARK–1 (in 1948) had seven instruction of trivial complexity, yet a
contemporary machine like the VAX has more than three hundred instructions. In addition, its
instructions can be more complicated. Any high performance implementation of the VAX has to rely
on complex implementation techniques such as pipelining, caches and prefetching. During the late
sixties, there was much experimentation with very complex instructions. It was made possible by the
interpreter. Hardly anyone thought of designing simpler machines. In 1970, a group led by IBM's
John Cocke, worked on a high–performance minicomputer, named the 801. IBM never marketed
this machine but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RISC allows freedom of using the space on microprocessors because of its simplicity. Instead of
using Stack, many RISC processors use the registers for passing arguments and holding the local
variables. RISC functions uses only a few parameters, and the RISC processors cannot use the call
instructions, and therefore, use a fixed length instructions which are easy to pipeline. The speed of
the operation can be maximized and the execution time can be minimized. Very less number of
instruction formats (less than four), a few number of instructions (around 150) and a few addressing
modes (less than four) are needed. Disadvantage of RISC With the increase in the length of the
instructions, the complexity increases for the RISC processors to execute due to its character cycle
per instruction. The performance of the RISC processors depends mostly on the compiler or the
programmer as the knowledge of the compiler plays a major role while converting the CISC code to
a RISC code; hence, the quality of the generated code depends on the

Computer Engineering At Shanghai Jiao Tong University
During my college career, through various challenging courses and research experience, as a
computer engineering major, I not only obtained a solid background knowledge in this field but
developed an analytical mind for research and a passion to continuing working in computer
architecture. After deliberating on my future, I decided to apply for the Ph.D. program at
(department of Computer Science & Engineering) at (the Pennsylvania State University).
I was honored to be admitted to the dual degree program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the
University of Michigan in 2013. During my freshman and sophomore years at Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, I led some embedded system related projects, and developed small applications on
different kinds of microprocessors. Writing software that is so close to hardware made me curious
about how these microprocessor's internal architecture works. Therefore, I declared my major in
Computer Engineering when I started my junior year at the University of Michigan. However, what
really got me excited about the field of computer architecture was the "Computer Architecture"
course. The course gave me the opportunity to build a synthesizable two–way out–of–order MIPS
R10K–based processor in Verilog. By walking through the progress that computer engineers have
been made since last century, I realized that I can learn more about computer architecture and even
make innovations by joining them in academic research.
Starting from the summer of

Computer And The Four Components Of Modern Computers
1) What made modern computers possible– Is The invention that could do calculations and other
information with no moving parts. Which was electronic components. Electronic components a fast
efficient machine such as Babbage (who designed the mechanical calculating machines that are the
ancestor of computers today) proposed could be built with all four components essential to modern
computing.
2) What are four components essential to modern computing– Input, Storage, Processor, Output A
toaster is a way to show the four parts of a computer. Input– just as a computer the raw data which
will be as bread for a toaster goes in. Storage– The information gets stored just as you are turning
the dial for the toaster Processor–It will then be processed just as the bread toast Output– will be the
final result (the bread being toasted) The difference between them however is a computer work with
software that makes it figure out what to do with the input you give. Software gives the computer
the ability to process many different things, while a toaster can just process bread. Another
difference is the fact a computer has a microprocessor. Which is used for used to read different
tasks.
3) How do computers receive input– There was a time where computers received input by flipping
switches, and plugging wire, and put holes in cards to input It data.

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