How Isolation Impacts Animal Behavior

How Isolation Affects The Behavior Of Different Animals
Different species occur when the genes in the animal mutate overtime. This changes the appearance
and the behaviour of the now slightly different animal. Eventually these traits will make them
change and evolve to their environment. This can happen when separation isolates them this also
prevents the different animals interbreeding. Eventually this isolates the two different species that
were once one. Isolation and separation can occur by geographical barriers such as oceans, rivers,
mountain ranges or climatic barriers like rainfall, temperature, sunlight, ocean currents. For example
birds must have all come from one set of the same breed. This means that budgerigars are related to
eagles. They are only different because of the environment and the amount of accessible food and
water. For instance the eagles are bigger than the budgies because eagles don't fly in flocks to make
them self look big however budgies do need to, to protect themselves. This is a survival trait that has
developed and evolved over the generations.
The birds in the image are slightly different because of isolation and separation over time. The beak
types had changed from the birds' beak on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that they could no longer interbreed. The squirrel population undertook speciation. Two
separate squirrel species inhabit the north and south rims of the canyon. On the other hand, birds and
other species that could easily cross this barrier continued to interbreed and were not divided into
separate populations. It is clear with these two squirrels that with the creation of the Grand Canyon.
Natural selection is for the squirrel at the southern end of the Grand Canyon, this is because they are
harder to see compared to the squirrel at the northern
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Essay on Animal Behavior: Mimicry Lab Report
Taste Aversion Learning by Birds in Colchester, Vermont on the Saint Michael's College campus: A
Study of Batesian Mimicry
Dana Dipinto April 11,2012 Animal Behavior Mimicry Lab Report
Taste Aversion Learning by Birds in Colchester, Vermont on the Saint Michael's College Campus: A
Study of Batesian Mimicry
Abstract This study's purpose was to learn and investigate the different aspects of Batesian mimicry,
learn bird species common to the area, their different foraging behaviors, and investigate if a
modification to their foraging behaviors can be implemented through learning. We will also measure
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methods The method that we used in our experiment deals with a feeding station. An outdoor
feeding station was established in Colchester, Vermont on Saint Michael's College campus. The
station was located in a field across the street and behind an astronomy tower surrounded by trees.
Our class chose to use red, green, and purple as the prey colors. After a group discussion took place
on which colors would best fit this was our conclusion. We chose to use green as the palatable prey,
purple as the mostly palatable, and red as the distasteful prey. The mostly palatable prey consisted of
¾ palatable, while the mostly distasteful prey only consisted of ¼ palatable. Flour and lard were the
ingredients in the recipe that we used for the prey. The addition of quinine sulfate was given to the
distasteful prey to add to the repulsive reaction of the predator (Banschbach, 2012). Next the prey
was then colored according to the chosen colors by our class. The red coloring was created using
two bottles of red dye in increments of 20 drops, while the green coloring was created using 100
drops of green dye in 25 drop increments. The purple coloring was created in class on the same day
but the data for replicating the purple pigment has been misplaced. After the prey was colored the
class cut the floury lard prey into roughly (6mm) sections long. They were then labeled in
accordance to their palatability. We then randomized the arrays of

How Did Charles Darwin Contribute To The Study Of Animal...
As a person who wishes to peruse a career in animal behavior I found Charles Darwin to be the most
interesting psychologist within chapter 3. he dedicated his life to find evidence of evolution and in
1859 he published his findings. His main focus within his research were about the finches found on
different areas within the Galapagos island. The finches each had different beaks accommodated for
the different types of food they ate on the island. By studying the finches he was able to conclude
that behavior and traits can adapt to certain situations in which the individual or animal finds
themselves in. This research helped many psychologist understand more about individual traits and
the different behaviors of both animals and humans. Thus sparking an increase in behaviorism and
the use of biology within the field of psychology. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He layed some of the stepping stones needed to develop certain theories that pertain to imitation and
learning. Which can be used with infants as well as some animals that have to cognitive ability too
learn. Both imitation and learning are reliant to the environment to the individual and the subject has
to adapt to the situation or they will not survive. Although Charles Darwin was not first nor was the
last to add on the evolution he had a huge role within the field of psychology, and this why I feel
Charles Darwin was an important

Blue Animal Behavior Essay
Blue was awarded the 2001 dog hero of the year. Blue is an Australian Blue Heeler who saved his
85 year owner from an alligator attack. Blue's owner, Ruth Gay, fell while walking Blue one day.
There was an alligator near by that was threatening to attack. Blue fought off the alligator and both
Blue and Gay made full recoveries. Blue's behavior raises one of the most controversial questions
scientists are trying to answer– was Blue's behaviors based on genetic instincts or do they think
about their actions. Scientists have been trying to answer this questions for years. The evidence says
that dogs' behavior is regulated by genetic instincts rather than emotional connection.
Before scientists can begin to answer the question of how dogs think, ... Show more content on
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Lindsay Patton wrote an article describing six behaviors that are based on genetic instincts. These
six behaviors are: spinning around and around before laying down, licking your face, burying their
toys, wagging their tails, rolling in gross things, and sniffing each other's bottoms. Patton explains
why dogs do each behavior. Dogs spin around before lying down because, "In the wild, dogs didn't
have a cozy bed or loving human to cuddle up with while they went to sleep. In order to give
themselves a comfortable place to rest, they would spin around to mat down grass and to kick up
anything that might get in their way, like bugs, dirt, sticks or anything else you'd find in nature,"
says Patton. Dogs lick your face because it's a way they would communicate in the wild. "It is also
the way a mother communicates with her young. Another reason is one many people already think:
the dogs are showing affection," says Patton. Burying their prized possessions is a survival instinct
of dogs ancestors. They wag their tail because tail wagging was a form of communication for dogs.
Rolling around in gross things was another survival instinct for dogs because it would hide their
scent when they snuck up on their prey. Lindsay Patton concludes by explaining why dogs sniff each
other bottoms. She says, "Dogs' noses are extremely complex and dogs can tell a lot just by smells.
By sniffing

Compare And Contrast The Major Perspectives In Psychology
Psychology is the study of the behavior and mind of all living organisms. Perspectives are made in
psychology in order for us to be able to have a better understanding of human behavior. These
"theories" help contribute to studying how people think, feel, and behave. Three of the main
perspectives include behaviorism, which is the study of people's behavior, humanistic, which is the
study of the potential good in everyone, and cognitive, the study of mental processes. Behaviorism
is one of the perspectives used to help get a better understanding of people. John B. Watson, an
American psychologist, founded behaviorism while studying people. While others studied the
conscious experience, Watson studied behavior. He switched the study of psychology

Examples Of Determining Animal Behavior And Abundance In...
Determining animal behavior and abundance in the wild can be difficult and methods between
researchers will vary. In many cases, different causes for "preferences" are found for similar groups
due to the variety of methods. This is important because most models of animal abundance are based
on previous findings on abundance and factors affecting area preference. With vulnerable animals
these models are used to determine how to protect certain species by protecting particular areas.
Therefore, truly understanding what influences an animal's preference to a particular area is critical
to protecting certain species. The following two papers, Sheppard and Wirsing, assess two
populations of Dugongs and their "preferences" in those areas. A ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Major differences in sampling methods could have effected the studies determination of dugong
abundance and area of preference. Sheppard's study individually tracked 7 dugongs, while Wirsing's
study recorded observations of 528 individuals passing in a transect. To start, the sample sizes could
affect results of dugong abundance for the two studies. For one, a sample of 7 mostly adult male
dugongs; 5 adult males, 1 unknown maturity male, and 1 adult female; out of a fluctuating 600 to
2,500 population, would not be representative of the population. Male and Female nutritional needs
differ along with mature and immature individuals needs and just overall individual health and life
stage. Therefore, while this study suggests that dugongs prefer sea grass patches with high N
concentrations when available over high biomass, this can be partially applied to adult males
ranging from 2.2M–3M, sample size still a bit small, but certainly not for entire populations. On the
other hand Wirsing observed 528 individuals out of a fluctuating 10,000–14,000. This is more
representative of the population, especially considering it wasn't a bias sampling with gender or
maturity. Thus using a larger sample allows a better representation of preferences and abundance of
a population. On the other hand, Sheppard's

Fields in Psychology
Fields in Psychology | Definition | Abnormal Psychology | It is the study of abnormal behavior. It is
actually a branch of psychology that deals with the study of abnormal behavioral patterns and their
causes. | Psychology of Addiction | A complete dependence on a certain substance or drug is known
as addiction. Both physiological and psychological factors can lead to addiction. The psychology of
addiction analyzes these factors and attempts to find ways of controlling addiction. The study of this
field of psychology is closely related to rehabilitation and community psychology, and is of help in
counseling the addicts to start a new life. | Psychology of Advertising | Advertising is largely based
on customer behavior. Marketing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The causes of dreams, the different types of dreams and the significance of dream content have
always been a subject of curiosity and interest. | Educational Psychology | It involves the study of
the education system and the behavioral and social development resulting from it. The much–
debated issue of heredity versus environment and how it influences an individual is dealt with, in
this field of psychology. | Environmental Psychology | This field studies the interaction between
human beings and their environment. The term environment encompasses one's social setting, as
well as his natural and artificial environments. It focuses on analyzing how physical environments
affect an individual's psychology. | Evolutionary Psychology | It involves the study of various
psychological traits through an evolutionary perspective. It focuses on the study of how
psychological traits might have evolved through adaptations in living beings. | Experimental
Psychology | More than a field in psychology, experimental psychology is an approach taken in the
study of different psychology fields. Experimental psychologists conduct experiments to understand
perception and behavioral changes in individuals. They propose theories based on observations
made through experiments in psychology. | Forensic Psychology | It is defined as the intersection
between psychology and the criminal justice system. It is applied to the criminal justice

Animal Behavior And Ethics : City College Of New York Essay
Gerard Chan
Canis Lupus Familiaris
April 28, 2015
Professor Crain
Animal Behavior and Ethics
City College of New York Canis lupus familiaris, also known as man's best friend. Man's best friend
has been around for many years. The dog, Canis familiaris, is a direct descendent of the gray wolf,
Canis lupus: In other words, dogs as we know them are domesticated wolves. Not only their
behavior changed; domestic dogs are different in form from wolves, mainly smaller and with shorter
muzzles and smaller teeth (PBS 2001). With that being said, the earliest dogs were wolves. The
earliest known humans took them in, started hunting with them and eventually turned them into one
of our most faithful pets. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been
the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in human history. They quickly
became widespread across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people. Examples of these
are but not limited to: service and assistance work, therapy work, search and rescue, herding, show
dogs, police dogs, and entertainment. In some cultures, dogs are also an important source of meat. In
2012, Stanley Coren Ph.D. F.R.S.C. states that there are an estimated 525 million dogs all over the
world (Coren 2012). Over the span of thousands of years the dog has been domesticated, it has
diverged into a handful of landraces, groups of similar animals whose morphology and behavior
have been shaped by

Animal Culture And Its Effects On Human Culture
Animal culture is studied through comparative studies between populations and locations, field
observations, and laboratory experiments. It is important to be critical in evaluating the results of
these studies because behaviors in artificial situations or captivity will be different than in the wild.
Animals are likely to act differently when they are not in their natural environment. Behaviors will
vary and the long lasting effects of the behaviors may not be visible (Lalaland, 2003). Evidence of
non–human culture has been found in animals such as songbirds, whales, dolphins, primates, and
ants. Non–human behaviors are seen as encompassing culture if they "meet certain conditions: the
behavior must be practiced by multiple members of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another important aspect about the cultural evidence is it was first observed in 1952 and eight
generations later, in 2008, was still being observed in the wild monkeys. The monkeys on this island
'develop behavioral differences as a result of social learning rather than genetic variation'
(Matsuzawa, 2008: R588). The next study regarding primates was seen in 2010 while observing
wild chimpanzees in Uganda, with cultural differences between two populations in different areas.
The chimpanzees displayed different ways of utilizing tools around them to retrieve honey within
the fallen logs around them. The Kibale Forest chimps used sticks while the Budongo Forest chimps
utilized leaves sponges that were made from chewed leaves. To study the differences, researchers
provided the monkeys with a task to retrieve honey out of an apparatus. Each group resorted to
behaviors that they had been familiar with in the beginning, those from Kibale using sticks and
Budongo resorting to leave sponges (Cell Press, 2010). Klause Zuberhuler (Cell Press, 2010) from
the University of St. Andrews in Scotland noted that the reason for the differences in tools 'was that
chimpanzees resorted to preexisting cultural knowledge in trying to solve the novel task' and that
'culture helped them in dealing with this novel problem.' The behaviors were specific to each
population that they developed through social

Canine Assisted Activities Within Special Education
Running head: CANINE–ASSISTED ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE SPECIAL EDUCATION
The 'New' "Man's best friend": The positive influences a Canine–Assisted Activities can have on
special education students in the classroom
Ally Kowalski
Crown College
The 'New' "Man's best friend": The positive influences a Canine–Assisted Activities can have on
special education students in the classroom
You've heard the saying countless times, "Man's best friend." Although what does it mean? In
today's growing need for therapeutic answers, it has become an answer to countless disabled
children's cry for help. "Fido" is no longer just your typical house pet. News reporters show
countless, heart–touching stories about dogs performing amazing acts as ... Show more content on
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Countless studies and findings have found that throughout many cities and states, there is some
increase since 2000 on the dollars spent on special education classrooms throughout the country.
This financial strain has kept many schools struggling to keep the classroom supplied with proper
teachers, paraprofessionals and support for the multiple metal disabilities throughout the classrooms.
With the increase of diagnoses of Autism, Development Cognitive Disabilities, and Emotional and
Behavioral Disorders, many have been on the search for new therapies to help students in the
classroom and at home. One that is growing is Animal–Assisted therapy and activity. This can
include Therapeutic horseback riding, swimming with dolphins, and Canine–Assisted Therapy.
Most prominent among the animal–assisted therapies is with Canines. This has become a simple
method for families because a canine can travel with a child, whether it is to school, home, or any
other public place. As a multiple dog owner, I have experienced first–hand the role a dog can play in
one's life. During my sophomore year of high school, we had to do a project for some school credit;
the project was very open in terms of choosing what to do. My friend and I decided to bring our
dogs into our middle school and just simply interact and have fun with the special education classes.
The project was mostly written up as our "good Samaritan" act of the day, although I knew there
was more behind what we were doing.

In-Depth Animal Behavior Proposal
Angelo State University
March 8, 2017
Grayce Satterfield
Proposal for
In–depth Animal and Equine Behavior classes
INTRODUCTION
In this proposal, I am asking the president of ASU and the chairman of the Agricultural department
to add more in–depth animal behavior classes so that we may in the future be able to stop all
animals being traumatized. With only 13 schools worldwide, offering in–depth animal behavior
classes; I would like to add ASU to that list and in turn, maybe gain some new students. By adding
animal behavior classes to the university there will be a gain in revenue as well as an uptick in
attendance. Because it helps traumatized animals by allowing them to work with younger people,
which in turn will allow them to recover ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first portion of the class will serve as an introduction to animal behavior and will review the
history and theory of animal behavior, approaches and methods used to study animal behavior, and
forces influencing the development of various behaviors. The second and third sections will focus
on the proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, respectively, while the fourth and final section of
the course will focus on the behavior of groups. The format of the course will consist of lecture,
student presentations, discussion, and short films. Lectures will be comprised of material from the
text and other sources. The purpose of this is to give you a broad introduction to animal behavior
and the neural mechanisms that underlie it. We will be reading additional articles (outside of our
textbook) that will form the basis of student presentation topics (Jebbett,

Animal Personality As An Individual 's Distinguishing...
Abstract:
Animal personality is defined as an individual's distinguishing pattern of behaviour that remains
consistent over time (Pervin and John 1997). Recently animal personality has become an important
area of research. Psychologist have been interested in the role of individual differences in behaviour
that may reflect temperament or personalities. This line of research has resulted in a number of
studies revealing individual differences in personality traits in such diverse species as primates,
marine mammals, insects, fish, invertebrates, and birds (Gosling, 2001). To add to the growing
literature on animal personality, the personality of five Asian elephants at Melbourne Zoo was
explored. The personality of these elephants was rated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The elephants are suffering from a shrinking size habitat due to the rapidly growing human
populations. Majority of the Asian elephant's once spacious habitat has been separated into small
fragments due to human settlements, plantations and large developments such as mines and roads.
The illegal hunting and trade of these critically endangered animals is also contributing to the
decrease in numbers. In Asian elephants, only the male elephants carry tusks, therefore hunting is
aimed at the males only. Not only is the poaching of the males killing a large proportion of the Asian
elephant population but it is also raising a concern about the genetic effects. When these tusked
males are killed, the number in the male population decreases resulting in a skewed sex ratios. The
major concern with this is that it may lead to inbreeding and eventually to a low breeding success
which will then bring down the population number even more.
To help save the Asian Elephant populations, Melbourne Zoo has set up the Cooperative
Conservation Breeding Program. The aim of their program is to create an insurance population of
the species. Since the establishment of this breeding program in 2006, three pregnancies have been
achieved. For these breeding programs to be successful the Zoo needs to set up an environment that
each elephant feels comfortable in.
For an animal to feel comfortable in an environment, the enclosure must be set up so the

Animal Behavior : Animals And Animals
People have always been considered the epitome of sociality, among other behaviors, that separate
them from animals. However, with recent research, these set of characteristics have now been
widened to include animals as well. Animals are no longer considered totally mindless beings that
act the way they do because they have been made that way and will continue to live within those
defined behaviors. For instance, dogs were considered mindless as they seemed to have no will
except to follow what their owners instructed them to do. However, by watching dogs, this turns out
to not be the case. One thing to take into consideration is that when using words to describe certain
behaviors of animals that are associated with humans, it is important to not anthromorphise but to
treat the behaviors as specific and distinct to that animal. Moreover, the behaviors that we label are
relative between species and even within species, so it is better to describe things in broad terms
rather than have specific categories for it will help broaden our understanding of animal behavior.
As for dogs, they have easy sociability because of the different ways they interact with other dogs
and with human companions through the three clusters of cooperation, empathy, and justice.
Cooperation "is behavior in which both parties benefit at the time of the interaction" (Bekoff and
Pierce 61). While it may seem a simple term and concept of working together, and might be a
deliberate or instinctive

Animal Behavior Among Beavers
OK. Let's continue our discussion about animal behavior by talking about decisions that animals
face, complex ones. Animals, even insects, carry out what look like very complex decision making
processes. The question is how. I mean no one really thinks that, say a bee goes through weighing
the pros and cons of pollinating this flower or that flower. But then how do animals solve complex
questions, questions that seem to require decision making. The answer we'll propose of course is
that their behavior is largely a matter of natural selection. As an example, let's look at foraging
behavior among beavers. Beavers eat plants, mostly trees. And they also use trees and tree branches
to construct their homes in streams and lakes. So when they do ... Show more content on
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Should it be willing to travel a greater distance for a large tree, since it'll get so much wood from it?
Beavers certainly go farther from the water to get an aspen tree than for an ash tree. That reflects
their relative values. But what about size? Will it travel farther for a larger tree than it will for a
smaller tree? Now I would have thought the bigger the tree, the farther the beaver would be willing
to travel for it. That would make sense, right? If you're going to travel far, make the trip worth it buy
bringing back most wood possible. But actually, the opposite is true. Beavers will cut down only
large trees that are close to the water. They will travel far only to cut down certain small trees that
they can cut down quickly and drag back home quickly. Generally, the farther they go from the
water, the smaller the tree they will cut down. They're willing to make more trips to haul back less
wood, which carries a greater risk of being exposed to predators. So it looks as though beavers are
less interested in minimizing their exposure to predators and more interested in saving energy when
foraging for wood, which may also explain why beavers forage primarily during the evenings. OK,
so why does their behavior indicate more of a concern with how much energy they expend than with
being exposed to predators? No one believes a beaver consciously weighs the pros and cons of each
of these elements. The answer that some give is that their behavior has evolved over time. It's been
shaped by constraints over vast stretches of time, all of which comes down to the fact that the best
foraging strategy for beavers isn't the one that yields the most food or wood. It's the one that results
in the most descendants, the most offspring. So let's discuss how this idea

Social Effects Of Captivity On Animal Behavior
Throughout the years, the issue of captivity has been frequently used among researchers. In the early
day's researchers focused on the social affects captivity has on wild animals. However, the focus of
research has shifted from studying the social behaviors of captive animals and moved on to
considering how captivity affects biological behaviors. Recent research has shown that captivity not
only affects the social behaviors of animals but also their biological behaviors. Over the year's
researchers have discovered different affects that captivity has on animal behavior. Before 2010
captivity was seen as causing changes in the behavior of wild animals. An early study done in 2004,
focused on the long–term effects that captivity has on a group

Oppositional Defiant Disorders: A Case Study
Abstract It is important for individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and
Oppositional Defiant Disorder to get treated so that they can have a role in society that does
negatively affect their mental health, the people around them, and their social life. The focus will be
more on Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in children and teens, teens and
adolescents will be used interchangeably. The provisions of this paper will include causal factors,
what classifies the disorders, indicators, and treatments. The causal factors, or specifiers correlate
with the stability of the individual and will determine the best treatment to be provided. The
treatments are provided are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent years, the use of callous– unemotional (CU) traits, such as the lack of guilt and empathy
(Pardini, D. A., Frick, P. J., & Moffitt, T. E., 2010), has shown a mean "of delineating a subtype of
CD youths with a particularly severe form of antisocial behavior and distinct neurological,
cognitive, emotional, and social characteristics" (Frick & White, 2008). This specifier has a
relatively more severe form of the disorder and a different treatment response allowing physicians to
accurately identify and diagnose individuals who need more intensive and individualized treatment.
The specifier also encourages treatment research to refine what does and does not work for a certain
group of individuals that display a specific behavior. In addition to treatment, the specifier will
effect the research on people with conduct disorder by designating groups of patients with similar
causal factors (American Psychiatric Association,

The Hidden Assault On Our Civil Rights
Yoshino describes covering as the new threat to civil rights in the country; in regards that it negates
the possibility of authenticity. Though he sees the positive aspects of assimilation in regards that it
enhances fluidity in social interactions, he begrudges covering which is borne out of the assimilation
process. His article "Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights" discusses his struggles with
maintaining authentic Japanese and American culture, and shifting between the two cultures
depending on his social physical environment. Yoshino attempts to play two identities by remain at
the center of his social interaction but expresses the key challenges that are associated with
preservation of authenticity in the midst of prevailing cultural stereotypes. This raises key questions
about authenticity and its value in the society. In her article "Alone Together," Turkel observes that
authenticity is increasingly losing its significance in the contemporary world driven by the progress
made through technology. She describes the introduction of machines that can be able to fake
authenticity is blurring the lines between performance and identity, with most children finding it
hard to differentiate between the real animal and the machine. In fact, she points out that the
machines have become convenient in mimicking the authentic that they are preferred over the real.
Yoshino brings out a key concern about the potential impact of an attempt to maintain authenticity in
a

The Relationship Between Animals And Their Behavior Fits...
will be presented, as well as assumptions made about the theory. Furthermore is addressing the
relations of the theory to the main character Nick and how his behavior fits with labeling theory. In
addressing the movie Zootopia, something of great importance in relation to the movie to take into
consideration is the relationship between animals. Something which used to be a problem between
all animals until they all found a way to coexist peacefully. To illuminate to what, exactly, is the
predator and prey relationship between the animals. However, it is made obvious throughout the
movie that there is still tension between them, as well as a lack of trust between predators by the
prey. Although the role of the main character Judy Hopps is vital for she plays a direct role as well
as her parents who say that "foxes are the worst, it's in their biology". In labeling foxes in general as
that as sly animals with nothing but foul intentions. Whether it was through her own personal
experiences, like her encounter with Gideon grey, another fox who had bullied Judy and her friends
growing up from her home town. Or through society's outlook on them in general, since they have
their own image and are known for being sly in addition to the fact that they are of the predator
group (Spencer & Howard, Moore, 2016). Moreover, a perfect place to begin the movie is when
Judy is about to leave and board a train to take her to Zootopia. In saying her goodbyes to her
parents as they try to get

How Did Jack London View Animal Behavior?
How did Jack London view animal behavior? The way he portrays animal behavior makes people
believe that it is the way he views it. He portrays animal behavior as animals being able to adapt to
their environment. Humans are just like animals because humans are able to adapt as well. Humans
have to adapt to society and different characteristics. There are different environments that humans
need to adapt relating to animals. Love and anger are shown throughout the story with the dogs
especially Buck. In the middle of the story, Buck develops a strong emotional feeling for John
Thornton because he viewed Thornton as a hero for saving him from the blows he was getting and
the rest of the torture he had experienced or was about to experience. This shows how Buck is ...
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Not only did he receive love from his owner, but he also received the love from the animals. The
story says, ¨Buck's surprise these dogs manifested no jealousy toward him. They seemed to share the
kindliness and largeness of John Thornton. As Buck grew stronger they enticed him into all sorts of
ridiculous games, in which Thornton himself could not forbear to join; and in this fashion Buck
romped through his convalescence and into a new existence. Love, genuine passionate love, was his
for the first time¨(59). When Buck received love he started showing love back. All of these changes
show how London portrays animal behavior to be able to adapt to their environment. London
portrays animal behavior as animals being able to adapt to their environment. Buck showed different
emotions during the story. All of these emotions are being triggered by all the different adaptations.
Buck and the other dogs were able to show how London portrayed animal behavior as they had to
adapt to the different type of environments they are put in and all the challenges they had to

Human Attractiveness In Amanda Seed's Animal Tool-Use
The research "Animal Tool–Use" was written by Amanda Seed and Richard Byrne. They spotted an
animal making and using a tool and laymen alike probably because it forces us to question the idea
about human uniqueness. Different animals have various ways to create, manufacture, and use tools.
The ones that received the most attention and are most wide–ranging are the technologies of
chimpanzees. The chimps use stones to crack hard nuts, sharpen sticks to spear bush babies in the
tree holes, and underground bee hives. These behaviors let researchers and psychologists conclude
that primates are the most frequent users of tools among all the mammals. Not only primates create
and use tools, some of the impressive non–human tools are made by New Caledonian crows. They
extract grubs from tree holes by using a tool that is made by twigs with hooks on one end. As
researchers have found, using a tool as an extension of the body would have consequences for
psychological processes including perception, attention, and cognition since the body's periphery
part would therefore change in mechanical and sensory capabilities. There are also researches
suggest that "humans and monkeys, their extended motor capability is followed by changes in ...
However, humans are also capable of physical reasoning, for example unbending a coat–hanger to
fish for keys that have fallen out–designing a tool with the correct and efficient physical properties
to solve a problem. Additionally, the use of simple heuristic procedures does not preclude the
capacity of sophisticated strategies. In fact, quick and simple strategies offer evolutionary
advantages for animals in a harsh, competitive, and natural environment. Human beings can also use
fast heuristics to solve problems instead of using slow and effortful reasoning processes, and as a
result, this approach is often more

Investigating The Behavior Of Animals
Investigating the behavior of animals is essential to understanding the implications for why an
animal may do things the way they do. It helps shine some light on a subject that is not heavily
researched and give us a better understanding of the feeding behavior, reproductive patterns,
seasonal movement and communication between other animals. As boring or bland as animal
observation may be it gives us an increased outlook on the many reasons for an animal's demeanor. I
got the opportunity to observe and analyze White–tailed Deer in their natural habitat and get a better
understanding for that of their various behaviors. White–tails in general have interesting behavioural
characteristics that define them as a species and enable their survival in the wild.
Food is an essential part of the survival of a species from one generation to the next carrying over
good genes or genes of malnutrition, famine and death. Throughout this project, I was able to
observe some interesting feeding behavior carried out by that of White–tailed Deer. For example,
after analyzing my observations, I came to the conclusion that White–tails eat a variety of foods
from various fruits, grasses, twigs, sedges and aquatic plants. On August twenty third, day one of
observation, I as well saw a spike buck consume various mushrooms and that astonished me. Due to
mushrooms being toxic and are in many instances poisonous, I was just surprised to see White–tails
consume them as a part of their diet.

Behavior And Behavior Modification
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control and correct your issues. With proper communication and direction you can finally enjoy
your pup!
There are several ways to define behavior, but one of the ways behavior can be defined is the way an
animal or human reacts to a paritcular situation (or stimulus). Behavior Modification, then is the
systematic approach to changing behavior.
In other words, unlike dog obedience training that trains a dog to perform specific actions when
requested, behavior modification looks to change a dog's reaction to situation, a person, a thing, an
animal, etc..
While some behavior modification makes use of obedience training techniques such as teaching

Human Consolation Behavior In Animals Analysis
Animals – The Human Side The idea that social animals can display morals and empathy in the
same way as humans do is amazing, but also very natural as they are living beings. Animals can also
be very caring, loving, and understanding toward each other. Humans witness this in their homes
everyday living with their pets of choice. Zoos and animal sanctuaries also experience all of the
human–animal qualities and have the research to prove it. If more people are made aware of the
human qualities of animals it can help our animal population to thrive and be safe from animal
experimentation. Animals can continue to live happy and healthy lives within their own natural
environment. They have and show many moral human qualities such as reconciliation, cooperation,
empathy, reciprocity, compassion, understanding, and intelligence.
In his TED Talk, "Moral Behavior in Animals," Frans de Waal a biologist and primatologist, known
for his work on the behavior and social intelligence of primates, argues the studies he performs
about moral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is empathy driven, says de Waal when he shows a picture of a male chimp that lost a fight and a
juvenile chimp puts an arm around him and calms him down. This is consolation and it's very
similar to human consolation behavior. He recognizes the distress in the other chimp and cares
enough about him to console him. In his article, "Do Animals Have Morals and Show Empathy?"
Kiran Moodley, cites Dr. Frans de Waal when he states, "de Waal says animal empathy is
underestimated: There is increasing evidence, mostly in mammals, but also in birds, that animals are
sensitive to the emotions of others and react to distress in others by attempts to ameliorate their
situation or rescue them" (Independent.co.uk). Animals can show an incredible amount of kindness
towards each other and humans. The juvenile chimp feels deep empathy for the male chimp and
wants to ease his

How To Ensure Captive Animals In Captivity
Wild animals have been used as a form of entertainment for humans throughout history, from being
forced to fight in arenas in Ancient Rome to those currently being kept in places like zoos where
they perform and are showcased. While animals like cats and dogs have been domesticated over
thousands of years, chosen for the physical and psychological traits that make them ideal as
companions, wild animals have needs that are much more difficult to meet. People often don't
realize or don't care that these creatures have a number of requirements when it comes to living a
healthy and natural life. Efforts have been made to ensure the fair treatment of these creatures in
captivity, such as the Animal Welfare Act, a federal law regulating the treatment of animals in
exhibition. While it is impossible to duplicate the wild environment in captivity, there are still many
improvements that can be made to ensure captive animals are living as good of a life as they can
under the circumstances. The Zoological Association of America created a document called the
Animal Care and Enclosure Standards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the best thing for animals is obviously to leave them in their natural habitat, it is hard to
return animals already living in captivity for a extended amount of time into the wild. In some cases,
wild animals can be taken in for health reasons and returned once healed and it is determined that
they are fit to live return to their lives, they are also temporarily captured for conservation purposes
for example a species is endangered and they need to breed to increase their population. However
most of the creatures in captivity were born there, and are therefore incapable of surviving in the
wild, which is why it is so incredibly important to make sure they are living the healthiest and
happiest lives we as humans can

Climate Change And Its Effect On The Behavior Of Animals
Climate change a constant topic discussed in today's society, among these topics include its effect on
the behavior of animals. The effects of climate change can alter a number of different behaviors in
animals their migratory patterns, their hibernation patterns, their breeding patterns, and their eating
behaviors and in addition, all of these alterations to a habitat could cause injury to the food chain of
an ecosystem. Wildlife in an area isn't only affected directly by climate change but the alterations
made by humans due to climate change. All of these different changing factors all add to the severity
of climate.
Breeding is essential among all species but most species require ideal settings to breed. Climate
change alters these ideal settings "A sea level rise of only 50cm could cause sea turtles to lose their
nesting beaches – over 30% of Caribbean beaches are used by turtles during the nesting season and
would be affected"(Ali Penman, Climate Change – Effects on Animals) the rise in sea levels due to
an increase of heat can affect the ability of a species to produce offspring. As a result, the total
population of said species would drastically decrease. In addition, the drastic decrease in one species
would affect the food source of that species natural predators and further disrupt the food chain in
that species ecosystem. The decrease in the species would not only affect the species natural
predators but also the specific food source. The loss of that species

Animals Exhibit Moral Behavior?
Animals exhibit moral behavior. However, is it out of remorse, for example, or is it because of their
owners' display of disappointment (anthromorphism) – no answer is as definite as it seems
(Horowitz and Bekoff; Rosenstand). Even when some animal researchers, such as primatologists,
seem convinced that some primates (such as chimpanzees, elephants) share empathic capacity (that
is, manifest understanding of others' pain and joy), research evidences are neither generalizable to
the whole of animal population (Rosenstand). Nevertheless, what exactly is animal morality? Are
animals a little bit lower, in comparison to humans; concerning their feelings (not to mention their
reason) of what is right or wrong, good or bad, among other things? Do animals have reasoned
morality, moral compass, moral sense, let alone moral common sense – or do they just follow rules
that make sense to them? Is what laypersons and animal scientists consider as animal moral
behavior simply an instinctive behavior and that there is no human morality involved, but purely
animal responses to stimuli? In this paper, I will provide a detailed background, clear explanation,
and definition of the problem regarding animals having moral behaviors, or not. I will conclude this
paper by making a position about animals having moral behaviors being somewhat analogous or
metaphorically quite a bit akin to humans.
II. Body Let us start from the beginning of time, in where animals of all types freely roamed the

Continuity Of Behaviorism Research Paper
The Continuity of Behaviorism
The psychological approach that emphasizes the concerns of studying observable stimulus is known
as behaviorism. The behaviorist movement initially began in 1913 with the famous American
psychologist John B. Watson who originally established the theories of human and animal behaviors
as being constructed by their environments. The behaviorist views psychology as the study of only
observable behavior even though they do take the cognitive perspective into consideration.
Behaviorist believe that if an individual is having any sort of internal thoughts or any cognitive
processes that they will inherently express their cognition with external behavior, and therefore
allowing behaviorism to transpire as the science of psychology. In 1913 Watson lead the charge to
introduce behaviorism to other academics by actively addressing the importance of psychology at
universities. He delivered lectures about psychology, and it being the study of behavior which is
what he wrote about in his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We as humans are conditioned by external stimulus whether it is responses to food, predators, or any
autonomic response, but because of our status as an animal our behavior will always be derived
from the environment we are situated in. Classical conditioning is used as a learning method that
involves the application of new behavior while associating an external stimulus with that specific
behavior as opposed to Operant conditioning which associates behavior and a consequence whether
it is a punishment or a reward. Conditioning is a very valuable external reaction that allows
researchers to study their subjects, and is still applied today in psychology unlike other aspects that
have been degraded. The evolution of behaviorism has grown over time with radicalization by
modern

Animal Behavior Of Snowy Owls
Animal Behavior The animal I picked is a Snowy Owl the reason why I picked a Snowy Owl is
because I always thought they are cool and always wonder why they do the things they do. If you
were wondering what kind of group of animals they come from it is the bird. They are not going
extinct. I say this because in the article I read it states " Snowy Owls are not going to be extinct
because their is a lot of food for them and people do not kill owls as much" I got this from a article I
read called (Fun facts about Snowy owls,2016)
Now the reason why I picked the Song sparrow is because I think they are the same as the Snowy
Owls . They fly and leave during different types of weathers plus there is many types of birds. So
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can find their food by looking around in front of a house or in a forest to find insects in the
dirt. Plus a way they find their food is by swooping down and grabbing their food. Plus did you
know that Song sparrows eat more things in types of food they eat insects, bird seeds, berries , leafs
and etc.
Snowy owls live in a snowy part of earth and might be in chicago some snowy owls live in alaska
and canada and sometimes will stay in a tree in the morning but most owls are active at dusk and
dawn, spending the daytime at a quiet inconspicuous roost. Plus they live on land and not water
because they will not be able to survive. Plus where they live they are not a lot of plants because of
the weather being so cold and the animals would be around where they live is Other owls, insects
and might have bird seeds if humans bought them. Did you know owls are always up at night and a
sleep in the

How Does Yann Martel Use Animal Behavior
In the novel Life of Pi, by Yann Martel the animals behavior reflects that of the humans in my life.
Learning about how Pi confronts Richard Parker will help me with the struggles in my life. My
neighbors daughter, Iris reminds me of orange juice, and a child I met at a youth center, Jacob
reminds me of Richard Parker. Iris resembles orange juice because she finds herself alone in the
world wondering what she did wrong to deserve her fate. Orange juice found herself "bouncing in
the back of the family jeep of [her] human brothers and sisters"(Martel 129) heading to the zoo just
because she growled at someone. Iris, found herself in the care of a new mother and father just
because she acted like a child at 2 months old. Her life remained well for sometime after that just
like orange juice. She made good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jacob always sat in the corner while the other children played and had fun. Richard Parker early got
in the way of Pi he mainly stayed to himself under the tarpaulin. He never smiled or talked to
anyone, no one knew why. Some police officers found him while they patrolled the area, his mom
had died and his father had left him. People found Richard Parker alone without parents and
someone came by and gave him a great life at the zoo. One day I went over to speak to him to try
and become friends, after a few days he finally came around and spoke. Just like Jacob Richard
Parker and Pi learned to get along with each other while on the boat. Richard Parker shows Pi he
likes him when "He made a sound, a snort from his nostrils"(Martel 163). Pi identifies the sound as
a Prusten. A prustine means that Richard Parker accepts Pi. Jacob continues to grow and now lives
with a forever family that loves him very much. Just like Jacob Richard Parker ventured out on his
own looking for his next adventure in life when the boat washed up on

Zoos Pros And Cons Essay
The Debate Over Pro Or Con
"People are changing the natural world in many different ways" –– Kira Freed.
People should care of what zoos are doing to the animals because when they keep the animals in
there cages and won't let them out, the animals get very sick and don't get very much better. The
debate is from people not wanting zoos and some people liking zoos, many people don't want zoos
because the animals may not be healthy, but some people like zoos because they are healthy. Many
zoos shouldn't be kept because the animals do not feel very good around people, zoos should not be
kept because, in zoos, animals are kept in captivity, animals behavior changes, and the animals are
not taken care of the right way.
Most zoos don't have a lot of room in there cages/places because, according to the video, "Jane
Goodall on Role Zoos Play in Saving Wild Animals", elephants, dolphins, wolves need room to
roam around. In the article, "Pro or Con?", animals get stressed when living in small spaces. Also
according to the video, "Born Wild : Are zoos a necessity? (Aired: August 2004)", animals can be
kept alone in a cage for more than a year. Therefore there is no purpose of watching animals behind
a glass wall.
When not living in their normal habitat, their behavior changes, such as, according to the "Pro ...
My opponent thinks that zoos should stay because animals are safe, despite the fact, that animals get
teased by the kids/people, they are put in captivity, and their behavior changes when put in zoos.
This is important in the debate because, when the animals are not treated the right way and put
somewhere they don't belong they change a lot and they are confused because they normally see the
wild but they only see people that they are not used to. As a result the animals don't get to live or eat
where they want and where they

Animal Cruelty And Deviant Criminal Behavior
Animal cruelty and the link to deviant criminal behavior. A few weeks ago I sat down to Sunday
dinner with my mother and my uncles the complaint this evening was about 'all the money being
spend on state of the art ASPCA building in Tucson Arizona.' The consensus was it a waste of
money that could be spend on repairing roads or building more prisons. I mentioned the expansion
is to accommodate and increased unit to investigate animal cruelty cases. I believe it's a short
transition from abusing or torturing animals to people. Often behavior analysts list animal cruelty
for signs on a developing serial killer and others with deviant criminal behavior. People dismiss
atypical behavior too often as "child's play" and if a more active involvement

The Importance Of Animal Behaviors
Animals are more humanlike than you think! Animals have many humanlike emotions and
behaviors, but this can scare people or "blind" them. When it should boost conservation attitudes.
Animals actually have all the emotions as humans do, they just don't always show them in the same
ways humans normally do. Animals have all the primary and learned emotions but do not always
express them in the same way as humans do. Animals experience pain, but that does not mean they
all show it in the same way. For example, a fish will express grief/sadness by hiding or by
swimming back and forth really fast, and they will act really strange. Some chimpanzees, to grief,
will stay around the body of a dead friend for long periods of time almost protecting it ("Animal
Behaviors"). This data is relevant because we now know what emotions most animals do and do not
have. Animals can also have many behaviors that humans have too. For example, chimpanzees use
tools to help them with everyday tasks. An example is chimpanzees use sticks to poke potential
predators to see how much of a danger they are to them. Chimpanzees also use rocks to break nuts
to eat (Animal Behaviors). This is data is relevant to the claim because it shows us what kind of
human–like behaviors animals have. Humans have primary emotions and multiple learned emotions.
Primary emotions are emotions that are expressed by all cultures and they are anger, sadness,
happiness, surprise, disgust, and fear. Learned emotions are

Animal Behavior Categories
Animals behave in response to their environments just like humans. Behavior can be simply broken
down into emotions, thoughts, and psychological responses. These fall under three categories:
reflexes, instincts and learned behaviors, which all have a role in helping us to survive in this world.
A reflex is an involuntary reaction to stimuli. Our reflexes are controlled by our nervous system.
When we go to the doctor for a checkup and the doctor uses an object similar to a hammer and taps
its on your knee, he is checking your reflexes. Reflexes are usually fast responses to something such
as resting your hand on a hot stove and then lifting it quickly because you did not realize it was on.
Instincts are natural behavioral patterns prompted by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operant conditioning comes with four types of consequences: positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Positive and negative reinforcement
has shown to increase associated behaviors while positive and negative punishment has shown to
decrease associated behaviors. For example, positive reinforcement could be giving an autistic child
candy when they are taught new things. Negative reinforcement could be placing a rat in a box to try
and teach it to press the bar to release food but instead sends an electric shock. As for positive
punishment, we could use the same rat and after repeated shocks he understand that when he presses
the bar he will get shocked. For negative punishment, if the rat continues to press the bar his food
will disappear. Non–associative learning changes the size of responses to a single stimulus rather
than form a connection between stimuli. Non–associative learning is split into two subcategories:
habituation and sensitization. Habituation lessens our reactions to repeated experiences while
sensitization enlarges our reactions to a range of stimuli following exposure to one strong

Hormonal Assessments
A critical topic in animal behavior research is to understand the physiological responses of
individuals to environmental and social factors. How organisms react to a changing environment is a
rising problem that is becoming a greater focus of basic research (Strier & Ziegler 2005, Wingfield
et al. 2011). Field–based endocrine studies allow researchers to explore the ways in which
fluctuations in the ecological and social environment are manifested physiologically (Strier &
Ziegler 2005). Ecological and social endocrinology may help to better interpret and understand data
on key topics such as seasonality and social and reproductive strategies (Strier & Ziegler 2005). The
implementation of noninvasive techniques applied to field endocrinology ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Non–invasive techniques to study fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) are increasingly being
used by a variety of scientists to investigate the stress response in wildlife. These kind of hormonal
assessments are particularly attractive when studying endangered species, because samples can often
be obtained without disturbing the animal. (Millspaugh & Washburn 2004). Glucocorticoids (GCs)
are a class of steroid hormones found in all vertebrates. Commonly, GC secretion is used as a
hormonal measure of stress (Wasser et al., 2000, Wingfield et al., 1994). The stress response is of
interest to conservation biologists because stress can alter animal behavior, reduce resistance to
disease, and affect population performance (Millspaugh & Washburn 2004). However, GCs are also
involved in many aspects of metabolism and energy balance, as well as response to environmental
challenges (Sapolsky et al. 2000). While GCs are typically considered ''stress hormones", their
primary role is basic energy regulation. Only at high levels they mediate the changes associated with
stress (Busch & Hayward 2009). GCs can be considered as metabolic hormones, increasing in
response to energetic needs associated with environmental challenges such as resource limitations or
adverse climatic conditions (Bonier et al. 2009). Quantifying GCs variations, and thus the
fluctuations in the energetic status of wild animals, is fundamental to understand the effects of
environmental and social variation on individual energy balance, behavior and reproduction
(Emery–Thompson 2009). Fecal GC metabolite (fGCM) analysis provides a non–invasive method
for studying the physiological response of wildlife to ecological and social

Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior Table of Contents Animal Behavior 3 Introduction 3 Stress in Animal 3
Consequences of Stress 5 Fear and Measurement of Fear of Humans 6 Effects of human handling on
animals 7 References 10 Introduction Animal behavior and welfare is very complex and not easy to
measure. There are many contingencies that make measuring animal welfare difficult. First, the
animals cannot verbally explain to humans what they would like. Second, each animal could have
its own preferences concerning animal welfare. Third, there may be a limitation in our total
knowledge of animal cognition, meaning that currently many scientists believe that animals have a
very basic repertoire of feelings or emotions. Perhaps in the future, scientists will discover that
animals are capable of experiencing or demonstrating more emotions than currently known. If this
were to happen, the science of animal welfare could change dramatically (Barnett and Hemsworth,
2003). The current essay is a report on animal behavior. For the purpose of this assignment the
author observed pigs in the neighborhood and for two days one hour in each day and had discussion
with the supervisor. The assignment focuses on the element of fear and stress in pigs and how it
impacts them. Stress in Animal Moberg (1985) noted that the animal has biological and
physiological reactions to–stress. When there is an external threat to the animal, the central nervous
system (CNS) assesses the challenge

Animal Husbandry And Hygiene Behaviors Associated With...
Calf diarrhea or 'scours' is a commonly reported disease and a significant cause of economic losses
and decreasing productivity of dairy producers. Disease prevention and management is important
from both a calf and public health perspective due to positive association between exposure to
domestic animals and human diarrheal disease. The aim of the community report and scientific
review is to identify the zoonotic enteric diseases of neonatal calves and identify animal husbandry
and hygiene behaviors associated with calf rearing linked to infection and outline recommended
interventions to mitigate the transmission to people working in the dairy industry. This topic is
relevant as it's extremely important farmers know that some types of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cryptosporidium is wide spread in Australian dairy calves with prevalence as high as 100% in some
herds. Infected calves can be asymptomatic, however, typical clinical signs include: loose, watery
diarrhea, straining, anorexia, weight loss, depression, dehydration. Humans can be infected either
directly or indirectly by consuming food or water contaminated with ooysts or by inadequate hand
washing practices after exposure to infective feces or animals. Many people do not develop illness
after exposure. Individuals with the greatest susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis include the young
childeren, elderly, malnourished, disease impaired (i.e. those with diabetes, or chronic disease), and
a broad group of immunocompromised individuals (i.e. AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and
those receiving chemotherapy) who may become infected with lower number oocysts. For those
individuals that show clinical signs, explosive watery diarrhea and abdominal pain are common.
Vomiting, nausea, fever, and muscle cramps can also occur. The symptoms usually resolve in 7 to 14
days in an immunocompetent host. Oocyte excretion may continue to occur for up to an additional 1
to 4 weeks post resolution of clinical signs. Cryptosporidium are able to survive for prolonged
periods in the environment under favorable conditions (temperatures from 0°C to 65°C) and are
resistant to most common disinfectants (including chlorine bleaches and alcohol). Cryptosporidium
loses its infectivity by

What Causes Emotions And Behavior Of Humans And Lower Animals
Although everyone experiences emotions, scientists do not all agree on what causes emotions. It is
believed that special organs within the limbic system of the brain, recognize the patterns of events in
life and respond. Their signals trigger emotions, which instantly decide attitudes and modify
behaviour. Charles Darwin, was the first scientist to suggest that emotions have a real world
existence, visibly expressed in the behaviour of humans and lower animals. Darwin suggested that
the existence of an emotion could be derived from an angry face, or even a bad feeling in the
stomach. In those days, science viewed emotions as essentially bodily and visceral responses.
The physiologist Canon disproved the idea that emotions were visceral responses. Canon showed
that emotions did not follow artificial stimulation of visceral responses, and concluded that emotions
existed, but they were not the churning in the gut, or the knot in the stomach. Rather, emotions
originate as distinctive patterns of nerve impulses, which also trigger neurochemical events. The
causes of emotions are not fully understood, but there are several established theories regarding the
concept, that have been put forward to explain why emotions are felt. A few of the popular ones are
listed below.
James– Lange theory of emotion is one of the best known examples of a physiological theory of
emotion, independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange.
James–Lange theory of emotion

Homosexuality in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of...
Homosexuality in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
With every great story line comes a theme. William Shakespeare created an art of intertwining often
unrecognizable themes within his plays. In Shakespeare's play, The Merchant of Venice, one hidden
theme is the idea of homosexuality. This theme might not have even been noticed until modern
Shakespeare fans discovered them. According to Alan Bray's book, Homosexuality in Renaissance
England, "the modern image of 'the homosexual' cannot be applied to the early modern period, when
homosexual behavior was viewed in terms of the sexual act and not an individual's broader identity."
(Columbia University Press). This difference between homosexuality as a "sexual act" and an ...
This is where the link of Antonio's homosexual feelings towards Bassanio can be seen. In the end,
Antonio is unable to pay Shylock back on his loan. Antonio, on the verge of having a pound of flesh
taken, directs a speech toward Bassanio regarding his love for him. A closer look at this particular
speech, which occurs in Act IV Scene I, can help the reader to better understand Shakespeare's
intricate wording that portrays homosexuality in Antonio.
The word "love" is used numerous times in this seventeen line speech given by Antonio. According
to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "love", as a verb, was used by Shakespeare in his plays
meaning "to entertain a strong affection for; spec. to have a passionate attachment to a person of the
opposite sex; to be in love" (OED). During this speech, Antonio preaches to Bassanio, "Say how I
lov'd you, speak me fair in death" (4.1.271). Taking this statement and placing it against the
definition provided, the reader can see that Antonio holds more than just a friendly love towards
Bassanio. Before he is about to die, Antonio professes his love to Bassanio. One would think that
Antonio would feel angry that he was unable to fulfill a contract that he didn't benefit from. Instead,
he chooses his last words as loving ones toward another man.
Another instance in which Antonio uses the word "love" is in noun form. According to the OED,
"love", as a noun used by

Animal behavior
Informational Interview Donna K. Lane Animal Behaviorist Psych3210 Summer, 2014
HYPERLINK mailtoDlane21@capellauniversity.edu Dlane21@capellauniversity.edu Dr. Celeste
Hill Introduction When I started my courses in the field of Psychology, I had no idea how much it
went side by side with the field of employment I hope to obtain in the future. Animals and
Psychology have always been my two favorite studies. I didnt realize until after doing research and
an informational interview, just how much Psychology is intertwined with the position of an Animal
Behaviorist. After conducting an informational interview with Dr. Katherine Leighty, Science
Operations Manager over Walt Disneys Animal Kingdom, and doing further research, I found that ...
She then realized that she was more interested in how and why animals act the way they do and just
started concentrating on the Animal Behavior part through Psychology (Dr. K. Leighty,
informational interview, September 2, 2014). Dr. Leighty also told me that when she was doing an
internship working with Chimps, learning how to collect behavioral data, to have a comparative
model she also worked with human children collecting the same types of data (Dr. K. Leighty,
informational interview, September 2, 2014). Dr. Leightys interview gave me so much more to go
on in my pursuit of becoming an Animal Behaviorist. She enlightened me on the courses I should be
thinking about taking in college. She also told me I was on the right path with taking Psychology
and continuing with the different Psychology courses in relation to Animal Behavior. I have always
thought Psychology was needed in the study of animals. I just didnt realize just how much until this
paper and interview. Psychology is the study of the mind..be it in humans or animals. Throughout
my research I found many ways Animal Behaviorists and Psychologists use the same research
methods and observational studies. One of the ways the two study/and or research is through
Naturalistic Observation. As Charles Darwin used Naturalistic Observation on his journey aboard
the HMS

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