Understanding Endogenous Growth Theory and Rural-Urban Migration in Kenya

A Brief Note On The Growth Theory And The Dual Sector...
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH THEORY
BY MARTIN RIITHO MAINA
KCA 14/02073
A Term Paper submitted to
Prof. Joseph Ongeri in fulfilment
Of the requirements for the course
Advanced Macro–Economics, as credit towards the degree of
Master of Science (Finance and Economics)
KCA UNIVERSITY
November, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
1.0 Abstract...............................................................................3 1.1
Introduction...................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review: Models........................................................6 2.1 Migration and the Dual
Sector Model of Economic Development..........6 3.0 Causes of Rural–Urban Migration in
Kenya..................................................10
3.1 Issues Faced in10 3.2 Migrat11
3.3 Poverty and Lack of Opportunities i11 3.4 Urban Job Opportunities
3.5 in Kenya..............................................13
4.0 Benefits and Costs of Rural–Urban migration in Kenya.....................
5.0 Effects of Rural–Urban migration on Rural economy development..............16
Recommendations...............................................................
6.1 Policies to Reduce Urban Bias – Promoting Rural Development........................17 6.2 Pricing
Policies............................................17 6.3 Promotion of Secondary Cities........................18 6.4
Decentralization........................................................................................................18
7.0 Conclusion....................................19
8.0 References...........................................................................20 1.0 ABSTRACT
This paper defines and explains endogenous growth theory. The paper will try to explain what
endogenous growth theory is, the criticisms of endogenous growth theory and the policy
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Role Of Nature And Nurture Affect Development Of A...
Life Span Development From the time of conception to the time of death, we are constantly
developing and changing. Although some of the changes are as a result of personal adoptions and
incidences, most changes experienced are as a result of our shared biological and mental heritage as
humans and are shared by all individuals in the globe. A lot of studies have been dedicated to the
study of human growth and development. In the book, Lifespan development, various concepts have
been discussed in the first nine chapters. These include, the theories in the study of human
development, the question of whether nature and nurture affect the development of a child,
conception, pre–birth and birth, infancy, early childhood and middle childhood. Theories in the
Study of Human Development Human development has been explained using theories such as the
classical and the contemporary theories. Contemporary theories include the sociocultural
perspective and the ecological perspective. Sociocultural perspective studies the relationship of a
person with others relative to their culture while the ecological perspective aims to not limit itself to
an individual's immediate relations. Classical theories include the learning theory, psychoanalytic
theory and the cognitive development theory. The cognitive development theory explains the
development of an individual's esteem and self–view based on the development stages of a person.
The stages are categorized into sensorimotor stage (from

Theory And Contributions Of John Watson's Behaviorism Theory
John Watson (1878–1958) Behaviorism Theory John Broadus Watson was born in 1878 in
Greenville South Carolina. His family was poor and his father left in 1891. (Watson, 1999). While
Pavlov, Skinner and Thorndike provided important influences to behavioral psychology, it was
Watson who championed the behaviorist movement (Weibell, 2011). "Behaviorism is a scientific
study of human behavior. Its real goal is to provide the basis for prediction and control of human
beings: given the situation, to tell what the human being will do; given the man in action, to be able
to say why he is reacting in that way" (Weibell, 2011 p. 1). In his writing, The Ways of Behaviorism,
Watson defines behaviorism as the scientific study of human behavior, "it is simply what people do"
(Watson, 1999 p. 3). Behaviorism addresses both development and learning. "Learning occurs when
an individual interacts with the environment and through these experiences, their behavior is
adapted" (Gordon, 2013 p. 139). Behaviorism begins with an assumption that each child comes into
the world with a clean slate (Locke's tabula rasa) upon which experiences, interactions are recorded
throughout their lifespan.
Arnold Gesell (1880–1961) Maturation Theory Arnold Gesell was born in Alma, Wisconsin in 1880.
"Gesell stands as a giant in the field of developmental psychology. He pioneered the scientific
observation of infants and children through innovative and technically sophisticated methods for
collecting a

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment...
Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment
BSHS 325
Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment
The foundation of human development, responds to the breakdown of its commitment to the
development of attitudes and skills, which facilitate authentic personal, spiritual, and social
development and the transformation throughout an individual's life span. During an individual's life
span, the foundations of human development begin to change, as the direct result of the social
environment. Contact within the social environment, such as various relationships with others,
causes growth and change in human development. The understanding of culture and the importance
of cultural competency are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this era, diversity and cultural competence are extremely important to understand, regarding the
foundations of human development in the social environment. Diversity can alter or affect an
individual's behavior in many ways. Diversity is considered when an individual is different, or
composed of differing elements. Therefore, diversity can include different nationality, gender, sexual
orientation, age, class, disability, gender identity, immigration status, political ideology, and religion.
At any time, an individual is determined as belonging to another group, different from the majority,
the individual is considered to be subject to the effects of diversity. Many children coming from
different countries have a problem with language. Not being able to speak the language of the
community can cause huge barriers for the children to overcome. Many parents believe that the key
to a successful life and fulfillment is to get an education. These parents encourage their kids, that
with an education nothing can defeat you. It is also very important for the social worker, or human
service provider to be comfortable with diversity, and is culturally competent. Cross–cultured means
the individual appreciates and compares the differences and the similarities of different cultures as
well as their own.
The general systems theory based on order, explains why the scenario is what it is. The study of
social systems perspective gives the identified

Individual Changes Across Age
Abstract The subject of personal evolution examines how individual changes across age. When
scientists investigate the individual growth, they classify and try to explain both general aspects that
everyone shares and characteristics that are unparalleled. The objective study of personal
development uses theories, analysis, and data summary to explain why and whereby evolution
transpires. It incorporates the event from conception to end stages. In the interest of being
comprehensive in indications of chronology, it is also wide regarding heterogeneity. The subject of
human development encompasses all types of individuals from various cultures, societies,
generations, and socioeconomic status. The classific of common properties and exceptional ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, they serve two discrete and progressive processes. While development leads to shifts
over time, the word growth refers to material changes. It can be quantifiably marked and involves
dentition, height, and weight. As humans, there is a physiological pattern, but maturity times differ
in various life stages. A good example of this is when growth occurs during the prenatal period. The
growth is rapid, while there is minimum increase throughout adulthood. The development of
children takes place in a continuous, orderly, and sequential pattern. This design is influenced by
maturational, environmental, and hereditary factors. What this means that the rate, magnitude, and
effects of substantial growth vary from person to person yet the order is the same. The pattern of
growth and development transpires in a proximo–distal direction. Proximo–distal means the body
grows from the center outward. The body doesn't just development proximo–distal but from simple
to a complex task. As we watch our children grown we watch them begins with a generalized
response such as the Moro reflex and progresses to a skilled individual response such as

The Mystery Of Economic Growth
Introduction "In 2010, the prestigious Nemmers Prize in Economics, awarded biennially to
recognize work of lasting significance, was given to Helpman for fundamental contributions to the
understanding of modern international economics and the effects of political institutions on trade
policy and economic growth" (Clement, 2012). "The Mystery of Economic Growth" that was
written by Elhanan Helpman provides a non–technical description of growth economics over the last
half of a century. This paper will connect theory to data of four major countries United States,
French, Brazil, and Japan. The principle that emerges from "The Mystery of Economic Growth" is
that long term growth comes from innovation and adoption of technology in an economy. Four
outlooks that Elhanan Helpman has on economic growth that are relevant in his book are able to
help readers connect theory to countries and see why economies behave the way they do. First,
Innovation of technology with new techniques of production helps globalization. Second, the gain of
human capital for the explanation of growth rates in different counties. Third, Total Factor
Productivity of technology and knowledge leads to greater prosperity and economic growth in a
country. Fourth, economic intuitions play a role in economic growth by implementing policies. The
next paragraphs will relate these outlooks from Helpman and compare them to the economies of the
United States, French, Brazil, and Japan. Innovation

Adolescence: Developmental Psychology and Social Work...
Module Title: Human Growth and Behaviour.
Assessment Title:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour through the life–span perspective
for social practise?
ADOLESCENCE
The author's aim is to outline the advantages as well as disadvantages in adolescence behaviour and
human development processes across people life span, and particular adolescence. This essay will
look at the different models, theories of social work and the factors that may have influence social
work practice. The physical, psychological, socio–cultural, environmental and politico–economical
are the factors that Bowlby (1999), Erikson (1995), Freud and Piaget (1977) have mentioned in their
theories and the author will explore, discuses and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget (1977) the author of cognitive development theory believed that the child seeks to understand
and adopt into the environment. In doing so, the child undertakes certain actions as it moves through
stages of development. Another approach to understand the human life course from a developmental
psychology perspective is presented trough theories that focus on behaviour and how behaviour and
actions influence our learning. (Piaget, 1977)
Skinner's (1953) behaviourism explained human development as the acquisition of behaviourism
that is learned through responses to experiences.
Skinner did not see the individual's thoughts or conscious mind as influencing their behaviours, but
rather behaviour as a response controlled by the rewards or punishments in the individual's
environment. (Skinner, 1953)
Albert Bandura (1977) also emphasised in his social learning theory the importance of behaviour
and the environment, but he saw cognition or thoughts as being a significant factor in the person's
development. Therefore, the social learning theories consider the influence of values, beliefs, self–
determination, emotions and thought on the learning process.
Psychosocial theories arise from a combination of two perspectives psychology and sociology
disciplines. David Howe describes psychosocial as being created by the interplay between the
individual's psychological

Human Development Paper
Human Development
James West
PSY/280
September 26 2012
Robert Keele
Human Development
Human growth and development starts from the moment a child is conceived and continues until the
day we die. There are many different stages of development all depending on the person's beliefs on
how we develop. All theories explain a specific growth and development for a specific time for an
individual starting from birth to the time of their death. Not all the theories are agreed on because
they are based on different individuals erase each and findings, and the time that the theory was
developed. In this paper we will break down three of them. The first one is the infancy part of life
and how Erik Erikson viewed the development. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We learn to depend on other people to eat and drink, and learn to start to depend on people.
Another stage in human growth and development is called the phallic stage. Sigmund Freud
believed this stage took place from the age of three to six years old. This is the stage that children
become more aware of the sexual regions of their bodies. Not only do they become more self aware
but also start to notice their parents and kids around them. This helps them learn the difference in
"boy" or "girl" male or female. During this stage it is not uncommon for a child to hook them self
onto the parent of opposite sex and start a rivalry with the parent of the same sex (Garcia, 1995).
"Individuals who show higher levels in phallic stage of psychosexual development fixation are more
likely to develop sexually" (" Sexual Compulsivity, Promiscuity and Phallic Stage of Psychosexual
Development Fixation. ," 2012, para. 3).
Intimacy versus isolation is stage six in Erik Ericksons eight stages of human development. This
stage takes place from approximately 19–40 years of age (Orlofsky, Marcia, & Lesser, 1973). The
big question that people face in this stage is will I be loved or will I be alone. During this stage
people start to develop more long term relationships. Friendship, dating, marriage and family play a

big role in the happiness of this stage. This is when we leave the people that we grew up with and
start our own lives. By establishing

Essay on Economic Growth and Development
Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.
There is no single definition that encompasses all the aspects of economic development. The most
comprehensive definition perhaps of economic development is the one given by Todaro:
'Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi – dimensional process
involving reorganization and re orientation of the entire economic and social system.
Development is a process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important
aspects. These are:
1. Raising peoples' living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services,
education through relevant growth processes.
2. Creating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amartya Sen defines economic development in terms of personal freedom, freedom to choose from
a range of options. While economic growth may lead to an increase in the purchasing power of
people, if the country has a repressed economy, there is lack of choice and hence personal freedom
in restricted. Hence once again growth has taken place without any development.
While economic growth may result in an improvement in the standard of living of a relatively small
proportion of the population whilst the majority of the population remains poor. It is how the
economic growth is distributed amongst the population that determines the level of development.
Taking into consideration the trickle–down theory of economics by
Lewis, if the growth in economy is not sufficient to satisfy the needs and wants of the upper
sections, nothing or very little shall trickle down to the lower sections in the hierarchy of society.
Thus, the gap between the rich and poor widens and though economic growth has impacted a certain
section of society, this cannot be considered development. Another example is an increase in the
defence output of a nation, which accounts for an increased GDP but does not in any way contribute
to economic development.
Economic growth is not enough in itself to measure economic development as even if there has been
a leap in the income of people in a particular nation,

Attachment Theory and the Differences in the Development...
How the attachment theory accounts for differences in the development of social relationships in
aging adults?
Name
Institution
Date
How the attachment theory accounts for differences in the development of social relationships in
aging adults?
The attachment theory is one of the common theories in the specification of child development and
growth in the world. Indeed, several influencing factors are concerned with the generation and
establishment of the relationship that exists between parents and their children in the society.
According to psychological understandings and studies in the world, there is a common feature of
child growth and development that can be developed within the parameters of assumption and
specification. For instance, it becomes very possible to have children growing and developing
within the parameters and precepts set by their parents or caregivers. The attitudes and treatments
from the caregiver appear to have innate influence on the general growth and development of the
child (Sigelman & Rider, 2011).
According to the growth and development of the attachment theory, children are part of the
regenerative entities in the human society. This is also applicable in the animal world. In a study
involving monkeys, it is evident that all living creatures exhibit tenderness to the young. Evidently,
it is becomes possible to have elements of concern that are directed at influencing the general
growth and development of a child. Children have a tendency

Psy / 280 Human Growth And Development
Deondra Braden January 19, 2015 PSY/280 Human Growth and Development Human Development
Paper As a human race, in most circumstances we all go through similar stages of development.
What most also be taken into account when assessing development is our ranging variations of
individualism. Our individual development is subject to a never ending list on influences. Some
influences we are born with and some are due to our own life experiences. Our personality comes
from all that we are; we feel; we do, either on a conscious or subconscious level. The hereditary
influences that affect our human development come from predisposed genetically transmitted roots.
These factors such as a person 's weight, appearance, height, and muscular composition are not
influenced by any external sources. These genetic factors can play a part in how a person feels about
them self during their life. Everyday our environmental factors continue to influence our individual
personality development. It is important note that even though a group of people share an
environment each person can have different experiences. Our environmental influences consist of
any outside influences and conditions that affect of life and development. Some examples of
environmental influences that shape who we become are authority figures, family members,
communities, and our peers. There is also a combination of the two above influences. The
combination can be seen as genetic environmental correlations.

Contributions Of Adam Smith
ECONOMICS CIA 1
NAME– SHRDDHA SAHAY
REG. NO – 1413498
CLASS – 3 PSECO
Contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx to the theory of development
Adam Smith's contribution to the theory of development
Before the onset of industrial revolution, there was an open trade in Europe and so the English
traders did not require a domestic market to sell their finished goods. Traditions markets all over the
world are non –capitalist markets. This growing industrial culture of new markets led to new sources
of profits which consequently led to capital accumulation. Furthermore, on discovering that
specialization and division of labour leads to productivity, . manufacturers increasingly encouraged
mechanizations and assembly line production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ricardo attended school in London and Amsterdam and at the age of fourteen entered his father's
business. Initially Ricardo following his dad's business line, set up independently as a broker on the
London Stock Exchange. But soon Ricardo became interested in economics in 1799 after reading
the works of Adam Smith (the Wealth of Nations). He, after some initial struggle published his own
book, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, in 1817. Two of Ricardo's most important
contributions were the theory of rent and the concept of comparative

Rapid Population Growth as a Problem of Humanresources...
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH IS ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE
UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THIS PROBLEM? A
MANPOWER ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Akinrodoye Adunola
INTRODUCTION
Population can be defined as the number of people living in any defined area at any given time.
Hence the population of Nigeria consists of all the people who live in the country at any given time
(Dictionary of Economics, 1998; Ojo, 1997). Population however cannot be treated in isolation
without a serious consideration for the characteristics (demographic distribution) of the population
which is a pre–requisite for an effective and efficient manpower planning which will enhance
human resource development and of course ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between 1911 and 1930, Nigeria population growth was said to be modest with a growth rate of
1.3% which increased from 19million to 30 million within the period. In 1952/53the nation
population was put at 30.4 million excluding the trust territory of Southern Cameroon. This
indicates an annual growth rate of 0.1% and with an improvement in medical infrastructure with the
usual fertility trend; it was about 2% in the 1960s.The Nigeria population growth rate achieve the
3% point between 1963 and 1973 and was projected to reach 4% between 1983 and 1993 which was
proved to be overestimated by 1993 census. The 1993 census was put at 88.5million with an
estimated growth rate of 2.5% which characterized the entire region of Nigeria. The 2006 population
census put the nation population at 140million with an estimated growth rate of about 3% (Ojo,
1997; Fajana, 2000).
TABLE 1: NIGERIA SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS, 1960–2025 1960 1970 1980
1990 2000 2025
Total population
(1000 inhabitants) 42305 56581 78430 108542 147709 285823 Average rate of
Population growth (%) 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.7
Urbanization rate (%) 14.4 20.0 27.1 35.2 43.3 61.6
Fertility rate 6.82 6.90 6.90 6.90 5.94 3.54

Infant Mortality (%) 194 146 124 105 87 48
Age Structure (%) *0–14 years 45.4 46.3 46.5 47.4 46.0 37.6 *15–64 years 52.4 51.3 51.0 50.1 51.3
58.9 * Over

Scientific Theory Vs Common Sense
What causes humans to act the way they do? How do we grow and change throughout our lives?
These types of questions and many others are exactly what scientific theories try to answer. A
Scientific Theory is a proposed answer to a scientific question that is backed by experiments,
research, and other data. Scientific theories try to explain what has happened in the past and make
predictions about what will occur in the future. "A scientific theory is a systematic explanation that
unifies various observed phenomena and facts." ( Watson, 2002, p.11).
The main difference between a scientific theory and common sense is that a scientific theory takes
an objective view of a situation or question. It uses facts and well–developed ideas to support its
conclusion. When we analyze a situation with common sense, we are relying only on our own
beliefs and experiences. For example, imagine you see a child being disobedient and throwing a
tantrum in the middle of a supermarket. Common sense might equate this to the child being
overtired or poorly disciplined. A scientific theorist would take a deeper look at the situation and
using different theories might decide that the behavior resulted instead because the child is at a stage
where he hasn't learned to communicate his wants and wishes properly. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some theories of Human Development look at cognitive growth, while others discuss social growth.
The age range that is studied can vary as well. Some theorists may choose to focus on young
children and others on teenagers or young adulthood. The main thing that unifies these theories is
that they examine how humans grow and change and the things that influence how we

Continuity Vs. Social Development
1) Continuity versus discontinuity: The first debate on whether our development is completely and
evenly continuous, or if it is just based on age periods."Continuity is the gradual increase in
responses and behaviors." For example, the heights, as well as the weight, show the continuity."
Discontinuity is the occurrence of development in distinct stages. For example, the change of goals
during the life duration. 2) Stability versus change: The second debate asks whether our personality
traits being during infancy endure or change throughout the lifespan. Stability is related to the belief
that the personality that develops at the early stage is the prediction of the adulthood personality. For
example, a child that is shy at the beginning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychoanalysis is a theory of the human psyche and a therapeutic practice at the same time. Was
founded by Sigmund Freud. Also, the psychological analysts around the world continue to
contribute to its development. Because psychoanalysis can be applied in about the way the self–
works, as a therapeutic approach to psychological problems, as a research approach, as a way of
looking at cultural and social phenomena such as literature and art. Behaviorism has discussed the
conducts in which the environment affects development. Behaviorism is the forefront of
psychological theories. They are the basis for understanding the behavior of the living organism.
Human behavior patterns are subject to the interpretations of learning theories which have made
these theories the basis of principles and psychological trends. Cognitive theory has established the
relation of thinking and behavior. There are many theories that tried to explain the phenomenon of
learning because it is one of the most educational and psychological phenomena polarized to the
attention of educational psychologists. Socio–cultural theory relates the development to complex
cultural context, and universal method considers all humans essentially similar. 3. Teratogens are
exogenous agents that may cause developmental defects in the human fetus after the pregnant
woman is uncovered to these agents."These

Erikson's Stages Of Cognitive Development
There are various theories of development that provide a strategic framework on how individuals
and societies interpret the growth. development and learning of human beings. Throughout the
history of psychology, psychologists have proposed numerous theories to predict and interpret
different aspects of human behavior. Some theories are well–supported by researchers; and others,
are still under examination or partially accepted by researchers. Two theories, Erikson's Theory of
Psychological Development, and Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development are both well–accepted
and have helped to contribute to our knowledge of the human mind and behavior. Theories such as
Freud's Psychosexual Theory have not had much success and have been replaced by other theories
to explain human growth and development. Spiritual development is a dimension that has as much
significance as psychological and cognitive development. Erickson theorized that personality
develops in a series of stages, and how social experiences impacts human development across the
lifespan. He emphasized more identity and behavior in the ego, which related to the attitudes and
feelings of self and others (Broderick and Blewitt, 2015). He believes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
al (2005) suggest that minimal evidence and research has been conducted on spiritual development,
however, they hypothesize that spiritual development is a dimension of human life that is as
important as cognitive, social, or emotional development and interrelated to each other. It is a
dimension that is a person's effort to mix various aspects of development. Spiritual development
introduces questions about the nature of spiritual change, transformation, growth, or maturity
through life phases or stages. The authors emphasize that "understanding the continuity of childhood
and adolescence is as vital to understanding spiritual development as it is to recognizing the phases
and stages that are part of that process" (Roehlkepartain et. al,

Understanding Culture, Development and Interrelationship
The Relationship of Culture and Development
Introduction
The center of attention is to see the relationship between culture and development by understanding
both the phenomenon's conceptually. It also identifies the importance of culture in the process of
development, especially with reference of developing countries like Pakistan.
Understanding Culture
For sociologists, culture remains a general concept that serves to draw our attention to the fact that
humans develop social solutions to their individual and species problem (Kantilla 2002).Culture is a
term that should indicate different things to different peoples. To some, culture is just singing, music
and dancing, as (Ayoade, 1989) quoted "People trivialize the limitless scope of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measured in terms of aggregate growth rates, development has been a great success. But measured
in terms of jobs, justice and the elimination of poverty, it has been a failure or only a partial success.
These words are giving the holistic view of the theories which deals development with economic
perspective only, so, it is noteworthy that development is not just the economic growth, it is above
than that.
There is another perspective called modernization theory: modernization theory is a theory of social
and economic development, following functionalist or consensus assumptions that societies need to
have harmony among their component parts. This assumption leads to the belief that modern
economies (capitalist) demand special characteristics in their culture and the structure of social
relationships. For example, family systems are assumed to change towards a narrow conjugal form,
and away from extended structure, in order to accommodate the individualism and occupational
flexibility that is demanded by a modern complex economy undergoing continual transformation. In
other words, people have to bring change in their attitudes, behaviour, social organization and in
institutional structure. This is the attempt which has been made by developed countries for so called
development of developing countries.
Relationship between Culture and Development
Despite

Erickson's Theory Of Human Growth And Development
Theory of Human Growth and Development Erickson's theory of psychosocial development has
eight stages. That range from birth to adulthood. First stage happens on the first year of life, which
includes Trust vs. Mistrust. During this stage the infant not knowing and or being uncertain of their
surroundings looks for the caregivers being the parents to provide and or guide them through their
first year of life. Parents will provide stability and or providing the adequate care for the infant,
which will develop trust and therefore lead to hope. If the trust is not there due to the infant not
feeling secure and there's no stability for the child therefore developing mistrust leading to the infant
having fear instead of hope. A specific memory I have of this stage will be with my own children. I
come from a culture that believes if a baby cries let him cry because if you pick him up he will get
used to you holding him. In another situation when my son was only a couple days old my
grandmother said let him cry it expands his lungs and will help him breath better. Thankfully I had
taken a psychology class before I even had kids and was aware of Erickson's theories which lead to
me telling my family everything they say is a Mexican myth and I wont be applying such actions
with my children. The second stage Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt includes the ages of 18 months
to 3 years old. During this stage children are moving more and trying to become a little more
independent. This is

Social Role Theory And The Cultural Theory Of Human Growth...
Introduction According to Cameron & Bogin,2012, human growth and development is defined as a
lifelong process that includes cognitive, behavioral, physical, and emotional growth and any other
change that might take place in humans. During the early stages of life, that is from being a baby to
a child, from childhood to adolescence stage, and finally from adolescence to adulthood; there are
several and enormous changes that take place in human's life. Many scholars have come with
different theories to explain the idea of human growth and development. For instance, those theories
include the social role theory and the cultural theory.
Social Role Theory This theory was driven from a perspective in sociology as well as social
psychology. This theory posits that the historical division of labor that is there between women that
more often than note would carry out responsibilities at home and men who more often than not
would carry out responsibilities out of their homes (Eagly, Wood & Diekman, 2000). Due to the
impact of the concomitant differences in terms of sex and in the social behavior, both men and
women started to diverge. These expectancies have been will be and have been transferred to the
future generations, and for that reason encroach on the social behavior of men and women. Each
role that is played by every gender role has been explained by this theory as norms, duties,
expectations, and behaviors that each and every person is expected to face and to fulfill.

Developmental Psychology Essay
Development Psychology
Development psychology refers to the scientific study of the systematic psychological changes that
normally occur to human beings throughout their growth period from birth to old age. It was
originally concerned with children and infants, but it has since expanded to include the entire life
span of mankind including adolescence and adulthood. Development psychology covers the extent
to which human development occurs through gradual accumulation of knowledge, and the extent to
which children born with inmate mental structures learn through experience. Several psychological
theories and approaches like the behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive
approaches have been developed to explain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ability of an individual to learn from other people's experience is a unique character associated
with conditioning controlled behavior. Children are more likely and willing to repeat certain
behaviors in cases where they have been rewarded, as they have developed the feeling that what
they did is acceptable.
The cognitive approach to development psychology; developed by Jean Piaget in 1934, deals with
nature of knowledge, and how human intelligence is developed and utilized (Piaget, 1983, p. 46). In
this theory, Piaget asserts that reality, which is defined in two conditions that explains change
brought about by dynamic systems, involves states and transformations. Transformation refers to all
kinds of changes a living organism undergoes and state is the condition in which the living organism
can be found between the transformers. He further argues that humans should have functions to
represent reality and the transformational process if their intelligence is to be adaptive.
In his theory, Piaget proposes two types of intelligence that are responsible for static and dynamic
aspects of reality that is, figurative and operative intelligence respectively. Figurative intelligence
involves all the means of representation that are used to retain state that appears between
transformations, like shape, form, or location. It involves imitation, drawing, perception, language
and mental imagery. Operative intelligence on the other hand, involves

Psychology : The Positive Psychology Movement
One of the most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement.
Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to
enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve.
In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive
psychology movement concerning individual personality.
Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the
new era of positive psychology. Positive psychology today, emphasizes that personal strengths and
their contribution to an individual well–being includes happiness, and fulfillment. Therefore,
personality traits are among the most dominant prospect of happiness and fulfillment.
Personality is developed based on a human being ability to function rationally in an environment.
Therefore, theories are formed by psychologists who have worked in the medical field with
individual who were diagnosed with a behavior dysfunction or other mental illness. Their
psychopathic theories have become what are known as theories of personality.
Most theorists have argued that personality is a product of biological and environmental factors. To
help individuals understand the different approaches used to analyze the theories of personality,
many theorists have given emphasis to different personality and development. One has included four
approaches to help individuals gain

The Long Run Causality Direction Between Financial Markets...
This thesis investigates the long–run causality direction between financial markets development and
economic growth in Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia and China for varying time periods using VAR models
and Granger Causality methods. It also explores the interrelationships between variables using the
Impulse Response Function. Financial industry consists of two main parts; debt and equity
(Krugman and Obstfeld, 2009). These are also called debt and equity markets. Credit markets which
are primarily consisted of banks are assumed to provide lending and saving channels for potential
individual, private and public investors. Stock markets are the other crucial part of the financial
system. These capital markets provide equity and direct form of ... Show more content on
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This type of growth model is called an exogenous growth model since it assumes that technological
progress is exogenous. This is the main reason why it can poorly describe the works of economic
forces and government policies. For that reason factors like financial development cannot influence
the rate of economic growth, but only the equilibrium level of capital stock per worker.
From this came the need for another type of growth model. It came in a form of „endogenous
growth theory"which began developing in middle of 1980s. This type of growth models determine
long–term growth rates by focusing on economic growth, as an endogenous result of an economic
system. Romer (1986), Lucas (1988) and Rebelo (1991) were the pioneers of this approach in
modeling economic growth. Arrow (1962) in his work developed a model where capital
accumulation did not generate diminishing returns like in the neo–classical models before. Instead
knowledge spillovers were limiting the effect of diminishing returns trough positive spillover effect
across producers. Romer (1986) was the first to incorporate these types of spillovers in a framework.
Main assumption of new „endogenous growth theory"was that marginal productivity of capital does
not converge to zero as capital per worker grows. So even if exogenous productivity growth is
absent, the endogenous aspect of growth of per capita output is

Concept Of Well Being As Defined By The Center For Disease...
CONCEPT OF WELL BEING
The concept of well–being as defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is
the "judgment of life in a positive manner as well as satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive
functioning." (Well–Being Concepts, 2016) The perfect approach to the issue of quantifying well–
being is the use of self–assessment scales. One such scale developed is the Psychological Well–
Being Scale by Carroll Ryff . (Ryff, 1995) Concepts such as Well–Being attempt to explore the non–
economic side of development. It is of supreme importance to understand whether individuals are
content with the life, which they are living over and above the laws and rights, which already exist
in society. Scales such as this provide an accurate picture of reality as it gives a first hand account.
This accuracy can help in better implementation of Human Rights and in turn effective development
in the future. In order to confirm and prove its applicability, the scale can act as a blueprint for the
future. In the sense that if the scale works at an individual level, it can be developed and modified to
apply to a larger population.
RYFF'S PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL–BEING SCALE
Ryff proposed that well–being can be measured on six dimensions or scales. These are Autonomy,
Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations with Others, Purpose in Life and Self–
Acceptance. The six dimensions cover the various aspects of the lives of individuals, which
comprise well–being.

The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior
Psychology refers to the scientific study of all the aspects of human mind and behavior. Psychology
is broadly categorized in various branches that deeply analyze different concepts of human behavior.
In Human Growth and Development, full perceptions of the process of human development are
covered in detail evaluating various stages of human growth. As such, this aspect provides an
overview of the stages of human life from birth through the middle stages to the adult stage. Some
various theories are set to provide some guiding principles and concepts that analyze the human
development in a coherence and detailed form. The major theories identified in this branch of
psychology include the psychoanalytic theories, the learning methods, and ... Show more content on
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As evidenced, the theory is extensively discussed in detail by various scholars who evaluate
different minor branches to give a descriptive account of human development. Contextually,
psychosexual development is estimated by individual students to show how human personality
developed in various phases over the course of childhood. In this context, psychosexual theory
suggests that human nature is mainly established at the age of five years. As a result of this, early
experiences influence the behavior of the individual by playing significant roles that contribute to
the progression of the person to a completely developed adult.
Learning theory
This theory in human growth and development is developed to analyze major issues that are not
covered in psychoanalytic theory. In this case, it includes the absence of significant empirical pieces
of evidence of supporting psychoanalytic claims by developing an approach that scientifically
encompasses all the aspects of development (Burns, 2013). As such, this theory thereby focuses on
establishing on the issues that show how behavior is learned. Some of the factors considered for the
effectiveness of this approach include classical conditioning mechanism, operant conditioning, and
social learning theory. In classical conditioning theory, learning is achieved by the use of a
systematic mechanism that focuses on creating an

Social Case Study Emma's Behavior
Introduction To effectively understand a child's behavior, there are various factors to be considered:
biological, neurobiological, environmental, psychological, social and physical. While growing up,
children often create both emotional and physical associations to the environments around them
(Cozolino, 2014). Cozolino further notes that while growing up, social deprivation can adversely
affect children's growth and development, and thus at every stage of a child's development, the
human contact is essential as this contributes to wholesome development. Keating (2011), on the
other hand, notes that when factors that contribute to a child's normal growth and development are
insufficient in their environment, such an occurrence could lead to ... Show more content on
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This theory highlighted the importance of evaluating children within their environment as this
contextualized their development. Some of the concepts that this theory is founded on are explained
in the different environments that children find themselves. One of these environments is the
mesosystem. This environmental concept has numerous other microsystems that surround a child:
for instance the school, home and church. These microsystems have associations that parents should
develop in their children for wholesome development. Emma experienced similar environments:
home and school; but it can be assumed that they were not well cultivated as they led to the
behavioral problems that she has. Further, it can be assumed that Emma's change in behavior is as a
result of a collision in the home and school

Normative Development
In the latter part of the 19th century, psychology began to separate from its previous philosophical
standing, emerging more as a scientific discipline. Abstract laws were devised, and objective and
quantitative measurements of isolated variables analysed. Theories of development emerged and
have continued throughout history, providing organization, and "a lens through which researchers
can interpret and explain any number of specific facts or observations" (Sigelman & Rider,
2012, p. 32). In postulating what is seen as 'normative' development, these theories provide a model
or map from which science and society are largely influenced.
Normative development implies an individual will grow, experience and behave in a similar manner
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The revolutionary thinking of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic approach of the early 1900's
challenged existing human nature and development and inspired offshoot theories that continue to
be applicable to healthy development in modern day society. Bandura's social cognitive theory, for
example, was devised in response to Freud's philosophy regarding the conscience (Peterson, 2010).
Bandura's theory asserts that individuals will behave similarly across the lifespan through modelling
or imitation. This behaviourist based theory explains human behaviour in terms of a reciprocal
interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental factors (Sharf, 2012). In observing
other people, the learner pays attention to and perceives the other model, constructs and remembers
the behaviour, and retrieves and reproduces this behaviour subsequently, dependent on motivating
factors (Archer & McCarthy 2007). An individual is said to be motivated internally, as in
achieving a personal goal, or vicariously, when the learner observes the consequences of the
behaviour in the model.
In his parameters for healthy development, Bandura gives no credibility to collective stages, rather
offers the process as being gradual and continuous in a generation of learning (Sigelman &
Rider, 2012). Principles of learning can be seen to operate throughout life, and can be used to
describe

Biological And Humanistic Approach To Personality
Biological and Humanistic ApproachePersonality is distinctive characteristics inherited and
uniquely possessed by each individual. It makes us very different in our emotions, thought patterns,
as well as our behaviors. The Creator God has given each of us a sense of uniqueness and there is no
one else like us. It means that there is a particular characteristic in our personality that will describe
who we are. As we studied personality, we found out there are eight crucial aspects in which will
help us to grasp the meaning of an individual's complex nature. Maslow (1982) wrote in his journal
about his self–actualized friends, "all at the top & yet all limited; the top are far from perfect" (p.
328). In this paper, the discussion is about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it came to the nature of human beings, it was best to be optimistic because the focus is
primarily on the ability of human beings having conscious and rational thinking. This way
individual would be able to achieve full potential and control biological urges. The viewpoint of the
humanistic theory is every person is responsible for his or her life and actions; they have a free will
to change their behavior and attitude. The biological theory relates the internal organs namely the
brain and genes that human beings have not controlled over. The humanistic approach fails to show
the evil side of individuals' life.
Eysenck belief was the primary determinate of personality is genetics. "All in all, if certain aspects
of personality are indeed based on biologically induced temperament, then we should expect to see
such differences in all cultures. Indeed, the introversion–extroversion dimension does seem to
appear worldwide "(Eysenck, 1990, p.

Discuss How Theories of Human Growth and Development Can...
Discuss how theories of human growth and development can help understand human behaviour.
Human growth and development is studied and researched with differing perspectives. There are
many ways human growth and development can be looked at. Certain disciplines, such as, biology,
psychology and sociology all have opposing viewpoints on the subject. The psychological viewpoint
concentrates on the different processes of the mind, whereas, the biological approach is centred on
genetics and environmental factors. The sociological viewpoint, however, focuses on individual
thoughts and feelings as being socially constructed (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). Human growth and
development is researched across the whole lifespan, however, for this ... Show more content on
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For example, according to Hart, Blincow and Thomas, resilient therapy may help a child in gaining
good relationships with family and friends by tapping into good influences and finding place for that
child to belong. Resilient therapy recognises the importance of attachment theory and aims for the
affected child to feel a sense of family cohesion. According to Hart, Blincow and Thomas,in
providing a resilient mechanism, two things are achieved. Firstly, a sense of belonging, as this is
protective and gives children a secure base to attend; psychologically, when feeling under threat.
Secondly, with children experiencing a self of belonging somewhere, they are better equipped in
facing rejection elsewhere.
Further to the attachment theory, Bowlby derived the term maternal deprivation, (Bowlby, 1959).
Bowlby identified the first two years of a child's life as the most critical time for bonding. Bowlby
hypothesised that if there was a lack of parent and caregiver bonding by the age of 2 then maternal
deprivations may result in the child suffering psychological damages that may be irreversible.
According to Bowlby, children who suffered maternal deprivation at a young age may often become
incapable of expressing empathetic emotions and affection later into their adult life.
In addition to Bowlbys ideas;

Observation of Child Growth Essay
Introduction red – Development blue – Conclusion orange
Individualism– Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in
terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. For the first time in my life I am being
an individualist. I am giving greater priority to my own personal goals. I honestly don't know what I
was thinking changing careers at the age of 42 but I am determined to get my nursing degree. For
the next 2 years it will be about me and my own personal achievements. Aggression – Physical or
verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. I was married for 11 years to a very physically and
verbally abusive man. Daily he told me what a piece of crap I was ... Show more content on
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Learn more about this theory in this article on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.
Cognitive Child Development Theories
Theorist Jean Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults and proposed a stage
theory of cognitive development. He was the first to note that children play an active role in gaining
knowledge of the world. Learn more in this article on Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
Behavioral Child Development Theories
Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences
behavior and are based upon the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov and B. F.
Skinner. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction
to rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement. Learn more about these behavioral theories in
these articles on classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Social Child Development Theories
There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowbly proposed one
of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with
caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships
throughout life. Learn more in this overview of attachment theory.
Did You Know?
She claims that psychological research and political culture is highly influenced by, or should I say
contaminated with, the

Psychoosexual And Psychosocial Theory Of Development
PSYCHOSEXUAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF
DEVELOPMENT
Human development is a lifelong process, which describes the growth of human throughout the life.
There are many developmental theories which provide a set of guiding principles and concepts of
human growth and development including physical, behavioral, cognitive and emotional growth and
change. Out of those theories
Psychosexual and Psychosocial theories are the two main theories of Psychoanalytic .
Here I am going to focus on these two theories of development and highlight what these two
theories have in common and how they differ.
The theory of psychosexual development is one of the well –known and controversial theories of
personal development, proposed by the famous Austrian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to both the theorists t he child's personality depends on the success of going through all
these stages, because the childhood trauma can change the development of personality. In addition,
it is important for individuals to overcome these different stages of developme nt in a positively
balanced way in order to develop their minds and beliefs.
However, there are several differences as well within these two theories of psychosexual and
psychosocial development. Even though both theorists believe that personality develops in a series
of stages, there are differences that exist between the names of the stages and the developmental
issues that are faced during each stage.
The main difference is that unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes
the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes
the importance of basic needs and biological forces, while Erikson's psychosocial theory is based
upon social and environmental factors.
Furthermore, Freud's conflict centers on sex, while Erikson's theory takes psychosocial approach,
which means that people are shaped by society and need to be part of that

Human Development Is The Roots Of Work Essay
This paper will present research from a peer–reviewed articles to explain human development in the
context of current trends within the selected topic LIFE SPAN and subtopics of infant care,
childhood, adolescence, adult and gerontology. Research is important in psychology as it can
provide professionals like psychology professionals, guidance counselors, and marketing executives
with a baseline of typical and atypical in human behavior . Understanding the aging process is
important to a Psychologist, to do this one must research developmental psychology. The research
presented in Lifespan theory has led to propositions and arguments, which emphasize, clarify, and
articulate important developmental issues. and the topic. briefly describes your topics, (development
involves both gain and loss) Thomas, J. E. (2015) states developmental psychology is the roots of
work of B.F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson, who spread theories of behaviorism,
constructivism, and psychosocial development. The most recent developments in learning theory are
multiple intelligences, a theory that attempts to explain the ways in which different individuals
learn. Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the intellectual, social and
emotional development of humans. The research that follows will provide a literature review that
will address the topic of the paper LIFE SPAN.
(Baltes, 1987) states that life–span developmental psychology is the field of psychology,

Charles Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection
CHARLES DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
In this essay, I will first describe ways in which Charles Darwin's theory brought change to his
society. What is Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection about? Natural selection is one of the
basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and genetic drift. Evolution is the
change in the heritable characteristics of biological population over successive generations.
(Wikipedia, 2016) Mutation on the other hand refers to the change of structure of a gene, resulting in
a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations. It is caused by alteration of single
base units in DNA or the deletion, insertion, rearrangement of larger section of genes or
chromosomes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may seem strange but the latest technology was able to prove this is true when embryos were put
under a microscope; there were some similarities that were discovered. Many people did not agree
with this theory some even still do not still think it is appropriate as it somehow contradicting with
Christianity which states that all living things were made by God. Which means people and other
species that went under evolution were also created by God and did not evolve. The theory was later
accepted by many people especially those who were also scientists.
When it comes to science, Charles Darwin's theory had such a huge impact because ever since then
scientists have been using the very same theory to explain natural selection. Charles became the tool
used to explain what is happening in the natural world.
Scientists nowadays have discovered evidence to prove what Darwin said was precisely right; they
use DNA to explain mutation which cause variation and diversity in species. DNA is used for a lot
of things nowadays, can be used to catch criminals and for paternity results.

Human Growth And Development Theories
Theories of human growth and development provide a framework for the understanding of how
humans development socially, mentally, and physically. All theories give different types of valuable
information which gives readers more insight into the subject matter. For example the subject at
hand is human growth and development. In this there are theories which will give you an insight of
the subject matter in a cognitive viewpoint, physical viewpoint, or even in a social viewpoint.
Erikson's theory of development gives us a psychosocial insight. This theory consists of eight stages
from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person will either have a positive or negative
outcome to a crisis which they will face. The role of culture and society will play huge role in this.
Erikson puts a great deal of emphasis on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for
developing a person's identity (McLeod, 2017). Stages– Infancy (birth–18 months old) Basic Trust
vs Mistrust – Hope During this stage, the people reliable of the outcome are the parents. It is their
responsibilities to nurture and care for the child, especially when it comes to physical contact and
touch. This allows the child to have a sense of trust, confidence, and even security if the parents
have properly cared for the child. If the child does not experience these things, he or she may start to
abstain insecurities, a sense of worthlessness or even just not

Assess The Difference Between Developmental Psychology...
Psychology is the study of the behavior and mental processes of all living organisms. In psychology,
different perspectives are made in order for us to have a better understanding of the different
changes and behavior humans will undertake throughout their life. These "theories" help contribute
to the study of human growth and development and provide us with a better understanding. They
can be sorted into continuous or discontinuous, one course or many courses of development, and
nature or nurture. In developmental psychology continuity and discontinuity are two theories that
compete to try and explain how individuals change throughout their lives. The continuity theory
says that someone changes for the duration of their life along a smooth course whereas the
discontinuity theory instead claims that people change abruptly. A development theory is one course
when it is believed that there is one universal common path for all people across all places and
cultures. On the other hand, a development theory with many courses is stated to have specific
stages for specific individuals across specific contexts. Lastly, the nature theory argues that we are
born the way we are and genetics determine who we are and who we will become. The nurture
theory argues that outside influences such as society determines ... Show more content on
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The first difference is that the Behaviorism theory is continuous making it many coursed and on the
contrary, Erickson's theory contains specific stages making it discontinuous and one coursed.
Another difference is that Erickson's theory focuses on learning from resolving a crisis at each of the
eight stages to develop successfully and learning in the Behaviorism theory focuses on things such
as operant condition where there is rewards or punishments to develop

How an Understanding of Human Growth and Development Can...
I. Introduction
A. In my essay will explain how an understanding of human growth and development can assist the
counsellor in responding to the needs of the client. I have chosen three theories in three different
models. My first model is psychodynamic and I will look at Sigmund frauds theory of development.
The second model is humanistic and I will be covering Rogers and Maslow. My last model I will
cover in this essay is social Erikson's lifespan development theory. My essay will look at the
theories and the application of each theory and I shall explain how an understanding of human
growth and development can assist the counsellor in responding to the needs of the client.
II. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12–18 is the genital stage. Young adults develop interests in the opposite sex, like previously in the
phallic stage. the body is changing in terms of the growing of pubic hair growing, periods, in young
males semen being produced .because of social restrictions adolescents shift their sexual energies to
other forms of interaction such as sport, friendships and career mapping(Gerald Corey). If this stage
is not managed with positivity and acceptance then personality disorders can take place. And the last
stage is 18–35 the genital continued. The genital sage is the longest stage and continues to 60
+.becoming and being an adult .freedom to do as you please, love who you want, work where you
want no parental restriction, a person has now become an adult (Gerald Corey). Responsibilities are
taken, intimate relationships are formed and the capacity to want to understand others is formed
(Gerald coyer).if the stages were inadequate, not positive then there can be problems, fraud calls
these problems fixations. As noted earlier there are 5 stages, oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.
Successful completion of stages determines how the next stage is managed. An example would be a
caregiver did not meet the needs of a child in the oral stage, in terms of the giving of food
(breastfeeding). The child may later develop trust issues, personality disorders due to the wanting
feeling, the pleasure principle of the id has an impact because the

Grand Theories Of Child Development Essay
Child development theories focus on describing how children change and also grow throughout
childhood. Such theories fixate different aspects of development consisting of social, emotional and
cognitive development. The study of human development is a rich as well as differed subject. All of
us have personal experience with development, however this is sometimes difficult to understand
how and why people grow, discover, and act as they do. Why do children act in specific ways? Is
their behavior pertaining to their age, relationship, or individual temperament? Developmental
psychologists aim to answer such questions in addition to understand, describe, and predict
behaviors which occur all throughout the life–span. So as to understand human ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various other are called mini–theories; they rather focus just on a relatively limited aspect of
development like cognitive or social growth. The following are just a few of the many child
development theories which have been suggested by theorists and researchers. Much more current
theories describe the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these
growth milestones occur. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory The psychoanalytic theory
comes from along with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients
struggling with mental disorder, Freud concerned believes that childhood experiences and
unconscious desires influenced behavior. Inning accordance with Freud, problems that occur during
each of these stages may have a lifetime influence on personality and behavior. Freud proposed one
of the best–known grand theories of child development. As explaining by Freud's psychosexual
theory, child development occurs in a series of stages concentrated on various pleasure areas of the
body. Throughout each stage, the child faces conflicts that play a considerable role throughout

The Pros And Cons Of Classical Economics
1. Classical economics, which claims universality and progress for everyone, is a class biased from
start. Reflect on this statement.
Development: It is increasing the standard of living by considering economics is the key function.
Every theory of development has functions of economics. It plays a vital role in social science. It is
widely considered as "committed" i.e., serves an interest especially class interest. Economists have
equal important like scientists, because these people concern with important issues like economic
growth, employment and development etc., Economic theories of development have own way of
History, projections, philosophical bias, practice, language and relations. These properties of
theories depend on particular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He explained Ricardian theory as arithmetic precession which has ethical and social liberal
problems. He said state should protect individual liberty of citizens by which state can enhance with
good property rights and ownership. He supported smith theory of division of labor for efficiency.
State is important but should not over rule the economic realm. State should create legal and
political environment to enhance the self interest separate for market and state.
Conclusion:
He differentiated mercantilist's policies which benefited the elite people like feudal lords and
observed merchant–capital classes as agents for rationality and economic progress. In mercantilism
workers are not interested whereas here they become active by creating free market conditions of
production and trade. He emphasized on values and science, as science laws are applicable to
economics for growth and development. He neutralizes and universalizes the class bias form
Mercantilism.
Classical economics is varied from Smiths laws of competitive behavior, self interest and rationality
of markets by capitalists. It emphasized on production, trading and scientific innovations in the

Classical And Modern Demographic Transition
The demographic transition process involves two perspectives which are perceived as the guideline
to nations around the world to contemplate the finest strategy in development, namely, classical and
modern demographic theories. Demographic transition exists between the traditional societies which
indicated by the high rate fertility and mortality and modern communities which have achieved the
low level of fertility and mortality (Demeny in Fischer:2014). Due to the immediate growth of world
population, government around the world enforce these both points of view to accelerate the
equality in developing the societies. Classical and modern mindsets have certain connections to
human and economic development in the simmilarities and diffferences. This essay will elaborate
the relation of human and economic development which are presented in classical and modern
demographic transition approaches. Human development refers to Ranis (2004) is the final target of
a nation through economic growth process and as an indicator of general welfare. In addition,
human development is an essential element for driving the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Firstly, classical and modern theory support the decremental in mortality is resulted by the reduction
of infectious disease. Secondly, classical and modern demographic transition have similar sequences
and stages. It begin from the first stage which is characterized by the high rate of fertility and
mortality and ends with the low rate of fertility and mortality rate. Still in classical, it also has
several opinions regarding its connection between human and economic development. Initially, both
views acknowledge on the importance of human and economic development attainment. Besides,
classical and contemporary demographers consider that urbanisation as an influential role in
demographic transition

The Development Of Human Growth And Development Essay
Human growth is a fact of life we all experience it whether we want to or not. It is what we are
expected to do. There are many theories that are associated with human growth and development but
one thing that remains true throughout is that all humans go through stages of development from
birth to death. We all experience change in our life times. These changes help to shape us as human
beings and hopefully as well adjusted human beings. Everything from our environment to our
learning styles to our interactions with others can be described as human development and growth.
Our interactions with scripture and how we interpret it is also part of our development. The Bible
should play an important role in our development. It should be one of the many factors that
contribute to it. We, as Christians, should learn what the bible says about human growth and
development so that we may pass it on to future generations. Since we are relentlessly trying to
explore human behavior, it should seem reasonable to Christians that their source of knowledge, the
bible, should be used as the textbook on intellect and human behavior. This should be the most
authoritative textbook on the subject of human behavior. It is respected, it is impartial, and should be
the final word on the subject. It should not matter whether people accept the principles of God 's
Word or whether they agree with them or not, because every one (young, old, rich, poor, black,
white, legal or illegal) are

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