Da Nang Case Study

Da Nang Case Study
In 2007, Congress collected $130 million dollars to assist health issues related to Agent Orange, thus including direct care as well as research [21].
Since Agent Orange's effects range greatly from person to person based on age, exposure rate, and concentration, it is not as simple to classify as a
virus or bacteria. Therefore, a cure–all for Agent Orange is not possible, treatment for the symptoms is the only way to cure those affected. Although
"cleaning" where there is a greater concentration of dioxin in the environment can stop future cases of dioxin poisoning. So to protect people before
Agent Orange can affect them, it must be "cleaned" by different organizations to promote the health of Vietnamese citizens.
Due to all the believed health effects, the veterans of the war from the United States, New Zealand, and Australia made a case against the companies
responsible for producing Agent Orange, finally reaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Da Nang is an attractive city, due to the French colonial powers centered in the city during their colonial rule over Indochina, there is a fascinating
cultural crash. French style bakeries are selling French desserts as well as French style cafes; French architecture influences many of the buildings. The
unique history of the city has led to Da Nang to becoming a popular tourist attraction.
The need for a clean and proper airport resulted from the in the influx of visitors. The problem lies with the fact that the Da Nang Airport was
historically owned and operated by the United States military [25]. Thus it became a hotbed of Agent Orange contamination after the war [25]. Many
of the barrels of Agent Orange were left in the area after the war instead of removing them and returning them to the United States, so some of the
barrels leaked into the environment [25]. They would seep into areas like water supplies and the soil, contaminated the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Agent Orange : Medical Ethics
Motivation: Throughout the past Forty years the Vietnam war and it's after effects have shaped and changed so many individuals and their lives. I
will expose a deeper look at what actually occurred during the war and most importantly what actually caused the millions and millions of lives; both
Vietnamese, Japanese, and American. Problem statement: With war comes after effects and throughout the past Forty years many American Veterans
from Vietnam have had health complications and issues due to the widespread use of Agent Orange during the duration of the war, especially at base
camps. These ailments, cancers, and diseases can be traced back to a series of Chemical Defoliates or herbicides that have left traces of Dioxin with
whoever or wherever it once was used or sprayed. Conclusions: For all of these Veterans affected by this chemical unknowingly deserve restitution and
better yet compensation for their medical issues and bills. Agent Orange: Medical Ethics Agent Orange was widely used throughout the entire Vietnam
war by Anti–Communist forces. In 1962, 85% of the food sources in Vietnam were targeted to be sprayed with Agent Orange from the air.
Helicopters and planes were used in order to do aerial drops consistently and easily. On top of the use of Agent Orange on the forests of Vietnam,
United States military bases used this herbicide daily if not weekly in order to keep the lands on the bases clean and low amounts to no vegetation on
the bases. Many United

Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Nature and Management
PCB: Nature and Management Introduction The history of PCB's (known as the Polychlorinated Biphenyls) dates back to the early 1930's. There is
no record of the chemical existing in nature prior to this. This chemical substance is a type of oil that is chlorinated. It is hardly reactive with other
substances. It is not even prone to rapid combustion and serves as an electrical insulator. The chemical also maintains its structural integrity when
subjected to high temperature and pressure. This led the scientific community to consider PCB's as the perfect replacement for dielectric liquids and
as a form of insulation within capacitors and major transformers (Forsberg, 2007). The property of PCB enabled it to be an immediate candidate for
use in hydraulics, light (fluorescent) ballasts and heat transfer mediums. Its usage was further expanded to include tasks such as making pigments,
plasticizers and industrial grade wax. Discussion Identification It is important for a Food safety professional to be able to detect the effects of PCB's
on humans, animals and the environment. This provides them with important cures in how to contain and eventually eradicate the exposure to the
PCB's. In human beings the first sign of PCB exposure and poison is chloracne and rashes on the skin. The PCB is fat soluble so it will dissolve in
the dermis and any other layer than contains fat. The detection of PCB in a human source is important because it shows that there is a pre–dominant

Retinol Hypothesis
The relationship between polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormones and retinol was studied focusing on two groups of female polar bears
(females with cubs of the year and females without cubs) and within a group of males. PCB is an industrial organochlorine chemical by–product which
has toxic effects. Since PCB is volatile it is deposited in the polar regions. PCB negatively impacts brain development due to their impact on the thyroid
system. It also causes menstrual dysfunction, anovulation, and miscarriage. The polar bear feeds on the seals which contain OCs in their fatty tissues so
the PCB congeners can greatly accumulate in their body. There are two main types ofThyroid hormone : T4 and T3. Retinol is vitamin A which is also
affected by PCB. Retinol is a fat–soluble vitamin needed for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PCB also affects the thyroid enzymes. In this study, the global null hypothesis was there is no relationship between PCB and Thyroid hormones and
Retinol in female and male bears. The alternative hypothesis was that there is a relationship present between PCB and Thyroid hormones and Retinol
in female and male bears. The treatment group in the study was that the expecting polar bear mothers fasted for at least three months and the control
group in the study was the mothers who were not pregnant and the males. Because intercourse, reproduction, and sustenance of the polar bears affect
the level of thyroid hormone and retinol, there are likelihoods of the effects of PCBs and other OCs on thyroid hormones and retinol status may vary.
The bears were all from the Svalbard population. In order to prevent confounding results occurring from seasonal variation, the study took place in
spring between the months of March and April. The animals were live–captured and tranquilized by injection and the health of the polar bears was
assessed and their age was determine using a vestigial premolar

Polychlorinated Biphenyls Research Paper
The substance that I decided to discuss is polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs). The reason I chose this substance is because I never heard of it and I
wanted to gain further knowledge on it. In 1865 the first PCBs similar chemical was found by a product of coal tar. PCBs is a man made chlorinated
hydrocarbons and was produced in the United States for almost 50 years. It was finally banned in 1979. According to our textbook Warren County, a
dominate black area had 32,000 cubic yards that was contaminated with extreme amount of toxic from polychlorinated biphenyls in 1982. PCBs were
used as coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers. PCBs prevent electrical equipment from burning as fast and are
supposedly

Economies Of Scale And Scope
Economies of Scope:
Economies of scale and scope help producers lower their cost by producing the next unit of output at lower costs this trend continues until production
reaches a level of diseconomies of scale where production is no longer running as efficient as it should. This tends to increase the barriers to entry for
new competitors as when they enter the market they will experience a higher cost of production. Why? Solely because they have smaller economies
of scale and cannot afford to sell the product at the same price as other much larger firms. Generally, economies of scale and scope positively affect
General Electric. Since General Electric is one of the biggest conglomerates in the world it has the opportunity to offer products and services through
the same organization. These products might be highly unalike but due to the wide range of businesses covered by GE the prospect is there. For
example, GE, in order to continue a healthy relationship with valued customers, has allowed the multimillion dollar purchase of its jet engines to be
financed over long periods of time. The catch is that these finance opportunities are usually done via a leasing arrangement from GE Finance. In recent
year GE has pursued a service strategy when it comes to selling aircraft engines. They sell what they call "power by the hour" this enables the private
firm to indirectly rent the engine turbines, in return the firm would award GE with maintenance contracts on the engines. This

Polychlorinated Biphenyls Essay
Introduction: I will expound on my point of view in environmentalist interest group to discuss the causes and effects of a high convergence of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Kalamazoo River and afterward discuss how to deal with the issue and give my own proposals and concentrate on
one to two of my own recommendations completely.
On July 25, 2010 Enbridge Energy's Alberta tar sands pipeline burst close Marshall, Michigan, spilling an expected 800,000 gallons of poisonous
substantial unrefined petroleum into the Kalamazoo River. Enbridge's Kalamazoo fiasco was North America's most exceedingly bad and most costly
inland oil spill catastrophe. The Enbridge pipeline that cracked in Michigan conveyed grimy tar sands oil from Ontario. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
( Hartig 1998)
Emphasize that the contamination of any water or soil asset from critical measures of chemicals, particularly oil and poisonous metals, regardless of
whether the asset is an aquifer, a waterway, a lowland, a wild rice bed or a lake, despite what is said in the purposeful publicity battles that are slyly
created from the blameworthy mining, vitality or oil organizations whose defective innovation can be capable. Oil based commodities and
overwhelming metals are both equipped for gliding on, blending with or sinking underneath the water therefore streaming a long way past the mouth of
the stream, connecting to the shoreline or potentially sinking into the slop at the base.
Point of View:
The water, soil and air in the range where mechanical spills happen can be required to stay contaminated always, similarly as the dangerous metals
found in coal powder tailings lakes and coal–let go plants can decimate groups as their lethal ooze and smoke harm the downstream and downwind
condition. There are few places on earth that are not downwind or downstream from some dangerous industry. Rustic, non–horticultural, northern
Minnesota is relatively sheltered, yet it may not be for long. It relies upon in the case

Thesis Statement On Dioxin
Dioxin is a general name for a large group of hundreds of chemical compounds with similar structure. These compounds are made up of carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine atoms. It deposits in the fatty tissue and can be a long–time danger for human and animals.
My Thesis Statement is that Dioxin is one of the rogue chemical, which can have bad impacts both human– and animals health, which also can cause at
worst the death.
What are the inference from Dioxin? The particle model of the toxic chemical named Dioxin.
Due the fact of the highly toxic chemical, Dioxin can cause cancer, reproductive and developmental problems, damage to the immune system, possibly
disturbances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even unborn children take the chemical to the the placenta of her mother. Later the admission comes from the mother's milk. Doctors still agree: The
use of the breast–feeding excels the dangers by far.
Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They belong to the "dirty dozen" – a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants
(POPs). Dioxins are of concern because of their highly toxic potential. Experiments have shown they affect a number of organs and systems. Once
dioxins enter the body, they last a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored
in the body. Their half–life in the body is estimated to be 7 to 11 years. In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain. The higher
an animal is in the food chain, the higher the concentration of dioxins. Dioxin is mainly a result from natural processes, like volcanic eruptions or
forest fires, etc. Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment. The highest levels of these compounds are found in some soils,
sediments and food, especially dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish. Very low levels are found in plants, water and air. High level of dioxin can be
result of skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin and altered liver functions. The immune system, the developing nervous
system, the endocrine system and reproductive

Ge Sustainability Assessment Week 2
GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and missteps, from the years in which the
company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University– March 2016 Sustainability
Operations Professor: Brad Bergman| GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and
missteps, from the years in which the company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University
– March 2016 Sustainability Operations Professor: Brad... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EPA considers a 200 miles stretch of the historic Hudson to be one the largest Superfund sites in our nation. What was GE's environmental stance
during the latter part of the 20th century? In three words Dismal, Denial, and Diswoned! Mr. Jack Welch's, reigned as Chairman and CEO of GE
during the years of 1981–2001, taking over from his predecessor Reginald H. Jones. Regarding the case of GE's dumping of PCB's into the Hudson,
a rather frosty Welch negotiated with the state of New York, settling to pay a mere $3 million dollars for the damage caused to the Hudson River.
According to Cray (2001), "GE executives probably hoped the deal would bury the issue forever, and that everyone concerned about the PCBs
(polychlorinated biphenyls) lying on the bottom of the river would let nature take its course." (Multinational Monitor, 2001) During that time Jack
Welch's stance on the accusations resulted in historical comments filled with denial, Jack said, during a 60 Minutes interview, "The word 'dump' is
used! We didn't dump! We had a permit from the U.S. government and the State of New York to do exactly what we did. Do you think I'd come to
work in a company that would do that or condone that? I wouldn't do it, Lesley! This is nuts!" (60 MINUTES, October 29, 2000) GE would go on to
fight the government, at first refusing to recognize the impact of its actions upon the environment, and those people living near the Hudson, not to
mention their own

Environmental Impact And Sustainability Issues Related For...
Environmental Impact and Sustainability Issues related to PBDEs
In chapter fourteen of our textbook, Environment: The Science Behind The Stories, it is made clear that the United States does not use the
precautionary principle approach when it comes to evaluating how toxic a substance is (Withgott & Laposata, 2014, p. 382). This lack of precaution
has proven to be dangerous when it comes to chemicals, especially when using polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDEs are chemically
engineered flame retardants used during the manufacturing process of clothing, bedding, and many other household goods. These flame retardants work
by eliminating the fire's oxygen supply, resulting in less damage to the item and a decrease in the chance of a larger fire (Hester & Harrison, 2013, p.
45). While PBDEs may have been necessary during a time when there were fewer fire regulations, it is clear that the negative effects of these flame
retardants outweigh the benefits in today's times.
According to the journal of Environmental Science & Technology (2016), the toxicity of PBDEs was first discovered in Sweden, when a study
exposed an unsafe and increasing level of flame retardants in the breast milk of women. This study showed that PBDEs were potentially toxic and
highly bioaccumulative, meaning that they accumulate in the body instead of being broken down. PBDEs were identified as mutagens, as well as
possible carcinogens. Because of these findings, PBDEs were banned in some countries and

Dead Orca Research Paper
In 2002, a deceased female orca was discovered on Dungeness Spit in Washington. The dead orca contained 1000 parts per million (ppm) PCBs, an
estimated six times more than the average Pacific Northwest orca (1). PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are a type of manufactured chemical. Their
use was predominantly within electrical equipment, acting as coolants or lubricants, along with being used in paints, cement, or other common material
(2). Such chemicals are a large issue in the PNW, despite being banned decades ago.
Today, killer whales are in danger of becoming extinct due topollution of substances like PCBs. Due to biomagnification, chemicals like those
mentioned only magnify in populations higher on the food chain. How does this effect the orca population? Pollution at these levels are creating
various health issues in the large mammals and decreasing their numbers rapidly. Equally worrisome is the fact that humans consume the same
contaminated food as orcas (e.g., salmon). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally containing about 150 ppm, killer whales are known to have numerous issues due to these high levels of contaminants (3). Seals have been
known to have immune complications when carrying less than 10 ppm PCBs (3). Hence, orcas are heavily effected, facing a shorter life expectancy,
birth defects, chromosomal issues, and cancer (4). Unfortunately, salmon is one of the top contributors to the pollution in orcas, and a food source for
the majority of humans. In consequence, people are at risk for the same negative effects of biomagnification as orcas. For this reason, there is often a
recommended limit on seafood consumption. Some examples of PCBs' effects on humans are cancer and development problems

Environmental Effects Of Organic Pollution And Its Effects...
Organic pollutants normally originate from numerous human activities which include manufacturing, managing storing, and disposal of chemicals.
Industrial places are a contributor of the contaminations that besiege our environment and this does not stop there as the oil refineries on their own in
some countries cause unquantifiable damages to their land and water bodies. Agricultural activities which involve use of pesticides and insecticide also
contribute, not to talk of households generally.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
This is another instance within the feel, commonly due to the fact their waste is known to pollute waste streams. In real sense, the waste discharge
from chemical industry at the moment are adequately managed and treated earlier than being launched into the environment. There were no facilities to
effect this treatment in the past and so there is a considerable level of damages which has already struck the water bodies due to this waste disposal by
industries. Even though efforts have commenced to beat to the barest minimum this sort of pollutants, its impact continues have not totally vanished.
HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
There are release of substances which are products of chemical organics that not only affects the environment but takes decades for it to decompose. We
use most of these products in our environment and though not many know the harms it because they are largely disastrous to the environment. There
are massive campaigns against the use of polythene bags as well as pet bottles because of the harms which their accumulation causes to the water
bodies and animals in the sea. Chemical substances which contaminate the environment would not out rightly present themselves as contaminants
because some are useful environ to man. This leads to the detergent we use in our laundry, the constituent of this detergents are not only beneficial but
they are also in turn return devastating characteristics to land. An examination of the labels of a detergent will present to us the ingredient which is
typically unsafe chemical compounds.
TYPES OF ORGANIC POLLUTION
**DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT, is an insecticide that acts as soon as extensively used on agricultural vegetation to tackle bugs

Agent Orange : A Herbicide / Defoliant Used By The U.s....
Agent Orange was a herbicide/defoliant used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War as part of the Herbicidal Warfare Program. Agent Orange
was given its nickname due the the barrels it was stored in, marked with a single orange stripe, other herbicides used in southeast asia were given
similar nicknames such as Agents Blue, Green, Pink and Purple. Despite the large veritable rainbow of different defoliants, Agent Orange was
primarily used during Operation: Ranch Hand [HowStuffWorks Science]. During Operation: Ranch Hand, 19 million gallons of Agent Orange and
other chemicals were sprayed over 4.5 million acres of land in Vietnam [History.com]. The reasons for the mass distribution of the chemical were to
"Deny them food and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In both past and present, the traces of Agent Orange have drastically affected the ecosystems of Vietnam. The causes for the effects of Agent Orange
are due to its main, and most dangerous component: Dioxin. Many of the separate Agent compounds contained dioxin, but Agent Orange contained
Tetrachlorodibenzo–p–Dioxin (TCDD,) one of the most potent forms of Dioxin. TCDD is responsible for many of the sub–lethal effects on wildlife in
Agent Orange spray zones, causing tumors and birth defects, along with a variety of cancers to animals who ingest it [HowStuffWorks Science].
Almost every living animal has small amounts of Dioxin located in their body fat, but the mutagenic effects of Dioxin occur when it enters an
ecosystem in large amounts. The body can process small amounts of dioxin, but in vast quantities, like the millions of gallons of Agent Orange
dropped on the forests of Vietnam, it is a very powerful poison. After the Dioxin soaked up into the plants and ground of the Vietnam forest it worked
its way up the food chain, as herbivores ate the Dioxin–infused grass, then become Dioxin–laced themselves, eventually everything became infected
with the Dioxin and slowly died out, eventually, all the plants and animals were gone, leaving a barren wasteland. That is how the forests of Vietnam
eventually withered away, and some did not return [HowStuffWorks Science]. This is very clearly a violation of environmental justice,

What Is Monsanto Ethical?
Monsanto is the largest seed production company in the world. Based in St. Louis, Missouri, the corporation has bought out several smaller
companies of the same kind and introduced large scale production of genetically modified seeds for soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton. Monsanto
created a chemical that could be fused with common seeds to make farmer's jobs easier. Traditional farming takes lots of manpower and hard labor.
Farmers must hire people to go through fields and remove weeds and unwanted plants. Weed killers cannot be used on regular crops because the
chemicals in them would harm healthy plants like corn and soybeans, either killing them, or at the least, making them unsafe for consumption.
Monsanto's solution was creating genetically... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is company itself that believes in the reinforcement of policies, even at such a drastic level. Next, there are the consumers who believe in what is
right, but also believe that there are different and better ways to go about investigation than such intense confrontation. Thirdly, there is the group of
people who are unquestionably against Monsanto. This, however, has more to do with long lasting effects of production rather than the investigator's
approach. Monsanto's effect on the planet has been a lot more than just some protected plants. In the 20th century, the company created and produced
two of the most toxic substances ever known– polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. From 1929 to 1977, Monsanto produced PCBs as
industrial coolants and insulating fluids for electrical equipment. While the chemical did have a use, excess amounts of it were disposed in extremely
irresponsible ways, considering that the chemical causes serious illnesses such as chloracne, heart disease, and cancer. The problem with PCBs are that
you really can't dispose of them. They were dumped in landfills and

Dr. Kittrell's Hoover Report
Dr. Kittrell suggests that NCR should have issued a product recall to reduce the amount of converter trim and postconsumer NCR paper being
recycled. He points to a 1971 NCR quote that states that there "wasn't sufficient evidence to justify the issuance of warnings or recalls" to suggest that
a NCR was aware of the recall option. . He notes that NCR's 1972, post production period, "Hoover Report") acknowledges that there is residual paper
in the field while the report states that "it is considered almost impossible to determine the quantity and location of such stock". . He also suggests that
NCR continued to make the problem worse when it reassured customers in 1976 that Aroclor 1242 was more biodegradable and that there was no
evidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As noted above, in 1972, the year after NCR had stopped use of PCBs, the Interagency Task Force on PCBs stated there was:
"sparsity [sic] of knowledge about PCBs in the environment. Only general statements can be made about how PCBs reach the environment, how they
reach target organisms, and how much is present."
Item 2.6, page 7 (and Item 1.2.3, page 2). NCR evaluated the toxicity of PCBs in 1954, using methodology also adopted by the Ohio River Valley
Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO), being based on a review of known scientific information of toxics that enter waterways. The NCR Safety
Committee issued in 1954 a conclusion that the emulsion was toxic by ingestion and/or inhalation.
These statements are unfounded, erroneous, and otherwise present a misrepresentation of the materials he references. Below I present what these
documents actually

Agent Orange : Description, Use, And Effects Of The...
Agent Orange: Description, Use, and Effects of the War in Vietnam Many of the scars of the Vietnam War have healed, but one toxic wound continues
to fester. An herbicide used by the United States promised to save the lives of many GIs by decreasing the strategic cover of the Viet Kong, who were
North Vietnamese Communist. Agent Orange proved to have side effects that were not intended. Not only did it destroy the environment, but the lives
of those it surrounded. While people can make moral judgments before their actions, a chemical does not discriminate between foe or ally. Vietnam is a
tropical monsoon climate, which is extremely humid throughout most the year [1]. Three–quarters of Vietnam is either mountainous or hilly. Thus
many of the country's ecosystems are found in the mountains, while the majority of people live on the coast where it is least mountainous [2]. There
are three main ecosystems in Vietnam: wetlands, terrestrial and marine [2]. There are 600,000 pounds of biomass per hectare (which is about two and
a half acres) in South Vietnams [3]. The areas of combat in the Vietnam War were incredibly dense with flora, making the environment one of the Viet
Kong's greatest allies along with other Communist of influence, like the Soviet Union. Thus herbicides were seen as a clear solution for the United
States military to remove advantages for the North Vietnamese. Agent Orange was the most commonly used herbicide during the Vietnam War, there
were other strains

Pobs Environmental Effects
Water pollution has been a growing concern in the United States, from the BP oil spill to the Flint water crisis, because of the adverse effects it can
have on the environment and the health effects in humans and animals. Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, were used widely as coolants and
lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment. The manufacture of PCBs stopped in the United States in October 1977 because
of evidence that PCBs accumulate in the environment and may cause health hazards for humans. This research paper will attempt to discuss the
dumping of PCBs into the Hudson River by General Electric, the health effects, and the NYS Department of Health and the US EPA's involvement for
the cleanup and restoration. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way PCBs are detrimental to human health is the developmental effects that are seen in the offspring of women who were exposed to PCBs
before or during pregnancy. These women in particular are at higher risk of giving birth to children that have major neurological and motor control
problems, including lowered IQ and poor short–term memory. A group of children in Michigan whose mothers had been exposed to PCBs were found
to have decreased birth weight and head size, lowered performance on standardized memory, psychomotor and behavioral tests, and lowered IQ
(Jacobson and Jacobson 1996). Another group of women exposed to PCBs in upstate New York due to the nature of their jobs had shorter pregnancies
and gave birth to children with lower birth weight. Research has also shown that women who consumed PCB–contaminated fish from Lake Ontario
were found to have shortened menstrual cycles (Mendola et al 1997). PCBs are also thought to play a role in reduced sperm counts, altered sex organs,
premature puberty, and changed sex ratios of

Why Does Monsanto Sue Farmers Who Save Seeds?
In this day and age it is probably not incorrect to assume that we have all heard the term genetically modified. While we may not all know what it
means, it's easy to find ourselves reaching for the "Non GMO" products on our grocery store shelves because they somehow seem like privileges. So
what is the difference between regular crops like cotton, corn, soybeans and canola that have or haven't been genetically tampered with and who is in
control of that tampering? GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) products are those that have been taken into a lab and altered genetically in a way
that could not happen naturally for the convenience of mass use. Monsanto is the largest genetically modified seed provider in the world, producing the
bulk of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One good example of how the people are affected by the investigation techniques of Monsanto comes from an article called "Monsanto's Harvest of
Fear" written by Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele. Gary Rinehart is the owner of the Square Deal store on the fading town square of Eagleville,
Missouri. In 2002, Rinehart was behind the counter in what he calls his "old–time country store" when a man entered and asked for him by name.
Rinehart says after telling the man who he was, the investigator began verbally attacking him, stating that he had proof of Rinehart illegally planting
Monsanto's soybeans. The investigator then tells Rinehart that he better come clean and settle with Monsanto, or face the consequences. Rinehart says
he and all of the customers in the store were struck with the same puzzled look. The problem with what this man had just done was that Gary Rinehart
was not a farmer, he just owned a small store in a town with a population of 350. Even after telling the stranger who approached the counter that he had
the wrong guy, the investigator persisted. Eventually Rinehart escorted him out, but in his fit of rage, the man continued to say things like "Monsanto
is big. You can't win. We will get you. You will pay." Scenes such as these are becoming more and more common in the United

The Battle Of The Vietnam War
me may say the war in Vietnam was fought over the topic of pride; others say it was a useless war that served no purpose. Regardless of the meaning
behind it, we cannot forget the soldiers that lived through it and the hardships they faced afterwards. A soldiers hardships are felt through their body,
mind, and soul. The Vietnamese war has impacted all veterans with physical scars, emotional breakdowns, or spiritual growth; these are the three
mementos that are usually brought back from war and have everlasting effects on their everyday lives. The most common injury resulting from war, is
physical injury. Flesh wounds, amputations, diseases; these can be categorized as physical injuries. A vital contributor to these injuries is a chemical
called Agent Orange. "Agent Orange is derived from an herbi– cide called dioxin, which was used in Vietnam extensively in the areas that had
foliage." (Ybarra, Pg.126) This chemical was created with the intention of repelling insects from soldiers at war; however, it had long–standing effects
on soldier's bodies even after the war. Soldiers exposed to Agent Orange revealed similar symptoms, including; "reproduction and development
effects, depression of the immune system, severe skin conditions such as chloracne, and cancers" (Palmer, Pg.174). Soldier ray quotes "I started
getting worse and worse, big old rashes on my head, on my private parts, on my toes, on my п¬Ѓngers, everywhere." This statement is consistent with
the article, in that

Ocean Pollution
As I look out at the beautiful ocean, the silky sand and gorgeous seashells lay underneath my feet. The blue waves crashing down onto the shore.
The ocean is truly a beautiful sight to see. However, we are slowly ruining this beautiful thing because of the way we treat this planet, the ocean is
extremely polluted and marine life is paying for it. A few of the ways mankind is damaging marine life is by heavy oil pollution, and exposing
marine life to dangerous chemicals. One way our oceans are polluted is because big companies like Princesses Cruises are caught "accidentally"
dumping oil into the sea. In 2013 the Caribbean Princess Cruise Ship was caught illegally spilling 4,227 gallons of oily water off the coast of England
and records say they have been doing this since 2005 (Department of Justice) In an oil spill the majority of the oil tends to float and clump at the
surface. Which harms wildlife because mammals who hunt fish need the surface clear in order to catch their prey. In addition to that, if the oil
were to enters the water column the fish and other creatures will be greatly affected. The oil will cause reproductive damage in adult fish and will
decrease their growth drastically. Also, if the fish eggs and larvae come in contact with oil could cause death or lower their survival rate greatly.
On top of that, the most damage to wildlife is done when the oil washes on the shores because of the damaging effects it has to birds that live on or
by the shore. With birds the oil will destroy the water repealing and insulating ability that there feathers have. This leaves them to be fully exposed
to the harsh substance causing them to die of hypothermia. The oil has such a harmful effect that National Geographic said "99 percent of
rehabilitated birds will die anyway as a result of oil exposure"(National Geographic). Furthermore, the majority of the oil has been in the ocean since
2005. Usually with accidents like oil spills the government tries to clean them up as fast as possible by using dispersants and other cleaning methods.
However with the oil sitting in the ocean for years there is no telling how many birds and animals were harmed. With the government not being aware
there was no way to save

Why Is Agent Orange Wrong
Annie Koppes
Hazardous Chemical– Agent Orange
In 1965 the United States of America became involved in the Vietnamese war attributable to the support America showed France in reclaiming Vietnam
after it became independent in 1945. The US stopped involvement in the Vietnam War in 1973. During the involvement of theUnited States, many
herbicides were used to defoliate the dense forests within Vietnam in order to upsurge their battle plan. One of the tactics of the United States was to
use what they referred to as "The Rainbow Herbicides" (Institute of Medicine, 2011). The most notorious of these chemicals was called "Agent
Orange". Agent Orange was the most popular chemical used of all the herbicides, and also the most toxic. Not only did Agent Orange cause extreme
defoliation in the areas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States failed to perform toxicology examinations in order to determine what environmental hazards would occur by using Agent Orange.
As a result, millions have suffered from teratogens, which cause birth defects, mutagens, which damaged genetic material among many Vietnamese,
and carcinogens, which caused cell damage and cancer among both American veterans and Vietnamese. Regardless of the issue that the United States
military failed to conduct previous examination of Agent Orange, the moral issue is that United States failed to perform environmental justice, which
states that there must be equal treatment of all people involved in hazardous chemicals regardless of origin, race, or gender. Another principle the
United States failed to address is the precautionary principle, which states that when a chemical hazard is possible all precautions must take action in
order to reduce risks. Environmental justice and the precautionary principle both address a strong moral compass, and what it means to possess moral
curtesy. Equal treatment of Vietnamese and US veterans has still not been

The Hudson River and PCB Pollution Essay
The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery
in Manhattan, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and reaches its widest point of 3 miles
across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most beautiful and scenic of the Tri–State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New York's most polluted
river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600's, when Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an
exploration of the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this was no Atlantic–to–Pacific passage but an
Edenlike place... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 1947 to 1977, these two plants legally discharged from 500,000 to 1.5 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson, and unknowingly saturated the
bedrock beneath both sites with at least that much again. There are PCBs in Hudson River water, biota, and sediment from Hudson Falls to New York
City – 200 miles that comprise the nations largest Superfund site. Pure PCBs are oozing out of the bedrock to this day, constantly recontaminating the
river and over 300,000 pounds remain concentrated in bottom sediments of the river today. The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the
food chain, which it supports, has created one of the most extensive hazardous waste problems in the nation. Polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCBs) are a
group of synthetic oil–like chemicals (therefore insoluble in water) of the organochlorine family. Until their toxic nature was recognized and their use
was banned in the 1970s, they were widely used as insulation in electrical equipment, particularly transformers. Reputable chemists have since
concluded, "it was probably a mistake ever to make or use PCBs." These are serious poisons, which have been shown to cause damage to the
reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and humans and are known to cause cancer. Exposure has also been linked to behavioral
damage. Specifically, because PCBs in the body mimic estrogen, women of childbearing age and their infants are particularly susceptible

Human Health and the Environment Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Customer Prof Human Health and the Environment PCBs cause a range of problems with people. They can be carcinogenic and cause cancer. They
also suppress the immune system. "Studies in animals and humans suggest that long term exposure to PCBs can suppress the immune
system."("Wisconsin department of health services") Some PCBs act as hormones and stay in the system. They have a tendency to accumulate in
the body. "PCBs alter major systems in the body (immune, hormone, nervous, and enzyme systems); therefore, PCBs affect a wide variety of body
organs and functions."(Katers) Most of the threat of PCBs getting in your system is through eating certain foods that may contain PCBs like fish
and meat. Some are even found in old fluorescent lights."PCBs can enter the body by eating or drinking contaminated food, through the air we
breathe, or by skin contact. PCBs are easily absorbed by the body and are stored in fatty tissue. PCBs are not eliminated well, so they can accumulate
in the body." ("Illinois department of public health") They do not leave the body. They accumulate and build up causing even more damage. "Choose
fish wisely. In Oregon, there are five fish advisories due to PCBs (Bonneville Dam, Lower Columbia, Columbia Slough, Portland Harbor, and
Willamette). Check with state advisories prior to eating sport–caught fish or shellfish, which are known sources of PCB exposure. Commercial fish that
are high in PBCs include Atlantic or farmed salmon, bluefish, wild

Essay on Dredging the Hudson River
Dredging the Hudson River
For the past year, the subject of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Hudson River and what should be done about them has been discussed by
politicians and residents all over the capital region. Often the top story on the local news, the front page headline of the newspaper, the subject of a
special on television, or the reason for a town meeting, dredging has become a much debated topic. With all the information being exchanged and
opinions published, it is easy for the average person to become confused. In an attempt to make things clear, the following report defines dredging,
PCBs, and presents a short discussion of each side of the Hudson River dredging debate.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Webster's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many companies produced PCBs in the 1930's and 1940's and because the chemical does not decompose, PCBs are still present in soil and rivers,
subsequently ending up in fish and other wildlife. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PCBs build up in the environment, and
larger concentrations are found higher in the food chain. Eating contaminated fish is the most likely way for PCBs to get into the human body. In
1997, the EPA banned the production of PCB's and they were classified as a probable human carcinogen.
DREDGING
Dredging is the removal of soil or material from the bottom of a river, lake or ocean harbor. (Encarta Online 8 Apr 2001). There are two distinctive
types of dredging; navigation and construction dredging, and environmental dredging. Navigation and construction dredging are used to remove
sediment that has accumulated to a level where the water depth is insufficient to support safe navigation (Huskie 2). Navigation dredging tends to use
large open clamshell dredges. Environmental dredging utilizes hydraulic dredges that act as a vacuum to remove contaminated sediments such as
PCBs, ("Environmental" Clearwater.org). A representation of these dredges is on the following page courtesy of Keene Engineering ("Environmental"
Clearwater.org). A sediment that is toxic or hazardous, once removed, must be placed in an approved hazardous waste landfill or, treated until it is
harmless

Water Pollution Essay
Heavy pollution can be found all across China, though it is more concentrated in the east than anywhere else. But where does all of this pollution
come from? Many people would assume that it is generated only urban or industrial areas(This is also true for air pollution); however, farmers play a
big role in polluting the water. With a fast–growing population and economy farmers are required to produce more crops every year. This has led them
into using organochlorine pesticides which was heavily used in the 1950s to the 1970s to control agricultural and get rid of mosquitoes. According to
Farmers continue to use harmful chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls which is used for lubrication on farming equipment such as tractors, air
compressors, pumps, and other agricultural machinery however it was later found to be harmful to the environment and cause cancer to animals
(ATSDR). The list continues on with polybrominated diphenyl ethers which is a flame retardant, polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins which is used as a
herbicide, and ammonium perfluorooctanoate which is a pesticide. With all of these chemicals in the water it puts China at one of the highest polluted
countries on earth. Due to the high amount of pollution in the water it makes China's water resources very limited as it has been quoted that only
20–25% of China's water is actually consumable or usable for agriculture/industrial use. In fact in 2005 research shows that out of the 515 rivers
surveyed 60 were

The Effects Of E Waste On The Environment
E–waste is a significant issue in environmental health. Both scientists and policy makers recognize the adverse impact e–waste imposes on the
environment, and they must work together to undermine the impact. In Guiyu, which is the world's largest e–waste processing village, workers break
electronics apart, burn them, or dump them in acid baths to extract their valuable components, such as copper and gold. However, these primitive
methods, especially when done in an open space, result in air and soil pollution, as well as endangering various life forms due to the emission of toxic
chemicals into the environment. To remedy the issue, a global agreement regulating movements and disposal of hazardous wastes between countries
must be reached, for which initiatives like the Basel Convention and Basel Ban are established.
Ever since the invention of electricity in the 1800s, scientists and engineers have been developing backbone technologies for various electronic
devices today. The rapidly advancing technology of electronics raises a major concern that does not only address what devices and appliances to
produce next, but it also discusses where these old electronics go after the introduction of new devices. As defined by Professor Brett Robinson of the
Lincoln University in New Zealand, the term electronic waste, also called e–waste, generally refers to the discarded appliances that use electricity, such
as personal computers (PC), mobile phones, and televisions (Robinson,

Napalm Vs Vietnam War
The first issue about napalm strike in vietnam on innocent villages.When napalm hits the ground it goes everywhere in a center radius and whatever it
lands on catches on fire men, women and children where badly burned from these strikes.The second issue is Agent Orange a chemical that was used
by the U.S. in the Vietnam War to destroy the jungle so that theUnited States Army could see the traps and where the enemy was hiding.The U.S.
didn't think that the chemical would travel in the air for miles and end up going into other none fighting bordering countries.This made for a bad look
on the U.S. part for not knowing this before.The last issue I have with the Vietnam War is the cover up of them going into villages and just murdering
the whole

Agent Orange Inhumane
This causes death to innocent people after the war and there were also many innocent people killed during the war which bothered America's inner
voice and for many that inner voice became an outer voice in protests. The second issue of Agent Orange also bothered the conscience of the United
States. "Between 1961 and 1971 about 20 million gallons of herbicides were dropped on South Vietnam." (Black 19) The U.S. "...had no idea of how
dioxin, the lethal contaminant in Agent Orange, might blight [people's] lives down through 3 generations." (Black 14) This was a very inhumane tactic
used in the war and many who opposed the Vietnam war "...felt that U.S. actions in Southeast Asia were crimes against humanity." (Maxwell 439) The
Vietnam war also

What Is Warren County PCB Landfill
Final Paper Warren County is a county in the northeastern region of North Carolina. It is on the northern border with Virginia and about 90 minutes
driving from closest large city, Raleigh. The county was formed in 1779. From 1840 to 1860, it progressively became the commerce and transportation
center and one of the wealthiest towns in the state. Then in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, its heavily reliance on agriculture slowed
its economic development down. Because of the rise of the cities, many residents decided to migrate to the cities to work for a better salary in general.
The county tried to come up with some policies to attract industrial and business development. However, they had not been particularly... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The town did not have a mayor, not even a city council. The purpose of the landfill was to bury the large amount of contaminated the soil with toxic
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), a class of chemicals so toxic that Congress banned production later. The whole story began in 1973 when Ward PCB
Transformers Company dumped more than 30,000 gallons of PCB–contaminated oil on the side of state roads in 14 North Carolina counties. The
trucker, who was responsible for taking the oil to a facility to be recycled, disposed of it discreetly and illegally. The person in charge of the
company and the trucker was sent to jail for a short time for their negligence on the matter. Contaminants left in the truck and factory was detoxified.
However, the area around the factory as well as the lakes and rivers close to the road had been polluted. As a result, more than 60,000 tons of oils were
polluted with toxic PCB. Right after the pollution happened, the State of Carolina decided to erect large warming signs telling people to have
cautions on the PCBs. From public's point of view, the PCBs had become a serious threat to health and soil condition. Consequently, State of Carolina
found it really hard to deal with the polluted soil. A legal, long, and regulatory preparation had to be made. Finally, the state decided to landfill all the
soil in the Warren County. As we can imagine people in the county would not

Toxic Dioxins In Australia
The Parramatta River is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. According to the Parramatta River Catchment Group (2016), it has around
19km in length, 220km of waterways in its catchment and 257 km2 of catchment area. His estuary covers 12km2, is influenced by tidal movements, is
in a constant state of flux, the freshwater from the river's tributaries change the chemical composition of the water on a daily basis and it takes 3 to 4
months to completes water exchange.
The pollution of Sydney Harbour, its tributaries and catchment began when the Europeans arrived at the region, in 1788. However, was just in the XIX
century, when the urbanization and industrialization processes took place of the Sydney area that most of the water contamination ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
1.2.Intervention Strategies
The main intervention proposes, as mentioned by Montoya(2015) to reduce the concentration of dioxins in the Parramatta River is the 2002
Environmental Impact Statement which has proposed to remediate the Unioon Carbide/Lednez site and parts of Homebush Bay, reducing the dioxins
levels.
But to remediate the whole Sydney Harbour, the actual strategy being adopted is to wait until the dioxin settles in the bottom of the Sydney Bay and it
gets covered by sediments
The dioxins are dispersed into a big area of Sydney Harbour. The main responsible processes for the spread of dioxins were the aerial deposition of
dioxins that were produced as a by–product of combustion of pesticide production. Other mechanisms are the transportation of dioxins that were
contained in soil sediments by the stormwater, and the dispersion of dioxins when wind–driven waves resuspended them and the spring tidal currents
transported them to other locations.
1.1.Persistence Factors
Dioxins are stable chemicals compounds, and persists in living beings. They can persist in the tissue of animals, and persist over the food

How Does Polychlorinated Biphenyls Affect The Environment
Polychlorinated Biphenyl or PCBs is a chlorine based organic compound with the formula of C12H10в€’xCLx . Polychlorinated biphenyls was used in
many different things such as coolants, lubricants for transformers, and other electrical equipment. The production of polychlorinated biphenyls is
stopped all together in the united states in the year of 1977 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA did this due to the
buildup of polychlorinated biphenyls found in the environment. Since Polychlorinated biphenyls have built up in our environment this means that they
must have an affect on the environment. According to the EPA once polychlorinated biphenyls enter the environment it contaminates our drinking
water, our food,

A Brief Note On Pcbs And Its Effects On Human Health
Introduction
Water pollution can be potentially harmful to the environment, aquatic ecosystems, food production, and can significantly impact human health.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are manufactured organic compounds containing over 209 types of chlorinated chemicals (Wisconsin Department
of Health Services, 2014). Since PCBs are organic compounds, they can be degraded in the environment. PCBs can be broken down by sunlight or
biodegrade by microorganisms. However, the degrading process depends on the concentration of the PCBs. The more concentrated the compound is,
slower the process will be (National Ocean Service, 2014). PCBs were first utilized for commercial and industrial applications such as electrical
insulators, transformers, and appliances. The accumulation of PCBs increased when wastes containing PCBs from manufacturing plants were being
placed at landfills (National Ocean Service, 2014). Since the 1970s, manufacturing of PCBs have been banned from Western countries and the United
States. In recent decades, reports of PCBs have been surfacing worldwide in soil and aquatic environments (Zheng et al., 2015).
PCBs can be found all over the world especially near bodies of water. Large amounts of research concluded that pregnant females exposed to moderate
to high levels of PCBs during pregnancy can lead to problems during postnatal health. Some of these problems include lower birth weight and smaller
head circumference (Fein et al., 1984), and potentially

Essay about Chemicals In The Environment
Chemicals In The Environment
In today's society chemicals, whether you like it or not are a fact of life. Many people are afraid of chemicals and their effects on them and the
environment. This is understandable because the truth of the matter is that chemicals can do some horrible things to humans, animals and the whole
ecosystem. Some would say that chemicals should be done away with for these reasons. But this certainly is not true and most likely impossible.
Chemicals can also have some very positive effects on our lives. Some uneducated people would argue that there should not be restrictions on
chemicals. This is just as crazy as saying that chemicals should be done away with. If chemicals are regulated and people abide ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people would say that because PCB's and Dioxins cause cancer that they should be done away with. However they do not realize that this
would mean giving up their electricity in their homes and their transportation. This is because every home uses a transformer to convert its electricity
to a usable voltage. And without capacitors to keep the amperage and voltage in phase cars would not run properly. (1) Speaking of cars, who does
not use one pretty regular? Cars, buses, trucks, planes, construction equipment, all run on combustion engines. A combustion engine must be fueled by
some type of fossil fuel. When a fossil fuel is burned it releases many chemicals some which are likely pathogens such as, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen
Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, PM–10, Benzene, Formaldehyde, Polyeyche
Hydrocarbons. The direct benefits of these chemicals may be hard to see however they are a necessary if we intend to keep on using our cars
(Environmed Research Inc. 2). Atrazine is a commonly used corn herbicide in the United States. The lineone website says:
The herbicide atrazine has been shown to affect the reproductive system development in rats. Mothers were dosed with atrazine and their offspring
showed a delay in vaginal opening in the females and a higher incidence of prostate inflammation in the males. Atrazine has also been shown to affect
hormone metabolism in women, which may have possible implications for breast

Military Nerve Agents
Nerve Agents are defined is a class of chemicals put together depending on their similar mechanism of action. Nerve agents interrupt vital nerve
communication in various organs. The severity of reaction depends on the range of toxicity and dosage released. The most well known military nerve
agents are tabun, sarin, soman, GF, and VX. All of these are manmade compounds. The first military nerve agent GA
(ethyl–N–dimethyl–phosphoroamidocynate) was discovered in Germany. After this discovery it was weaponized along with GB (sarine) and GD
(soman) together creating the "G–series". England then found approximately 4 years later the V–series including VX. Despite years prior to these
findings a Geneva Protocol that prohibited nerve agents was

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