FICTION-UNIT ESSAY Choose One Story: “A Rose for Emily,” “Soldier’s Home,” OR “A & P” Choose Three Types of Readers (including yourself): Using Wally’s essay as a model, consider, along with yourself, two possible audiences who belong to two different categories. These categories could be readers from different genders, sexual orientation, age groups, dis/abilities, level of poverty or wealth, marital statuses, races, national backgrounds? Some Things You Should Look Out for when Reading these Stories. • The publication date. • The sexual orientation of Homer Baron in “A Rose for Emily.” • The Southern Setting of “A Rose for Emily” • The fate of Toby in “A Rose for Emily” • The war experience of the soldier. • The dating expectations of the soldier. • The soldier’s relation with his mother • The Midwest setting of “The Soldier’s Home.” • The possibility that the soldier has PTSD. • In “A & P” Sammy’s economic status. • Sammy’s attitude toward women. • The point of view of the grown-up Sammy. ITS 832 Chapter 19 eParticipation, Simulation Exercise and Leadership Training in Nigeria: Bridging the Digital Divide Information Technology in a Global Economy Professor Miguel Buleje Overview • Introduction • Theoretical Framework • Application of eParticipation • Leadership Training in Nigeria • Conclusions Introduction • Digital divide • Access to information and communications technology (ICT) • Divide takes place when developing countries go backwards on technology, and developed countries advance exponentially. • Increasingly difficult for lagging countries • Chapter addresses the need to bridge the digital gap within and across countries. • eParticipation • Increasing utilization, application and adaptation of ICT in eGovernance • Key to bridging the digital divide • Lagging countries need ICT capacity to support eParticipation • Nigeria • Sample case • Leaders not well versed in technology • How can eParticipation and leadership training bridge the digital divide? Theoretical Framework • Theories of eParticipation capacity application • Structuration theory • Structures are produced and altered as a result of human activity (i.e. as a response to needs) • Institutional theory • Institutional environment influences existing structures by incorporating innovative new ideas • Actor-Network theory • Individuals are separate actors • Relationships between actors are mapped, forming networks • All influence • The framework presented yields to the proposition that complex situations might appear simpler. • The framework GENERATE: 1) Principles, 2) Practices AS COMMON DENOMINATORS. • This proposition is use to test and apply the hypothesis that eParticipation can bridge the digital divide. Application of eParticipation in Simulation Exercise • Digital Opportunity Index (DOI) • Operates on a e-index - ICT performance indicators • eParticipation when applied to simulation.

1. FICTION-UNIT ESSAY
Choose One Story:
“A Rose for Emily,” “Soldier’s Home,” OR “A & P”
Choose Three Types of Readers (including yourself):
Using Wally’s essay as a model, consider, along with yourself,
two possible audiences who
belong to two different categories. These categories could be
readers from different genders,
sexual orientation, age groups, dis/abilities, level of poverty or
wealth, marital statuses, races,
national backgrounds?
Some Things You Should Look Out for when Reading these
Stories.
• The publication date.
• The sexual orientation of Homer Baron in “A Rose for Emily.”
• The Southern Setting of “A Rose for Emily”
• The fate of Toby in “A Rose for Emily”
• The war experience of the soldier.
• The dating expectations of the soldier.
• The soldier’s relation with his mother
• The Midwest setting of “The Soldier’s Home.”
• The possibility that the soldier has PTSD.
• In “A & P” Sammy’s economic status.
• Sammy’s attitude toward women.
• The point of view of the grown-up Sammy.

2. ITS 832
Chapter 19
eParticipation, Simulation Exercise and Leadership
Training in Nigeria: Bridging the Digital Divide
Information Technology in a Global Economy
Professor Miguel Buleje
Overview
• Introduction
• Theoretical Framework
• Application of eParticipation
• Leadership Training in Nigeria
• Conclusions
Introduction
• Digital divide
• Access to information and communications technology (ICT)
• Divide takes place when developing countries go backwards
on

3. technology, and developed countries advance exponentially.
• Increasingly difficult for lagging countries
• Chapter addresses the need to bridge the digital gap within
and across
countries.
• eParticipation
• Increasing utilization, application and adaptation of ICT in
eGovernance
• Key to bridging the digital divide
• Lagging countries need ICT capacity to support eParticipation
• Nigeria
• Sample case
• Leaders not well versed in technology
• How can eParticipation and leadership training bridge the
digital divide?
Theoretical Framework
• Theories of eParticipation capacity application
• Structuration theory
• Structures are produced and altered as a result of human
activity (i.e. as a response
to needs)
• Institutional theory
• Institutional environment influences existing structures by
incorporating
innovative new ideas

4. • Actor-Network theory
• Individuals are separate actors
• Relationships between actors are mapped, forming networks
• All influence
• The framework presented yields to the proposition that
complex situations
might appear simpler.
• The framework GENERATE: 1) Principles, 2) Practices AS
COMMON
DENOMINATORS.
• This proposition is use to test and apply the hypothesis that
eParticipation can
bridge the digital divide.
Application of eParticipation in
Simulation Exercise
• Digital Opportunity Index (DOI)
• Operates on a e-index - ICT performance indicators
• eParticipation when applied to simulation exercises
• Involve use of ICT as tools
• ICT tools in eParticipation include
• Connection devices
• Visualization and engagement software

5. • Social media interaction
Leadership Training in Nigeria
• National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS)
• Nigerian leadership training institution
• Government think tank: serves as center for research, lectures,
workshops,
seminars, and other courses to achieve the national goals.
• Crisis Simulation Game
• Players are briefed on theme, rules, roles, scenario
• Participants are encourage to show and make the event as real
as possible.
• Players are encourage to use equipment, and electronic
gadgets for
enhancement of performance.
• Study game theme was “political zoning”
• Nigerian application of eParticipation is basic
• Less sophisticated than most other nations
• Lagging behind generally
• Personnel were eager to incorporate more advanced ICT
Conclusions
• Nigerian NIPSS Crisis SimulationGame
• Case study for assessing digital divide

6. • Main conclusion: digital divide is a global problem
• Not a local one
• Must be addressed from the bottom up
• Recommendations
• eParticipation must be more globally available
• Less developed countries must prioritize move toward
eGovernance
• Citizens must be encouraged to engage in eParticipation
• eParticipation, eGovernance, and eDemocracy legislation is
beneficial at all
levels of government
• The UN should continue to improve programs that support
eParticipation