considers the three main social issues in computing namely, the digital divide, workplace issues like employee monitoring, and health risks, and how these issues are changing with the changing computer technology

1. SOSIO INFORMATIKA
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Socio Informatics

2. UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
20192019
Yusra Fernando, M.Komyusra.fernando@teknokrat.ac.id
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3. Social Context of Computing
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Socio Informatics

4. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 4
Objectives Learn
considers the three main social issues in computing namely, the
digital divide, workplace issues like employee monitoring, and health
risks, and how these issues are changing with the changing computer
technology.

5. The Social Context of Computing What is it?
• Appropriate vs. Inappropriate
• Proper Credit vs. Plagiarism
• Codes of ethics for computer users and professionals, ex. ACM Code
of Ethics
• Protection of Privacy and Civil Liberties

6. Introduction to the Social Implications of Computing
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Socio Informatics

7. Historical Perspective
• ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
• Adopted in 1973 from work dating to the 1940’s
• General Moral Imperatives, Professional Responsibilities,
Organizational Leadership Imperatives, Compliance with the Code
• “As an ACM member I will contribute to society and human well-
being” - First Code

8. • IFIP’s Technical Committee 9 (TC9)
• Established in 1976
• Relationships between Computers and Society
• Not technical issues
• 8 Working Groups added since then
• Computers and Work (est. 1977)
• Social Accountability (est. 1977)
• Home-Oriented Informatics and Telematics (est. 1988)
• Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (est. 1989)
• Applications and Social Implications of Virtual Worlds (est. 1989)
• Information Technology Mis-Use and the Law (est. 1990)
• History of Computing (est. 1992)
• Women and Information Technology (est. 2001)

9. Research: Growth of, and Access to the Internet

10. Research: Growth of, and Access to the Internet
• Issues with Internet Access
• Low-Bandwidth and Low-Connectivity
• Stats
• In 1998, the country of Ethiopia had a 256Kbps connection to the rest of the
Internet.
• In 2000, India had a total international bandwidth of 350 Mbps for 1 billion
people.
• Eight Arab countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan, Morocco, Oman,
Syria, and the UAE) have, combined, the same bandwidth as 518 cable modem
subscribers in the U.S.

11. Research: Growth of, and Access to the Internet
• Issues with Internet Access
• ISP Charges
• For example, “one ISP in Ghana is faced with the fact that Internet bandwidth
that would cost less than $1,000 in the US must be beamed to Ghana through
a satellite link to Canada, at about $40,000 a month.”
• Often economically unfeasible

12. Research: Growth of, and Access to the Internet
• Issues with Internet Access - Solutions
• TEK Search Engine
• Characteristics - can be generally applied
• Low-connectivity, in that it does not rely on end-to-end connection at any point in
time.
• Low-bandwidth, in that it maximizes ‘information density’ and only sends
attachments that can be downloaded over slow connections.
• User friendly, in that it does not overwhelm users from information-poor
environments with more results than they can manage.
• Similar to standard search engine tools, so that the skills the user acquires can be
transferred to other Web tools in the future.

13. Research: Computer Crime and Prevention
• Many crimes through Internet
• Plagiarism, peer-to-peer sharing, etc.
• Focus on child exploitation…pedophiles
• “Most pedophiles are attracted to the fact that there are many dark corners of the Internet
that are not being regulated.”
• Easy for a pedophile to exploit an innocent child without even having to leave his or her
home.
• Free programs exist that allow potential pedophiles to surf the Internet or use e-mail
anonymously.
• Prevention - Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998, U.S.

14. Research: Gender Related Issues
• Growing concern of a gender divide
• The following based on British population
• It is recognized that males dominate the use of technologies in all areas of society.
• Fewer girls are taking up Computing at an advanced level, and universities are experiencing
a continued lack of interest in applications by women to computing degrees.
• In 1996, 19% of computer science students we were reported to be female.
• Today, only 21% of computing graduates in the UK are women.
• Barely an increase

15. Research: Gender Related Issues

16. Conclusion
• Implications of computing clear to see
• Both the good and bad
• These instances give a broader view of the need to recognize these negative implications
• During development before they occur
• Currently existing as well to derive possible solutions
• ACM and IFIP
• Aid in both prevention and solution to reduce the negative implications of computing
• Realize there will always be negatives to a positive thing

17. DIGITAL DIVIDE
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18. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 18
• We spend more time in the workplace
• Domesticated technology to improve workplace
• Since the industrial age, the workplace has been in the forefront
of technological innovation
• The fears that technology will replace workers, which have been
the main force behind the resistance to workplace
modernization have not materialized
• Every new technology brings new workers in the workspace

19. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 19
The Digital Divide
• Communication technological inequalities among peoples in one country and
between countries, commonly known as the digital divide, sprung out of the 1994
landmark U.S Commerce Department’s study
• The debate has centered on a number of key critical issues including:
• whether there is such a thing as a digital divide,
• indicators that should be used to measure such a divide if it exists, and
• the best ways to close such a divide.
• In general, the study of the digital divide involves the study of the impact on society’s
social, economic, political, and cultural institutions by communication technologies
such as : radio, television, the press, post offices, fixed and cellular telephones, fax
machines, airports, computers, and connectivity to the Internet

20. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 20
• There are five indicators of the digital divide namely: access,
technology, humanware (human capacity), infrastructure, and
enabling environment.
• Access – Presents obstacles which can broadly be grouped into
five categories:
• geography,
• income,
• ethnicity,
• age, and
• education.

21. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 21
• Technology -The computer-driven technological revolution has
brought the countries of the world ever closer together but it also
divided countries
• Technologies like faxes, cellular phones, computers and Internet
connections registered almost zero growth per thousand people in
developing countries in comparison to their counterparts in the
developed countries during the same period.
• A good technological base depends a great deal on relevant inputs:
• investment capital,
• infrastructure, and
• humanware(human capacity).

22. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 22
• Humanware (Human Capacity ) - The availability and easy access
to ICT does not always solve the digital divide problem.
• lack of humanware, in developing counties to maintain the equipment -
shortage of teachers, technicians and institutes to train them.
• challenge to ensure that people can gainfully use ICT to add value to
local inputs. People will take ICT seriously when it meets and serves
their own local

23. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 23
• Human capacity development is a complex multifaceted endeavor
consisting of many parts including:
• creating awareness of the potential for ICT to meet one's needs
• creating, developing, and strengthening capacity to use information and ICT
effectively using local inputs.
• Building capacity to produce and package information so that it adds value to
local inputs.
• Ensuring ongoing technical capacity development, and developing a format for
knowledge and information sharing.
• Preventing the local capacity from being drained to other, usually, developed
countries.

24. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 24
• Infrastructure -As noted by many, the digital divide infrastructure is related to access in many
ways. They both present obstacles to gaining access to ICT.
• Fixed communication structures. In those countries with good fixed communication structures
like electricity, telephones, good roads, and airports, ICT development is a lot faster. Lack of
such resources hinders the development of ICT
• Enabling Environments - there are many countries with similar levels of per capita incomes and
economic structures exhibiting widely varying ICT performances. There are no good
explanations for this except that of enabling environments or lack of. An ICT enabling
environment is an environment in which ICT can thrive. There are several things that can bring
about such an environment, including politics and public policy and management styles.
• Politics - ICT thrives in a good political environment that ensures: a climate of democratic rights and
civil liberties conducive to ICT adaptation
• respect for the rule of law and security of property rights
• investment in human capacity, and
• low level of government distortions

25. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 25
• Public Policy and Management Styles - Governments must put in
place streamlined regulatory policies for importation and
licensing of ICT technologies. Laws must be enacted and uniformly
enforced so that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and
other organizations interested in investing in ICT economic
activities do so with ease

26. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 26
The Changing Workplace
• The workplace can be anywhere where one performs tasks:
• A place away from home
• In a car/plane/train
• Home
• Virtual office
• In the home office:
• Categories of workers have been changing
• Company benefits are mixed
• Not everyone benefits from home-based work

27. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 27
The Changing Workplace…
• There are company fears arising from home-based work:
• Trade secrets
• Supervision
• Productivity
• Liability
• Unstudied social and Ethical effects:
• Psychological
• Social

28. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 28
Employee Monitoring
• The purpose of workspace monitoring
• Types of monitoring:
• Electronic
• Video
• Benefits of monitoring:
• Good management, performance evaluation, management control, accurate
assessment, immediate feedback and, flexible work assignments.

29. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 29
Workplace Privacy and Surveillance…
• Effects of electronic monitoring:
• Reduced task variety
• Lack of individual initiatives
• Reduced or no peer social support
• Lack of self-esteem
• Lack of interest in the job
• Lack of trust among workers, between workers and supervisors, and between
supervisors and management
• Alienation

30. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 30
Computer-related Risks
• Employee safety
• Reliability
• System safety and security
• Individual privacy.

31. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 31
Employee Health and Productivity
• Ergonomics- an applied science concerned with the human-machine
interactions that offer and maintain the safety, comfort, health, and
habitable environment.
• Ergonomic injuries result when demand on an employee to perform far
exceeds that person’s working capacity

32. Ethical and Social...J.M.Kizza 32
Employee Health and Productivity…
• Ergonomic-related musculosketal disorder such as:
• Back pain
• Neck and shoulder pains
• Repetitive strain injuries (RSI)
• Stress
• Productivity of workers depends on their health
• Companies are getting the message and are forming health clubs,
day-care centers on company premises, and offering extended
maternity leaves

33. Social Implications of Networked Communications
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34. Impacts of the Internet
• Networked Communications, more specifically the Internet, has
effected society in many ways
• Methods of Communication
• Amassment of media
• The emergence of virtual communities
• Leads to new social responsibilities

35. How the Internet Affects Methods of Communications
• Applications that increase communications and decrease the impact
of geographic barriers
• Bulletin Board programs such as USENET
• Instant Messaging Programs such as MSN Instant Messenger and IRC
• Most common, e-mail

36. How the Internet Affects Methods of Communications
• Many of these applications are replacing their non-computer related
counterparts
• E-mail is faster than the Postal Service
• IRC doesn’t require the telephone
• USENET doesn’t require a physical bulletin board, or thumbtacks.

37. Impact of Increased Communications
• People within a society and between societies can now communicate
in ways that were impossible before
• Has made communication easier
• Varied and easier forms of communication can have massive affects
on society

38. How the Internet has Affected Amassment of Media
• Many encyclopedias, dictionaries, and similar resources available
online
• Movie clips and song clips have become commonplace on the
Internet
• Significant impact on the 1996 Presidential Election

39. 1996 US Presidential Election
• Privately run WebPages and media-based WebPages collected
documents from journalists, pollsters, politicians
• PoliticsNow
• Networked Communications allowed the candidates better and more
immediate access to their campaign teams
• First time ever candidacy was declared online before publicly

40. Advent of Virtual Communities
• Two definitions
• Physically based virtual communities
• Actual community augmented by electric resources such as online libraries, town
meetings, etc.
• Shared interest virtual communities
• Community members have similar interests, can span continents, gender, creed

41. Impact of Virtual Communities
• Physically based virtual communities can help bring local people
together
• Strengthen existing social relations
• Shared interest virtual communities have the potential to form new
social relations between people, but also can hinder existing relations
within a community

42. Example of Sacrificing Real Community Relations for Virtual
Ones
• http://www.head2headgames.com/pics/cscpl18.jpg

43. New Social Responsibilities
• Issues of privacy
• Windows 98 personal identifier
• Issues of freedom of speech
• 1996 Communication Decency Act
• Advent of computer crime
• Identity theft has become a large concern in recent years

44. Need for Regulation
• Regulation policies are being created both on national and
international levels
• Aforementioned 1996 Act
• In 2000, the European Commission began to work on a set of international
regulations
• The social implications of such regulations could range anywhere
from censorship of obscene material to specialized online
transactions to guarantee privacy

45. Conclusions
• Networked Communications, most importantly the Internet, have
various impacts on society
• Establishes new methods of communication between persons around the
world
• Provides a means by which to amass large amounts of media that is easily
accessible
• Has laid the groundwork for the development of virtual communities, new
social trends in their own right
• Results in a new set of social responsibilities and regulations

46. Growth of, Control of and Access to the Internet
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47. A Brief History of the Internet
• First recorded description of social interactions through networking
done by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in 1962.
• On September 1969, BBN delivered the first network computer and
created the first long distance computer network, named ARPANET.
• During the 1970’s, ARPANET evolved in size and stability.
• Email was the most noteworthy development.

48. A Brief History of the Internet
• In the 1980’s, a set of new communication protocols, TCP/IP, was
introduced.
• In 1983, there was the transition of the ARPANET host protocol from
NCP to TCP/IP.
• In 1989 ARPANET was decommissioned, leaving a number of private
companies to provide the backbone of the Internet.
• The World-Wide Web was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert
Cailliau at CERN and made public in 1991.

49. Internet Growth in the Past Ten Years

50. Control of the Internet
• Originally developed for military and then academic use. It was a
closed network, so an ethical debate was not present.
• With the sudden growth of the Internet, ethical issues are becoming
prevalent.
• Who should be held responsible?
• Governments, ISP’s, operators of services, along with end-users.
• However, much work still needs to be done.

51. Ethical Debates Regarding Control
• Protection of minors.
• Protection/privacy of the individual.
• Respect for cultural differences.
• Finding a balance between freedom of expression versus censorship.
• Value and accuracy of the information provided.

52. Access to the Internet
• Internet originally developed for the intellectual.
• Access to the Internet should be universal, regardless of income or
disability.
• As the Internet continues to expand, more ethical debates will arise.
• Acceptable Use Policies are put in place in many institutions.
• Access to the Internet is a privilege that carries many responsibilities.

54. Gender related Issues of Computing
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55. International Issues
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56. Globalization due to IT
• Definition – the unification of the nations on earth
• Increase in globalization brought about by the new ways of communicating:
• Email
• Video conferencing
• And other cheap and nearly instantaneous ways to communicate

57. 1.) The Open-Source Software Movement
• Open Source Software –
free distribution of source
code
• Started off as a social
community
• Hackers
Richard Stallman

58. Closed-Source V.S. Open-Source
• Caused by the attempted passing of legislation that supports open-source software
• Lobbying:
• Closed-Source: Initiative for Software Choice (ISC)
• Open-Source: Sincere Choice
Mike
Wendy
Bruce
Perens

59. 2.) Offshoring
Jobs Lost to Date Projected Job Loss Jobs at Risk
300,000-995,000 3.3 million-6 million 14.1 million
300,000-500,000
(Goldman Sachs)
3.3 million over 15 years
(Forrester Research)
14.1 million
(UC Berkeley)
400,000-500,000
(Business Week)
6 million over 10 years
(Goldman Sachs)
995,000
(economy.com)
• Offshoring – The sending of jobs overseas
• For example American companies moving parts of their operations to India
• Causes social issues in both countries
*Statistics taken on
March 16, 2004

60. In the United States
• Social movements against outsourcing
have mobilized
• Movements include:
• The American Champions
• Techs Unite
• The E-Activist Network
• Communications Workers of America

61. In India
• Increase in the number
of middle class Indian
people
• Statistics:
• The new 487 million
middle-class Indians are
expected to spend $420
billion in the next four
years
• Draws the attention of
many companies

62. Related to Globalization?
• The Open-Source Movement
• Allows modification and improvement of source code on a global level
• Offshoring
• By directly influencing the culture of the affected areas

63. Thank You ..
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
YUSRA FERNANDO, S.KOM., M.KOM
20192019