Defining Accreditation

Defining Accreditation
Accreditation is defined as a verification system in which correctional agencies must comply with
under the American Correctional Association. Privatization brings about competition between
prisons and jails in the community. As a result, prisons and jails are encouraged to make
improvements as deemed necessary. In addition to affecting prisons and jails, accreditation and
privatization also has an effect on the professional development of corrections officers. In recent
years, the correctional administration has become quite familiar with accreditation and
professionalization. For example, the correctional administration is familiar with professionalization
because there are many people residing in the United States whom work within the field of
corrections. These job titles include but are not limited to probation officers, parole officers, and
police officers. It is very imperative for parole and probation officers to remain professional when
dealing with their clients. Also, correctional officers must remain professional when working with
their clients. The only difference is the degree of professionalism between parole/probation officers
and correctional officers. In order for an individual to become either a probation or parole officer, he
or she must obtain a college degree. He or she must also have a clean record with no criminal
activity. After these requirements are met, the individual must pass the civil service test in order to
receive eligibility of becoming a
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Professionalism: How Is It Different From Professionalism?
The question that often comes to one's mind when we think of professionalism is what is
professionalism? and how is it different from Professionalization? since often these terms are
confusing. Professionalism is a process by which an occupation has become or seeks to be a much
recognized profession .Whereas Professionalization is often related to the status of an occupation in
the society at a particular given time which may also include the interests of an occupational group.
All of us in our working lives have been at different jobs each of which required a different level of
skill sets but the one thing that remained common across them was that one needed to demonstrate
professionalism if you wanted to succeed and move ahead . It is a ... Show more content on
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We need to understand that a professional is a person who is able to deal with challenges and tasks
that are specific to the job using their skills, experience and expertise which are specific to the job.
Professionalism is often described as the quality of practice which also describes the manner of
conduct in the occupation and how members integrate their knowledge and skills in the context of
collegiality and ethical reality with the clients. When we talk professionals we usually talk of people
who have acquired some form of a professional certificate or license which accredits their
qualification stating that the person has acquired a set standard.
Is teaching a Profession? When one talks about teachers Professionalism there is a need to
understand that it is a complex set of professional competence since the characteristics of the kind of
work and working environment of the teachers have are instilled in their beliefs about institution ,
classroom teaching practices , cooperation , collaboration , and the teachers relationship with their
students and colleagues. It also includes fundamental professional attitudes like work satisfaction
and

Merrill's Arguments in "the Professionalization of...
Merrill's arguments in "The Professionalization of Journalism" against professionalizing journalism
What is a profession? The Oxford English Dictionary defines professions as that way of life/manner
of making a living that involves the application of a specialized knowledge of particular subjects,
field, or science to fee–paying clientele. Examples of professions include nursing, architecture,
medicine and engineering.
Although journalism has some characteristics of a profession, for Merrill it cannot be considered a
profession due to the fact that journalists do not have a direct relationship with their clients, there are
no entry requirements and they do not follow a prescribed code of ethics or a standard way by which
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Wasserstrom, the lawyer–client relationship is morally objectionable because it is a relationship
which the lawyer dominates allowing inevitably for a situation where the lawyer treats the client in
both an impersonal and a paternalistic fashion. He sees the lawyer as a professional, one that is
different from other professionals. He sees this profession to be more vulnerable to moral criticism
than any other.
In the Watergate affair, it was noted that most of the persons involved in the cover–up were lawyers.
Wasserstrom proposes that it is not an accident, the fact that most of the characters involved
belonged to the legal profession; the fact is, lawyers see society through the eyes of one who
understands the labyrinth of legalities which made it rather easy for them to manipulate the affair
and do what they have done. For him, this was a good example of noting the intricacies of the
lawyering profession, particularly professionalism.
Wasserstrom holds that the core of the problem is professionalism and its role–differentiated
behavior. 'Role–differentiation' refers to situations in which one's moral response will vary
depending upon whether one is acting in a personal capacity or in a professional, representative one.
In one of his examples, he illustrates that the way a parent would distribute assets among children
who are 'strangers' would be morally different if it was being distributed among children whom they
have reared and

Institutional Theory : The And Powell 's The Iron Cage...
Institutional theory asserts that organizations within an industry eventually look similar in structure
(DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). Although, diversity is visible in the initial stages of organizational
fields, a push emerges for homogeneity once a field is well established (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983).
This notion is referred to as isomorphism, a process that causes organizations experiencing
analogous environmental circumstances to resemble each other (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). Social
context plays an important role in the adaptation of these changes and practices in organizations
(D'Aunno, Vaughn, McElroy, 1999). DiMaggio & Powell (1983) confer the homogeneity of
organizations are due to bureaucratic systems to receive legitimacy and ... Show more content on
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Organizations rely heavily on their environments characterized by external norms, rules, and
standards that organizations must acclimate with in order to receive legitimacy and support
(DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; D'Aunno et al., 1999). These requirements, beliefs and norms of the
external environment are usually expressed in the form of a rational myth because of its reflection in
standards (licensures, accreditations), and myths because of not always being empirically distinct.
Organizational Mission, Purpose & Goals
The mission and goals of organizations are to uphold legitimacy and conform within the standards
of the field. These are accomplished through the institutional isomorphic changes – coercive,
mimetic, and normative processes. Coercive isomorphism is the political pressures and regulatory
oversight and control of the state; mimetic processes encourage imitation in times of uncertainty;
and normative pressures draw from the professionalization of the field (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983).
Organizational structure and design Organizations are structured to persevere in an environment of
similar organizations, that define institutional legitimacy (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). Institutional
theory emphasizes valuing organizations for having structures and designs that are in "conformance"
with the environment. The framework is not solely shaped by resource dependencies and technical
aspects, but by institutional forces – rational myths,

Bosk Reading Error
Summary: The Bosk reading Error, Rank, and Responsibility is about the professionalization of
surgical residence in the United States. Whether the surgeon is a resident or an experienced
attending, in the process of performing any surgery, mistakes are inevitable. However, in the case of
the attending, the quantity and nature of the error should be less frequent than that of the resident.
Among the interns, the three most common errors are technical, judgmental, and normative; and
among attendings the quasi–normative error is most common. Thus, a technical error is defined as
any error that is reported and treated immediately. When this does not happen, the interns level of
training is questioned. In the case of judgmental error, an incorrect

Merrill’s Arguments in “the Professionalization of...
Merrill's arguments in "The Professionalization of Journalism" against professionalizing journalism
What is a profession? The Oxford English Dictionary defines professions as that way of life/manner
of making a living that involves the application of a specialized knowledge of particular subjects,
field, or science to fee–paying clientele. Examples of professions include nursing, architecture,
medicine and engineering.
Although journalism has some characteristics of a profession, for Merrill it cannot be considered a
profession due to the fact that journalists do not have a direct relationship with their clients, there are
no entry requirements and they do not follow a prescribed code of ethics or a standard way by which
their behavior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He further states that the "attorney's compliant" in such sample cases of moral dilemmas are not
with the client but with the laws of inheritance and the Internal Revenue Code.
Wasserstrom says that the role–differentiated behavior of the lawyer often makes it both
inappropriate and excessive for the person in a particular role to put to one side, considerations of
various moral and social implications and issues must be taken on despite the fact that from the
lawyer's side, in terms of defending the case, they might seem irrelevant. He said if he is wrong
about these, there are four things which seem to be true and important:
If accepted, supportive arguments to the role–differentiated amorality of the lawyer can succeed;
For the system to work professionals must have certain character traits;
the verbal role–differentiated behavior of the lawyer raise questions about the lawyer's integrity, this
makes the role–differentiated behavior of lawyers different from that of other professionals; and
how the lawyer thinks and acts forms his person and this may be acceptable to the system.
Wasserstrom states that the problem of interpersonal relationship between the client and the lawyer
is not a good one, as

Code Of Ethics By Credentialing Association (ACA)
Code of ethics published in 1953 by the American Psychological Association (APA). After that
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) and American Counseling Association (ACA)
adopted its ethical code (Neukrug, 2011). Ethical codes have been revised multiple times to fit the
needs of the organization depending on the professional values, which was not an easy task to
decide what to include in a code. There are many important things society value, so choosing which
values to reflect on the code has been a struggle for the association. Ethical codes are needed in
many professional; in fact, it should be for every profession. It is to assist in a professional's ethical
decision–making process. There are six fundamental moral principles of professional ethical
behaviors autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. "A code has value
as both an internal guideline and an external statement of corporate values and commitments"
(Ethics Research Center [ERC], n.d., para. 1). It is crucial to follow ethical standards when helping
clients.
5. What is meant by Credentialing? Define the terms Registration, Certification, ... Show more
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Also, how it will affect interactions that take place withing the counseling relationship. It is
important to acknowledge the differences between the counselors and client when conducting the
counseling. "Social justice advocacy focuses on taking action to effect change in an effort to hep
marginalized clients"(Neukrug, 2011, p. 88). There are different layers to the multicultural
counseling and social justic competence: counseling self– awareness, counselor awareness of client's
worldview, and conselor ability to use culturally appropriate intervention strategies. "Multicultural
counseling and social justice advocacy are viewed as one broad effort to reduce or eliminate
injustices in the

Social Work History : Midterm
Social Work History: Midterm
Grace Gowdy
Boston University
1. "Progressivism" has been characterized by authors studied in this course as 1) an historical
era/political movement, 2) a culture within the social work profession, 3) a set of virtues social
workers should strive for and 4) an inheritor (and possible alternative to) the radical tradition within
social work. Describe and discuss each of these varieties of progressivism in terms of their impact
on OR implications for promoting social justice through social work.
Historical Era/Political Movement
Progressivism, as a piece of terminology, has come up many times and in many different forms
throughout social work history. The constant of progressivism's definition is its ... Show more
Between 1933 and 1945, Harry Hopkins, Francis Perkins, and Forrester Blanchard Washington, all
established social workers, ran major federal programs (Murdoch, 2010; Barrow, 2006). This first
definition of progressivism within social work history, as a political movement, had two major
impacts on social justice in the field. First, this movement led to major policies around social
insurance and minimum wage, which continue to serve those in need in our country today. Secondly,
this movement established a relationship between the social work field and the federal government
for the first time, highlighting their ability to work together towards mutual interest.
Culture within the Social Work Profession
Progressivism as a political movement involving social workers began to crossover to a cultural
movement within the social work field. This crossover led to two major tensions within the field at
the time. The first tension was ideological, among the early social workers. The second tension was
between the ideas of progressivism intersecting with the needs of the social work field.
In the social work profession during this time, some progressives became social workers. However,
not all social workers were progressives (Murdoch, 2010). This conflict within the field represents
the two different camps that social work was established through. Mary Richmond came from a
background of

Police Professionalization Movement Case Study
1) What was the police professionalization movement? How was this progressive? How was it not?
William Parker the LAPD police chief of the 1950's created the police professionalization
movement in order to raise the statues of how police officer are portrayed, and at the same time gain
self–governing for police departments (Escobar, E. J., 2003, pg.175 & 176). The main focus of
police professionalism was that law enforcement should not have any interference from any other
government institution or the community when creating policies for themselves or when dealing
with an officer who breaks those policies, in all it emphasized autonomy where all decisions were
made from within the police (Escobar, E. J., 2003, pg.175 &176).
Although police professionalism had many flaws for the time it was a progressive movement for
several reasons. For one, police professionalism intended to move law enforcement into the future
and change how police officers were viewed to a more positive light, but it failed in this aspect
(Escobar, E. J., 2003, pg.176). Second, it was mean to reform the police in order to rid it od corrupt
officers who took bribery from illegal institutions, and who extorted money from the community ...
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Police autonomy brought with it new ideals, such as the "war on crime", which was used to target
specific groups of people, such as Mexican–American (Escobar, E. J., 2003, pg.177, 178 &179).
The "war on crime" also brought with it the idea that certain groups of people are more inclined
genetically to engage in criminal activities, one of this groups that was labeled as such was
Mexican–American (Escobar, E. J., 2003, pg.177). As the author quotes in the article police
professionalism lead to a "us v.s. them mentality", which divided police officer from minority
community, and created animosity and distrust from both sides (Escobar, E. J., 2003,

Essay On Law Enforcement Education
Law Enforcement Education and Training in the 21st Century and its Relation to Police
Professionalization
There is a great debate over the question of whether American law enforcement has achieved the
status of a profession. In order to answer this question, there is a need to define what a profession is
and identify the requisite attributes that qualifies an occupation to be identified as a profession.
Criminal justice administrators have been actively pursuing professionalization for their chosen
vocation while police researchers have been making recommendations which require increasing
levels of higher education and an expanded college curricula for law enforcement service (Carter,
Sapp, & Stephens, State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, 1989). However,
it seems that part of the challenge of professionalization is the lack of general understanding of the
concept. Professionalization occurs when an occupation ceases to be irregular in operation and
transforms itself by "...the development of formal qualifications based upon education,
apprenticeship, and examinations, the emergence of regulatory bodies with powers to admit and
discipline members, and some degree of monopoly rights." (Bullock & Trombley, 1999, p. 689).
A substantive definition for profession has been elusive in the literature review; therefore, a
profession can be constructively defined as a full–time, remunerated, services–oriented vocation
governed by a code of ethics and based on

A Brief Note On The American Nurses Association
autonomy.
The American Nurses Association gives a comprehensive list of responsibilities that are to be carried
out by a registered nurse. It includes performance of physical examinations, taking health histories,
providing health promotion, counseling and education, administering medications, wound care and
numerous other personalized interventions, interpreting the patient information and making critical
decisions about needed actions, coordination of care in collaboration with a wide array of healthcare
professionals, directing and supervising care delivered by other healthcare personnel such as the
nursing aides and also to conduct research in support of improved practice and patient outcomes
(ANA, Accessed on 8/1/2016). The extent to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third step is planning and this involves the development of goals and outcomes whereby a plan
of care is designed to help assist the patient to achieve the goals by resolving the identified
diagnosis. Implementation involves translation of the plan to action. The final step which is the
evaluation involves the determination of the extent to which the outcomes have been achieved or
not.
According to NANDA International, Inc. (formerly the acronym to North American Nursing
Diagnosis Association) medical diagnosis deals with disease or medical conditions. However
nursing diagnosis deals with the human response to actual or potential health problems and life
processes. This has been elucidated with an example that points to the differences in how a doctor
and a nurse would approach the same health condition. The medical diagnosis of cerebrovascular
attack (stroke) would provide one with the information about the patient's pathology. When we look
at the complimentary nursing diagnoses such as impaired verbal communication, risk for falls,
interrupted family processes and powerlessness, they provide with a more holistic understanding of
the impact of that stroke on this particular patient and his family. Thus it also direct nursing
interventions to obtain patient–specific outcomes (NANDA International n.d.).
2.3 Nursing as a Profession
Professional status is an important

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Cupid in the Kitchen
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Cupid in the Kitchen
As a reader in the 1990's it's tempting to see Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Cupid in the Kitchen" as
revolutionary and ahead of its time. She proposes the complete professionalization of the nutritive
and execretive functions of society, a radical, if not revolutionary notion. However, in the light of
the fin–de–siecle birth of the modern feminist movement, Gilman is but one voice in many crying
for economic and social justice for women. In effect, the rhetorical situation of 1898 demanded and
created this discourse as it does all discourse (Bitzer 5). Gilman's "Cupid" is a natural and elegant
response to the conditions which created it: the continuing surplus of unmarried ... Show more
This event also inspired Gilman's work. In this respect, Gilman's "Cupid" is neither revolutionary
nor ahead of its time. That it bemoans the status of women in society and demands new
opportunities for employment makes this piece more typical than remarkable. That is not to say that
it is trivial. Gilman's book was both topical and significant in 1898. But what's most interesting in
the 1990's is how her work differs from that of her contemporaries. What makes it stand out? How is
it revolutionary, and why has it been anthologized? To answer these questions, the reader must
follow the work to where the energy in the prose leads. This calls for a close examination of the
most striking feature of her work, the proposal itself.
Gilman's vision is revolutionary, and in some respects, prophetic. She proposes that the domestic
chores of cleaning and nutrition be professionalized. Because they are so important, she argues,
these tasks should be performed by well educated and trained professionals. She suggests that urban
families living in flats and apartments could eat at a central, professionally staffed kitchen. In the
suburbs, several houses could be linked by a kitchen in a similar way (Gilman 217–19).
Her system offers several advantages. Obviously, people's nutritional requirements could be better
met by a centralized, professionally–staffed kitchen. In all

20th Century Nursing Research Paper
became the first registered nurse. Professionalization of nursing in France came in the late 19th and
early 20th century. Government policy after 1900 was to secularize public institutions, and diminish
the role the Catholic Church. Of the who personally anti–clerical , many doctors realized their
dependence on the Catholic sisters. Most lay nurses came from peasant or working–class families
and were poorly trained. Faced with the long hours and low pay, many of the soon married and left
the field, while the Catholic sisters saw nursing as their God–given vocation. New government–
operated nursing schools turned out nonreligous nurses who were slated for supervisory roles.
During the World War, patriotic volunteers brought large numbers ... Show more content on
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They were operated by city, state and federal agencies, by churches, by stand–alone non–profits, and
by for–profit enterprises run by a local doctor. School of nursing, were operated by large hospitals.
Thy provided training to young women. The number of active graduate nurses rose rapidly from
51,000 in 1910 to 375,000 in 1940 and 700,000 in 1970. The Protestant churches reentered into the
health field, especially by setting up orders of women, called deaconesses who dedicated themselves
to nursing services. The modern deaconess movement began in Germany in 1836 when Theodor
Fliedner and his wife opened the first deaconess motherhouse in Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. It
became as a model and within a half century there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe. The
Church of England named its first deaconess in 1862. The North London Deaconess Institution
trained deaconesses for other dioceses and some in served overseas. William Passavant in 1849
brought the first four deaconesses to Pittsburgh, in the United States, after visiting

Anglican Sisterhood Case Study
Nursing transitioned into a "professional" culture through events like the Northwest Rebellion,
World War I and II, the creation of formal training models, and the unionization of the nursing
profession. While many of these changes were positive, the often came from a negative event which
would act as the catalyst for the change to occur. Nurses utilized negative events to be the catalyst
for change so that nursing could become the formal profession which is known and respected today.
The Northwest Rebellion was the first opportunity for nurses in Canada to show their skills in a war
setting within the country. This was still during an era where private duty nurses were the norm and
a communities experience with them varied greatly. The Northwest ... Show more content on
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Later, through the creation of organizations like the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA), there were
standardized expectations implemented across all training programs. Hospitals also ceased
attempting to control every aspect of a nurses life, and eventually gave them the autonomy that was
deserved. When it was shown that hospital administration trusted nurses to fulfill their roles, society
could also accept them as autonomous healthcare professionals (McPherson,

Essay on Social Polarisation
With reference to specific examples, critically discuss the contention that cities are becoming
increasingly polarised in the contemporary world.
Polarisation is a term that usually refers to 'extreme of two extreme situations'. In this context, social
polarisation is examined in detail. Social polarisation is an expression associated with the
segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real–estate fluctuations,
economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social
groups, from high–income to low–income (Moulaert, F. et al. (2003)). This essay will outline the
two contrasting opinions that Sassen and Hamnett hold of the polarization thesis in the
contemporary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, there was a decline in middle–income, blue–collar jobs of the manufacturing sector. It
can be argued that however, the growth of employment in the 'clerks' and 'service workers and shop
and market sales workers' (see table 1) contradicts the theory. This occupational group mainly
consists of middle–income occupation and their growth made up for the loss of those in the middle–
income manufacturing sector. It can be concluded that although Cape Town has seen a marginally
polarizing employment growth (Borel–Saladin, Crankshaw, 2009; 658) in the past twenty years, it
has not seen an absolute decline in middle–income employment and therefore does not agree with
the social polarizing thesis.
Table 1
Sydney, Australia is the second case–study this essay will discuss, many of the scholars who
analysed the social polarization thesis only looked at cities within the US or Europe, although
helpful it can limit empirical discussion (Baum, 1997; 1882). Therefore looking at a global city out
of this zone that also has strong economic links with Hong Kong and Singapore will allow the
reader to understand the contention of polarisation in the contemporary world. It can be argued that
professionalization is occurring, the growth of professionals make up

A Brief Note On The United States And The Changes Of...
A doctor in the twentieth century is considered a skilled professional and is held with high regards.
Currently in the United States, this career comes financial stability and luxury, however, this has not
always been the case. In the 1760s, before the colonies became America, a doctor had the same
socioeconomic status as a plumber in today's society. They were considered lower class and their
work was viewed as being dirty. The professionalization of doctors in America to the status of
physicians in England had various obstacles that prevented the change from happening. During this
time, the regulation and payments of physicians changed just as their level of professionalism
increased. This paper will discuss the professionalization of ... Show more content on
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This caused financial issues for physicians until phones and paved roads were invented making it
easier to schedule appointments and to reach destinations in a timely manner for house calls. The
first formal medical school was founded in Pennsylvania in 1765. Although doctors were finally
able to establish formal medical schools, there were many schools that were not up to par for a
professional institution. Many of the medical schools kept their standards low in fear of losing
students, which they thought would make the institutions go under. In the 1870s, Johns Hopkins
Medical School became one of the first schools to raise the standards for aspiring doctors. This step
towards professionalism was an important stride and, years later, other medical schools followed.
When the American Medical Association (AMA) was founded in 1847 as a way to regulate the
doctors within the United States, many practicing physicians avoided the AMA because they had
been regulating themselves for years. According to Paul Star in his Social Transformation of
American Medicine, "A committee appointed by the AMA Council on Medical Education in 1913
recommended that the AMA regulate postgraduate schools and drive out commercialism in graduate
as in undergraduate education.

Evaluation Of A Discourse Analytical Perspective On The...
"Performance appraisal can be defined as a general heading for a variety of activities through which
organizations seek to assess employees and develop their competence, enhance performance and
distribute rewards" (Van De Mieroop & Vrolix, 2014, p. 159). In the article "A Discourse Analytical
Perspective on the Professionalization of the Performance Appraisal Interview," Van De Mieroop
and Vrolix discuss performance appraisal interviews as interactions between managers and their
employees that can resemble a therapy or counseling session (Van De Mieroop & Vrolix, 2014, p.
160). There are two stakeholders in this appraisal form, the employee and the manager. Bob was
given the form to complete the employee comments, and then Al filled in the supervisor comments.
The form has done a good job of defining Bob's competencies as an employee. The form touches on
knowledge/know–how, communication skills, work results, work style, service orientation,
additional performance attributes, and gives an overall success rating. By defining Bob's skills,
abilities, experiences, and performance levels, Al can connect B It is clear a personal development
plan is lacking in this situation. The personal development plan identifies strengths and areas for
improvement. It is meant to help an employee learn and grow. It also helps identify people with
designated potential that might benefit from additional leadership training. A development plan
enriches an employee's work experience. By

Social Activism In Palumbo's Social Work Movement
Drawing back into the historical context, Palumbo acknowledges social work's advancement as a
result of drawing upon various discipline and one being activism. As social work inevitably evolves
with the contemporary society and informed by radical or anti–oppressive views of social
transformation, it created an unsettling atmosphere that attempts to merge the two theoretical
approaches that does not seem to fit. Participants identified as activists conflicted with social work
suggest that the role of social work is a professionalized practice that are oftentimes the same people
bestowing those oppressions. Other participants identifying as social workers expressed conflict
with activism as a result of structural conditions including surveillancing and managerialized
practices that limits their work as agents of social change.
Participants also expressed the professionalization of social work education and its contradictions to
the role of activism. Some participants testified that social work education gave them language on
activism while others suggested that the dominance of professionalization discourse can undermine
radical pedagogy. Palumbo draws upon Wong's writing which unites these voices by valuing
diversity and the importance of facilitating meaningful dialogues between the intersecting and
conflicting discursive frames as a part of constructing a just society (Wong, 2004). She further
reminds us that social work does not stand in isolation but is to stand with

Mehta 's Second Justification For Assigning Teachers
Mehta's second justification for characterizing teachers as a "semi–profession" is teachers'
ineffectiveness in acting as "guardians of the public good". For instance, because many other
professions were increasingly perceived as more interested in protecting their members than in
improving their practice, "education has been unable to convince the public that a specialized body
of knowledge is required for teaching, authority, more than most professionals depends on a
perceived commitment to helping their students." (Mehta 2013:122). Consequently, it has also
engendered a diminished protection of monopoly status and more market control. This is an issue
because teachers are the ones that are truly making recurring 'change' happen in society. One of their
most difficult tasks is the challenge of setting standards for practice because the growing fiscal state,
fiscal responsibility and investor pressure has engendered more state and capital control. The
growing size of the organizations in which many professionals may work in has engendered greater
"stratification in the division of labor within the professions" (Mehta 2013:122). Therefore, teachers
are not able to have a say in their own field does not empower them towards their success and the
success of those who matter most, the students. For example, when it comes to teacher hiring and
evaluations, a very low percentage (18–33%) of faculty feel that they have some sort of influence
over the array of different schools

Nt1310 Final Exam
Order the following from most significant to least significant in the history of medicine:
1–Holistic assessment and care:
– With the holistic approach all patients suffering from the same disease are not viewed and treated
as same anymore.
– Taking into account the patient physical, social, psychological and spiritual health allow for allow
for a more competent and effective patient care.
2–The germ theory of disease: –This theory created the concept of disease specificity; each disease
has its own microbial cause and can be classified and localized in a specific spot in the body.
–The germ theory led to the creation of vaccines, anti–toxins, antibiotics, and the development of
laboratory–based pharmacology to help patients to get healthy.
3–Vaccinations:
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4–Dissection (e.g., anatomy and physiology): –It was the beginning of looking for the cause of
disease in the body than believing that the disease was caused by sin or God's punishment. –
Dissection led to performing autopsies on dead bodies to see what each disease did within the body,
and also better understand human anatomy.
5–X–rays:
– Even though the X–ray expose patient to harmful radiation it is used to see inside the human body
and diagnose broken bones, gallstones and later tuberculosis.
– Discovery of X–rays led to other majors and improved diagnostic tools such as CAT scan which
will lead to the conception of PETT scan and MRI.
6–Medical institutions (e.g., hospital and lab)
–Labs facilitated the establishment of the germ theory; because it was the place where full time
scientists and researchers, studied disease, germs, bacteria, and viruses.
–Hospital provided with a place where the sick went and stayed to be healed.
7– The professionalization of medical education
–With the professionalization of the medical education, nobody is his own doctor anymore. You
don't get medical education by reading medical books on your won

A Blended Profession Essay
INTRODUCTION
To begin, we need to acknowledge that sport plays an important position in the lives of many people
around the world today. Sport is not confined to specific boundaries as there are many different
fields that sport may permeate itself into. These fields include the sporting and economic sectors,
sport sciences as well as the practical and athletic professionals who participate in these fields
(Refacuk, 2017). Undoubtedly we cannot ignore the field of sport coaching as a profession,
responsible for teaching and mentoring. In this essay, I will define the concept of a blended
profession and what ideologies rotate around how a blended professional should be acknowledged
as well as how this integrates into the ICCE and SASCOC framework ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Coachca. 2017. Coachca. [Online]. [19 February 2017]. Available from:
http://www.coach.ca/files/Duffy_et_al_2011.docx In–text citation: (Coachca, 2017)
2. Mmuacuk. 2017. Mmuacuk. [Online]. [19 February 2017]. Available from: http://e–
space.mmu.ac.uk/107803/ In–text citation: (Mmuacuk, 2017)
3. Patrick duffy, hazel hartley, john bales, miguel crespo, frank dick, desiree vardhan, lutz
nordmann, josé curado, . 2017. Sport coaching as a 'profession': challenges and future directions.
[Online]. [19 February 2017]. Available from: www.coach.ca/files/Duffy_et_al_2011.docx In–text
citation: (Patrick duffy, hazel hartley, john bales, miguel crespo, frank dick, desiree vardhan, lutz
nordmann, josé curado, 2017)
4. Refacuk. 2017. Refacuk. [Online]. [19 February 2017]. Available from:
http://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=21784 In–text citation: (Refacuk, 2017).
5. (Sascoccoza. 2017. SASCOC. [Online]. [16 February 2017]. Available from:
http://www.sascoc.co.za/sa–coaching–framework/
6. Sascoccoza. 2017. Sascoccoza. [Online]. [18 February 2017]. Available from:
http://sascoc.co.za/wp–content/uploads/files//2011/06/LTCD–Consultation–Document–Version–
2.pdf In–text citation: (Sascoccoza,

How Did Florence Nightingale's Impact On Nursing And...
Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern day nursing, has had a huge impact on
professionalization and standardization throughout the years. In 1820, Florence Nightingale was
born into the aristocratic social sphere and it was the aristocratic woman who visited and brought
comfort to the sick and poor. In 1850, Nightingale began her training as a nurse at the institute of St.
Vincent de Paul at Alexandria, Egypt. When she was about thirty five years old she gathered a small
group of untrained woman to the British hospital where wounded soldiers rested during the Crimean
war and provided organization and cleaning of the hospital and provided care for the wounded
soldiers. Following the Crimean war, she founded the first training school for Nurses at St. Thomas
Hospital in London in 1860, and that would become the model for nursing education in the United
States.
During the American civil war 1861–1873, there were no professional nurses or organized system of
medical care in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the civil war, formal education and training began to grow and nursing training schools also
began to emerge. After this time, in the early twentieth century, the institution of state licensure for
nurses began and was a huge breakthrough. In 1903, permissive licensure laws for nursing emerged
in North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia as a result of the ICN passing a resolution
asking each country and state to provide for licensure. By 1923, all states required unstandardized
examinations for pre licensure but it wasn't until 1930 that New York became the first state to hold
mandatory licensure but wasn't fully enforced until 1947. In 1950 the NLN assumed responsibility
for administering the first nationwide state test pool

Tertiary Education Should Be Required As A Prerequisite...
Title: Tertiary education should be required as a prerequisite in order to join the police force.
Introduction:
Problem: Without prior tertiary education, police are entering the workforce under skilled.
Claim: All police should be required to have tertiary education as it promotes police
professionalism, improves standards in both policing and security and encourages personal growth
and ethical decision–making.
Reasoning: By making tertiary education a prerequisite when joining the police force, it is ensuring
that all potential police officers are fully equipped with the highly necessary, and somewhat
complicated, skills set in order to protect and serve the public.
Definition: Relating to or denoting education at a level beyond that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Studies have concluded that higher education has an impact on the views of police officers towards
racial/ethnic minorities, as well as on levels of professionalism and on standards of service to the
community (Archbold, Hasselli & Manist, 2008)
Warrant:
Trofymowych (2008) implies that while university education is not the only factor required for
police to obtain professional recognition, "it is an essential part of the professionalization process,
without which police will never obtain professional status".
Backing:
In order to obtain 'police professionalism', tertiary education is highly advised.
Grounds 2: Tertiary education improves standards in policing
Evidence:
Webb (2008) states that tertiary education and training have frequently been recommended as key
requirements to improve standards within policing and security.
In more recent times, researchers have studied and analyzed methodical social observations of 638
officers in two policing departments, discovering that officers with more education were less
expected to use force. (Webb, 2008)
A study was conducted which uncovered that officers with a university degree were less likely to
use verbal and physical force in comparison to their colleagues, where their highest education was a
high school certificate. Similarly, officers with some university experience were less likely to
engage in verbal force opposed to their less educated colleagues. (Paoline & Terrill, 2007)
Warrant:

Autonomy And Professionalization
The concepts discussed within the article regarding professionalization, medical autonomy and
medical dominance served to be new knowledge for me as the article discussed the significance of
autonomy and professionalization from a sociological aspect as witnessed within the field of
medicine. Furthermore, the article within Key Concepts of Medical Sociology addresses the
differences between how certain occupations fall within the category of professions while not every
occupation is deemed as a profession (Gabe et al. 163). I found this concept to be extremely
interesting as I have never studied the idea behind occupation and professions from a sociological
perspective as in how not every occupation is considered to hold a title of a profession

Timmermans
Timmermans: Evidence based medicine and the reconfiguration of medical knowledge.
EBM or evidence based medicine is a form of protocols used to standardize diagnoses and treatment
plans. In this journal we learn details about the four medical professionalization theories and we also
learn what Timmermans believes to be the downfalls of those theories. The effects of EBM on the
medical profession are stated as being the fact that medicine shifts from pathophysiology to
epidemiology with guidelines, these guidelines seem to interfere with the autonomy of the
practitioner. There are three questions that the journal is interested in evaluating. The first question
has to do with whether the epistemological characteristics of medicine are more ... Show more
One of the major downfalls of EBM according to Upshur are the time constraints that depersonalize
the doctor patient interactions by forcing the doctor ask a barrage of questions which are necessary
to follow protocol; this takes away from the potential of the clinician to practice active listening
since there is a limit on the time allotted per patient interaction. Another limitation is that the clinical
trials on which EBM are based on have specific patent characteristics, most of which do not have
multiple illnesses in order to eliminate confounding variables. These patients are very different than
the real world patients that have multiple illnesses and are taking various medications. In addition,
there are very few clinical trials that include the elderly population since the trials usually want
otherwise healthy people with a single diagnosis. Another problem relating to the randomized
control trials is that they still do not tell you exactly what will work for your patient but rather what
may work, this is seen as having little difference between how the practitioner can diagnose a patent.
In all this article argues that the limited access to technologies and the standardized patient
presentations used for the clinical trials actually impedes the ability of the EBM to be effective for
all

Essay on Adn vs Bsn Competencies
Differences in Competencies: Who Makes a Better Nurse? Michelle Phoebe Baltazar
Grand Canyon University: NRS–430
July 18, 2012
Abstract
In this essay the differences between an Associate prepared nurse versus Bachelor prepared nurse is
discussed in correlation to critical thinking, professionalism, and leadership.
Differences in Competencies: Who Makes a Better Nurse? Who makes a better nurse? A nurse with
an Associate's Degree or a Bachelor's Degree? The answer would probably depend on who one asks.
However, according to American Association of College of Nursing (2012), "education enhances
both clinical competency and care delivery" (pg.1). In this discussion, nurses prepared in
baccalaureate–degree level compared to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Autonomous nursing practice as defined as full command of expert knowledge and allowing for
accountability and authority in decision making" (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, pg. 47). A doctor will
more likely see a nurse as a professional once they show competence and autonomy, which in turn,
will provide a positive nurse–physician relationship due to the trust built between professionals. A
physician must be able to trust a nurse's judgment and assessment skills to be able to provide a
collaborative care for the patient. The wheel of professionalism is designed to compare nurses'
professional behavior with other professions, which places university–based education as central to
professionalism, which then leads to a strong code of ethics, professional recognition and continuing
education to maintain nursing competence (Yam, 2004). As a nurse achieves a status of
professionalism, a nurse will view oneself as an equal partner in the health care team, which in turn
will boost confidence and support for a more proactive and confident nurse. Leadership In nursing,
leadership does not only consist of being in a higher position but in all aspects of nursing, whether
one is a staff nurse or a unit manager. A nurse must be able to lead patients, family, or a community,
to a higher level of understanding in regards to the over all aspects of people's health. However,
primary degrees in general do not prepare nurses for

Builders In The Eighteenth-Century America
1. What does Upton suggest ultimately distinguished architects from builders in the eighteenth
century? What were the key factors that contributed to the increasing professionalization of
architects in eighteenth–century America?
In his essay, Dell Upton suggested that what ultimately distinguished architects from builders in the
eighteenth century was that builders, as identified by Thomas U. Walter as, "uneducated, unskilled,
and immature practitioners, whose only passport to the patronage of the Public is the assumption of
the appellation Architect." In short, a builder is essentially is an individual who attempts to practice
architecture without the "general knowledge of the elements of nature." Contradictory to this claim,
Upton believes that individuals aspiring to be architects hold the elements of "pursuing a course of
Architectural training in a Technical college, embracing Mathematics, ... Show more content on
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In all, the elements that primarily distinguished architects from builders are mainly economic
standing and rhetoric of taste and invention, and education. Due to this, Upton believed master
builders were prosperous and were typically motivated by "social distinction as a component of their
professional success. In like manner, rhetoric of taste and invention differentiated architects from
builders in that "taste might be acquired through 'toil and study'..., but not in drawing school"
(Upton, 61). Moreover, the key factors that contributed to the increasing professionalization of
architects in eighteenth–century America are. Education, coherence in work, and the ability to
communicate. With education, many were introduced to a "liberal–arts education, and eventually by
moving professional education to the university, architects hoped to shake off their pesky rivals"
(Upton, 63 ). For the socialization aspect of increasing professionalization of architects in
eighteenth–century America, the

3 Types Of State Legislatures
Felipe Lozano
The United States has based its political roots over certain rules, one of them being the separation of
powers between the federal government and the states. This rule gives every state certain liberty to
the states, such as choosing their own type of state legislature. In the United States, the state
legislatures have been chosen according to the commodities of each state, their necessities and other
factors, such as geographic region, population size, or area size. The comparison between the
several options of state legislatures can be observable through the level of professionalization that
every state has produced throughout the legislatorial period. There are three different types of
legislature in the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, the State Legislature of Texas, as a hybrid legislature, has proved both annual and
biennial sessions and budgets, but even then, it has been a challenge to achieve a great rate of
passing bills. Even when the Governor of Texas has the power to summon a special session; like 16
other states, the rate of passing bills has been decreasing lower than 25% from the total of bills
proposed (Zelinski, 2017). Furthermore, the session length is the factor that engulfs the management
of time over legislatorial sessions. This control opens a possible influence over the political agenda
of the party in control over the legislature, where there is a potential advantage taken by the
governors, thus impacting state business and affairs. To illustrate this, the usual time of session for
the North Dakota legislature is sixty–six days over a two–year period, there would be a 0.78%
increase in the state's budget by the propositions of the governor (Kousser and Philips, 2009). In
addition, the variation on the amount of compensation for legislators has become a key factor over
the professionalization level throughout the states. For example, a lawmaker in Illinois would
receive a base salary of $67,836 per year and a per diem rate, per each day of session, of $111. On
the other hand, a state lawmaker in Idaho is going to receive $16,438 as a base salary and a per diem
rate ranging from $25 to $122 (NCSL, 2014 State Legislator Compensation). Therefore, it is
common to see that states where their legislators are being paid higher salaries, such as in
California, Pennsylvania or Illinois, are being ranked at a higher level of professionalization, rather
than part–time legislature states, like New Hampshire or Utah. As a factor of

American Criminal Justice System In The 19th Century
At the end of the 19th century, the American criminal justice system was in a state of ruin and
disorder. With the conclusion of the Industrial Revolution, poverty had spread widely across the US,
and the crime rate almost quadrupled. However, the onset of the 1900s ushered reformation and a
new direction in the criminal justice system. During this new era, the American law system greatly
advanced mainly through the evaluation of the Cleveland Survey, the professionalization of the
modern police, and the development of the Model Penal Code.
First of all, the Cleveland Survey was the first crime survey in the US which later was embraced by
the criminal justice system. In the Cleveland Survey, "detailed examinations were made of the police
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, "In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer and O.W.
Wilson, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and
professional qualifications of new hires" ("Criminal Justice", para 32). Still, this process was very
slow to develop and even non–existent in some areas. There was also a lack of respect between the
police and the community, and agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders. However, in the mid
20th century, advancements in technology had a significant impact on policing. "The result of these
new technologies was a complex and contradictory change in police–citizen contacts. Whereas the
patrol car isolated the police from the people on the streets, the telephone brought police officers
into people's living rooms, kitchens, and bedrooms. There, officers became involved in the most
intimate domestic problems" ("Police: History – Policing Twentieth–century Americaâ€"the Reform
Era", para 8). Professional officers emphasized their functions of law enforcement and crime
prevention through random motorized patrol and rapid response to calls for service. The policing
system soon became centralized, specialized, and

Rob Latham's 'Fiction, 1950-1963'
As an individual who has does not study the history of literature "Fiction, 1950–1963" by Rob
Latham takes the reader through an interesting back story of the rise and fall of science fiction
through the span of a little more than a decade. "Fiction, 1950–1963" by Rob Latham largely
focuses on the history of science fiction in writing and the path science fiction took to become a
mainstream form of literature. It is a path filled with ups and downs, successes and failures, and a
multitude of writers that attempt to make their mark on the emerging genre.
Throughout the essay Latham agrees with the process of making science fiction more accepted in
mainstream culture. Latham takes the position that through science fiction becoming a legitimately
viewed genre the field has more freedom to expand and experiment artistically. The most notable ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of which include the rising production costs at the end of the fifties that threaten the collapse
of the genre. The end of the fifties brought with it a challenging time for the United States magazine
market, the market declined "from a total of 23 titles in the summer of 1957 to only six by the end of
1960." (80) However science fiction was able to prevail and eventually lead to the New Wave, a
time period in science fiction characterized by a high degree of experimentation and a focus in soft
science. Latham repeatedly explains, in great detail, that the science fiction genre was not lost
because of the expanding book market. "The rise of the book market impacted the field in a number
of important ways." (82) One of the important topics Latham discusses is the fact that science fiction
books were published. For the first time ever, science fiction stories were now available in durable
book formatting. Making the story itself, and its impact last longer than when published in pulp
fiction

Policing In America
Policing in America underwent a major paradigm shift in the way that law enforcement was carried
out – this shift was known as a shift from the Political Era to the Professional (Reform) Era (Roberg,
Novak, Cordner, & Smith, 2015). This switch in eras happened in the United States during a period
branded as the Progressive Era, when many "types of problems ... began to be addressed not only in
the public sector but also in private enterprise" (Roberg et al., 2015, p. 41). This movement affected
the United States and the American life since it functioned on the ideas that there should be "(1)
honest and efficiency in government, (2) more authority for public officials (and less for politicians),
and (3) the use of experts to respond to specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilson, credited with being "the most influential figures in making [professionalism] the dominant
paradigm in American policing" (Henry, 2003, p. 81). Vollmer served as Berkeley California's Chief
of Police from 1905 to 1932, during which he revolutionized policing by increasing efficiency and
providing resources for the police to better serve their community (Henry, 2003). As Chief, Vollmer
made Berkeley "the first police agency to deploy its entire patrol force in automobiles, enabling
officers to respond to reported crimes even more rapidly" (Henry, 2003, p. 81). Knowing that
policing was a multifaceted service, Vollmer believed that police officers should be proficient in
knowledge of law and their duties and social skills, but they also should continue their education
and receive advanced training (Henry, 2003). He held the belief that higher "education held the key
to transforming policing into a true profession, equal in status and stature to the legal and medical
professions" (Henry, 2003, p. 81). Holding the same values, Vollmer's protégée, O.W. Wilson, used
the skills and leadership attributes learned from Vollmer to improve and reform the Wichita, Kansas
Police Department (Henry, 2003). Wilson, similarly to Vollmer, researched how to improve
efficiency and implemented new technology to better serve the community (Henry, 2003). Vollmer
and Wilson's dedication to and implementation of technology in

The Commercialisation, Professionalization And Equity Of...
This piece of work will explain how the commercialisation, professionalization and equity of sport
has changed from the 1950s to today. This piece of work will also discuss the different techniques
and strategies that organisations within sport used to commercialise, professionalise and set social
stratification. The worldwide interest in sport is phenomenal, regardless of your skin colour,
religion, health, social status, gender and home nation. Sport is a universal platform for happiness,
revenue and success. Even though sport has made the leap from just love and passion, to revenue
and business, sport has never been without its business factors "Business & sport have never been
entirely unconnected in Britain" (Mason, 19888, cited in Horne, 2006: 20). For example, sport can
attract audience but also sell their goods via the viewing platform. More specifically a great example
of this would be Manchester United's Jersey sales, having the largest amount of sales in England
(1,750,000). This is a direct link from commercialisation and media coverage. Media moved from
covering sport & gaining from it indirectly, to effectively controlling it (Burstyn, 1999, cited in
Horne, 2006: 21). From one side of the world to another, sport thrives and is forever growing. From
America's "4 sports", to England's top flight level of football, the premier league. Another
substantial factor that will be discussed from 1950 onwards is equity. An example of how equity has
been apparent in sport

Reading Access And The Teacher Salary Gap
The substratum of the society is predicated on inculcation since it brings economic and convivial
prosperity. Being educated enhances an individual to live a reverent life in the society. This is
because education offers a setting in which culture and values of a society are developed. In this
generation, inculcation in modern society provides a forum where the society examines its issues
and identifies solutions. The advancement of a society both economically and convivially is by
gaining edification which consequently enables them to run a modern society.getting access to
education has always been difficult and beneficial to people who are willing to learn. USA is a
powerful country and her advantages on education are limitless for teacher and students but
Cameroon has less advantages and less teachers.USA and Cameroon with education system are very
different. i will compare the difference between teachers skills, book access and the teacher salary
gap between both countries. Cameroon is a good country and has a good education system.
however, she has a lot to learn from the USA in terms of teaching skills, book access and teacher
salary gap. The role of the teacher in the educational system set up is very consequential. It is a two–
way process like student and skills, or maybe two sides of the same coin. It is beyond argument that
good education is a backbone of the society and country system. He represents whole of the society
in school which is a sub–society or

The Limitations Of Standardized Testing Essay
The limitations of "standardized testing" as a rigid and narrow criterion for gauging the educational
capabilities of students in public education. The criterion for standardized testing relies on narrow
areas of knowledge that define a hierarchical imposition of "intelligence" testing that forces the
student to perform ion a constrained academic environment. This type of testing has become a
mechanized tool to reject the individual needs of the student in a linear testing methodology. The
importance of a more diversified and individual style of education must address the talents of the
student in relation to a broader system of education. Therefore, the problem of "one–size–fits–all" in
standardized testing forces the student to take a test that generalizes educational standards in the
public school system. In essence, an analysis of the individual needs of the student define the
problem of a "one–size–fits–all" system of standardize testing in modern American school system.
The problem of standardized testing in the American public system is founded on the systemic
generalization of student's intelligence. These tests are often engineered to the student through an
uncreative and linear evaluation of their knowledge base. In this manner, standardized testing only
measures a small range of cognitive and mental capabilities of the student, which often focus on
writing, reading, math, and the sciences: "The obsession with raising student standardized test
scores is leading

Girls Inc Governance Structure
This mission, purpose, and strategies of Girls Inc. of Monroe County are created by the Board of
Trustees ("Governance," n.d.). The board is comprised of a president, a vice president, five
treasurers, and four secretaries ("Governance," n.d.). Any individual who has a vision aligned with
the organization may apply to become a trustee ("Governance," n.d.). To be elected, the individual
must receive a majority vote by the members of the corporation at any board meeting ("Governance,
n.d.). Once elected, the trustee will serve on the board a three–year term, with a term limit being two
consecutive years ("Governance," n.d). The way the board at Girls Inc. of Monroe is structured
suggests that they are moving towards the contemporary end of the sport governance continuum. As
discussed in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The board at Girls Inc. of Monroe County is composed of lawyers, consultants, financial advisors,
marketing directors, and lawyers. The skillsets are directly linked with operating an efficient and
effective organization. No longer is Girls Inc. of Monroe County's board just composed of
passionate volunteers or donors. Today's board is filled with individuals who not only share that
passion, but have the appropriate skillsets needed to achieve/create an effective strategy. As
discussed in class, the roles of the board and staff at most non–profit organizations are intertwined
(Coble, 2017), however at Girls Inc. of Monroe County, the board is tasked with strategic and
mission development, not day–to–day tasks ("Governance," 2017). Therefore, I see less of an
overlap, which suggests that they are moving towards a more contemporary

Work In Canada
Social Work in Canada and The Philippines
Despite geographically on different corners of the world, there remains a lot of similarities between
the Canadian and Philippine social work practice. In both jurisdictions, social work is a recognized
profession. In the Philippines, Republic Act 4373 laid the basis for professionalization social work.
The organized social work practice in the Philippines was introduced during the American rule
(1898–1946) to gradually extend public coordination of welfare services. (Aspalter, 2014). In
Canada, although there is no law creating the profession, the Canadian Association of Social
Workers was established to establish standards of social work practice. Each province established its
own Colleges to govern the practice of social work on the local level. The first recognition of social
workers in the Philippines came after its liberation from the United States when the Philippine
Association of Social Workers was organized (Almanzor, 1966; Yu, 2006 as cited in Aspalter, 2014).
Through their influence further, social welfare gradually transitions towards professionalization to
emphasize the need to coordinate welfare services. Landa Jocano (1980: 63 as cited in Aspalter,
2014). In both territories, a governing body supervises the practice. In both jurisdictions, practice
theories are based on Western origin and orientation. Though Canada has pioneered some
intellectual contributions in social work academia, Philippines education, and

Therapeutic Civilization : Ancient Egyptian And Greek...
Ancient Egyptian and Greek Civilization: The use of Therapeutic Recreation began thousands of
years ago. Ancient Egyptians employed the use of music, songs, and dancing that promoted a
positive atmosphere that would help individuals overcome mood disorders. The Ancient Greeks
established health temples in which they offered instruction, bathing, exercise, and entertainment in
a restful relaxing atmosphere. It is now known that most ancient cultures made good use of some
aspects of the Recreation Therapeutic healing process until the middle ages. This is the period from
where, until the late 18th century, all kinds of developments in technologies and medical field
stopped (Dark Ages) due to the influence of the church emphasizing on the ... Show more content on
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The 40s was considered to be the "the boom" of the development of recreation services in military
hospitals by the American Red Cross, followed by the establishment of the hospital recreation
division within the veterans administration. During the 1950s was about the bringing together or the
development of the different organizations in the recreation movement, also the support of medical
doctors and the Menninger family in advocating for recreation as a tool for treatment was crucial.
The Menninger family was a group of three men particularly active in mental health. Recreation was
very important to them, they felt that recreational therapy could provide a laboratory in which
patient could try out new skills, new ways of coping and reacting, and practice and develop these
skills. William Menninger went from hospital to hospital in WWII and all around the world
advocating Recreational Therapy in the treatment of mental health clients. Two streams of thought:
– Recreation for all: This perspective believes that the right for recreation is something that all
should enjoy, including those who are institutionalized, ill or disabled.
– Recreation as Therapy: Recreation was seen to be more than wholesome activity. It was a tool or
modality to treat illness and to rehabilitate clients using activities to ameliorate pathology and,
ultimately, to rehabilitate the individual. This was the view of the old National Association of
Recreational Therapist, NART, form in the

State Judicial Structures
Assessing the Impact of State Judicial Structures on Citizens Litigiousness by Jeff Yates, Holley
Tankersley, and Paul Brace describes the structure of the state judicial courts with its dependence on
certain internal and external principles that will influence the overall participation of individual's
litigation cases. The authors' main question " explores the role that state legal institutions played in
explaining state variation in legal mobilization." (Yates, Tankersley, Brace, 2010, 796) The authors'
postulate this question because they "believe that differences in the elemental structure of the
judicial system affect the degree to which citizens involve the legal system for redress." (796) The
authors' further elaborated on their question ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When I usually think of the court, I usually think of it as a level headed branch that is unbiased and
can answer my question, my problems, and societal issues with any personal views. This view of
mine is broken with many facets influencing courts. Judicial selection and judicial professionalism
are key concepts that broke my previous views and towards a better understanding the current
process to litigations. I find it rather eye opening that if a judge were to run either as a partisan or a
nonpartisan judge that he or she will receive almost the same amount of attention on them. In the
other statements, I found myself reasonably agreeing with most of them. Elected judges similar to
elected politicians will try to hold their bastion of support by honoring their voter intention and vote
subtly along partisan lines as a form of certainty. In contrast, appointed judges bring more
uncertainty and more chances of change in society given their lack of an ideological background.
Judicial professionalism as stated previously make sense that their legal background make a
prominent stance in a courtroom with them making fewer decisive legal rulings, having a robust
legal team, and being paid a higher salary. In state political environment, it never occurred to me
that where you have the

The Rise Of Professionalism In The Workplace
The professionalization of a nonprofit staff can lead to a better more resourceful organization and
this can in the end lead to a more efficient atmosphere. In turn this means more money for the
organization and better networking opportunities. However, this professionalization requires training
and advanced education (Hwang). Although, professionalism in this sector is becoming more widely
accepted and with enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, that indisputably encouraged
professionalism, professionalism has been on the rise (Hwang). The earliest acts that show a trend
toward professionalism, is the building of the Rockefeller Center and the foundation that made that
dream a reality. Andrew Carnegie was well educated himself and he made

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