Data Processing And Processing Of Data

Data Processing And Processing Of Data
We will be talking about processing of data. So, depending on how the data are processed and the inference is made, most signal processing methods
fall into one of the two categories: Batch processing and Adaptive processing.
The example that we will be taking in the field of wireless communications, will deal with Batch processing method. In this method, emtire data
block is recieved and gathered before it is to be processed; and any inference about the transmitted data X is made only on the basis of the entire
block of data To understand the process of batch signal processing in a better way, we will take an example in detail later.
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
These techniques allow a large number of users to access information through the same channel in wireless communication systems, also regarded as
air–interface as mentioned previously. Thus, also making effective use of allocated bandwidth. The following three techniques come under this category:
FDMA – Frequency DivisiГіn Multiple Access TDMA– Time Division Multiple Access CDMA – Coded Detection Multiple Access
For, FDMA, an allocated bandwidth over the channel is divided among the users connected over that channel. In, TDMA, each of the users take turns
to transmito r reciveve data over the same frequency. While in CDMA, each user has a specific code according to which the original information is
modified so that it appears as noise to the other users connected over the same channel and hence saves
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Downlink Multiplexing
Downlink Multiplexing The multiplexing chain in the downlink is largely comparable to that in the uplink however there are also certain functions
that are done in a different way. As like in the uplink, the interleaving is executed in two components, covering both intra–frame and inter–frame
interleaving. In addition, the rate matching permits one to stabilise the necessary channel symbol energy for various service qualities. The services can
be mapped to more than one code additionally, which is essential when the single code capability in either the terminal or base station is surpassed.
Downlink Shared Channel Transmitting data with elevated peak rate and small activity cycle in the downlink rapidly causes the channelisation codes
under a solitary scrambling code to start to come to an end. In order to circumvent this complication, fundamentally two alternatives exist: exercise of
either supplementary scrambling codes. The supplementary scrambling code approach loses the benefit of the transmissions being orthogonal from a
single source, and consequently should be avoided. Using a shared channel resource maintains this benefit and in the mean time lessens the downlink
code resource... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1.8 code trees with the four layers are taken into account. The highest capacity of the code tree is 8R. In the code tree, two codes with SF is 4
and 8 are engaged. As a result, the capacity employed for the OVSF code tree is 3R. The remaining capacity of the code tree is 8R–3R=5R. When a
new call with data rate 4R enters, code from the third layer is essential. The code tree is not capable of offering code for the new call, since both the
codes equivalent to 4R capacity are obstructed. Accordingly, this is a condition where a new call capacity to manage it. This is known as code (call)
blocking and can be circumvented with the help of efficient assignment and reassignment

The People
1. Cost effective networking for areas that are difficult or too costly to wire, mobility in the workplace. 2. Physical layer , the medium access control
(MAC) and the MAC management protocols and services 3. Another term used to describe independent networks. 4. To add additional range to the
wireless network 5. (DSSS), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum , frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Infrared and Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 6. Have 14 channels over apron. 90 MHz of RF spectrum in the 2.4 GHz ISM. Uses w/ Bluetooth , cordless phones and
microwave ovens 7. It's the sequence appears to be random but in fact does repeat typically after some lengthily period of time. FHSS requires ... Show
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19. 2.4 GHz frequency band 20. three Power Class| Maximum Output Power| Operating Distance| | 123| 20 dBm4 dBm0 dBm| ~100 m~10 m~1 m| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
21. Piconet is an ad hoc network of up nto eight Bluetooth, and when an establishment of a connection has been completed the Bluetooth will had to
establishes it 22. To determine weather any Bluetooth devices are available 23. To establish and synchronize a connection between two Bluetooth
devices. 24. The reflecting of the radio waves striking the RFID tad abd reflecting back to the transmitter source 25. Means the power tag ,frequency,
and communication protocol 26. Power is provided to the tag by rectifying the RF energy, transmitted from the reader that strikes the RF tag
antenna.27. Passive, semi–active, active. 28. Low frequency 125/134kHz, high–frequency 13.56 MHz, ultra–high frequency 860–960 MHz 29.
Unlicensed 5.8GHz and the licensed 2.5 GHz spectrum 30. Due to the improved NLOS characteristics in the 2 GHz to 11GHz frequency range 31.
WiMax is a broadband wireless system that has been developed for use as broadband wireless access (bWA0 for fixed and mobile stations and can
provide a wireless alternative for last mile broadband access for fixed and mobile stations and can provide a

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile
communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and high
speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and change the way we live. The key concept is integrating
the 4g capabilities with all of the existing mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G technology will encompass all system from various
network public to private operator driven broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based wireless internet
. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this services and model need to be further examine for interface with the
design of 4g technology system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power
etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile
communication networks and high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless mobile

The Importance Of Multicarrier Techniques For A Single...
Chapter 1 Multicarrier techniques
This section deals with the importance of multicarrier techniques.
1.1 Multi carrier techniques
In a single carrier system, single fade causes the whole data stream and undergo distortion i.e frequency selective fading. The Single carrier systems also
suffer with heavy Inter Symbol Interference . In telecommunication Inter Symbol Interference was a form of distortion of signal in which one symbol
interferes with the subsequent symbol. Thus it causes an unwanted phenomena as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise thus making
communication less reliable . ISI occurs when the signal bandwidth is less than the coherence bandwidth or when the delay spread is greater than
symbol duration. To combat the problem multicarrier techniques have been proposed for high data rate transmission. Multicarrier techniques divide the
whole bandwidth into large number of narrow band orthogonal subcarriers [1, 2]. Thus the signal bandwidth becomes very less compared with
coherence bandwidth ensuring no ISI in time domain and flat fading in frequency domain. Multicarrier systems such as Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC–CDMA) were considered to be the best technologies for 4G wireless
communication [1, 2]. Fig. explains the spectrum of multicarrier and single carrier systems. In the single carrier system the information symbols are
loaded into one of

1. 2 IEEE 802. 15. 4 : Lab Analysis
2.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 is the mostly used IoT standard for MAC. It has Source & Destination address for communicating. In a word it
follows frame format. Its specific MAC features can be: Slot frame Structure, Scheduling, Synchronization, Channel Hopping, Network formation. 2.3.3
IEEE 802.11 AH IEEE 802.11ah is a light version. Its applicable for low–energy. For Laptop, smart mobile, smart Television and other digital devices
using IEEE 802.11.AH. The basic 802.11ah MAC layer features include: Synchronization Frame, Efficient Bidirectional Packet Exchange, Short Mac
Frame, Null Data Packet, Increase Sleep Time.2.3. 2.3.4 WirelessHART WirelessHART is a datalink protocol that operates on the top of IEEE
802.15.4 PHY and adopts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HomePlug suite covers both PHY and MAC layers and has three versions: HomePlug–AV, HomePlug
–AV2, and HomePlugGP. [29] 2.3.10 G.9959
G.9959 is a MAC layer protocol from ITU, designed for low bandwidth and cost, half–duplex reliable wireless communication. [30] 2.3.11 LTE–A
Long–Term Evolution Advanced (LTE–A) is a set of standards designed to fit M2M communication and IoT applications in cellular networks. LTE–A
uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) as a MAC layer access technology, which divides the frequency into multiple bands
and each one can be used separately. The architecture of LTE–A consists of a core network (CN), a radio access network (RAN), and the mobile nodes.
[31] Figure: LTE–A Architecture The CN is responsible for controlling mobile devices and to keep track of their IPs. RAN is responsible for
establishing the control and data planes and handling the wireless connectivity and radio–access control. RAN and CN communicate using S1 link
where RAN consists of the eNB (E–UTRAN Node B)'s to which other mobile nodes are connected wirelessly. 2.3.12 LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a newly
arising wireless technology designed for low–power WAN networks with low cost, mobility, security, and bi
– directional communication for IoT
applications. [32] 2.3.13 Weightless Weightless is another wireless WAN technology for IoT applications designed by the Weightless Special Interest
Group (SIG) [33]

Wireless Access And The Transmission Bandwidth
Abstract– The demand for wireless access is permanently growing and the transmission bandwidth is limited. Higher data rates and signal quality is
always desired among the users; therefore a more efficient use of the frequency resource is needed to fill the user capacity needs. Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is used to increase the capacity given by regular multiple access techniques (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) using the user
position information to provide access to the best communication channel based on their spatial location. This paper presents Smart Antenna techniques
applied to SDMA systems as an efficient frequency usage technique.
Key Words– Base station, Beamforming, Code division multiple–access (CDMA), Dynamic Channel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spectrum is limited, but multiple access techniques allow a large number of mobile users to share the same allocated spectrum efficiently and use
the same bandwidth at the same time without degrading the existing quality of service.
Sending and receiving simultaneously information to and from the base station is desirable among wireless communication systems. Equipping these
base stations with smart antenna arrays enable beam steering in contrast to sectorized single antenna systems. This make possible to Base Stations to
send data to specific users on the down–link or to receive directed data on the up–link by reusing channels within a cell for Mobile Stations (MS),
spatially separated by smart antenna arrays.
Cellular system divides the area into cells where mobile units are located and aims to increase the capacity of the channel with an efficient level of
quality of service. Channel access can be achieved through: Frequency division multiple–access (FDMA), Time division multiple–access (TDMA),
Code division multiple–access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple access (SDMA). In this paper we will focus on SDMA systems.
SMART ANTENNA AND SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS HISTORY
Smart antennas were developed by the military but as the cellular phone users grew in the 1980s, the commercial area became more interested in the
field. SDMA idea was first introduced in 1947 by Douglas H. Ring when he wrote about a new way to

Optical Network Proposal
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATION
The great growth in user's demand for bandwidth due to today's network applications stir the competition between network carriers. FSAN began
studies to access needs in late 2010, they concluded that there is a great gap between user needs and the bandwidth offered by the 10 gbps capable
Passive Optical Network (10G–PON known as XGPON) technologies. A system proposal for Next Generation– Passive Optical Network (NG–PON2)
stage 2 was commenced in 2011. Among other solutions Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (TWDM
–PON)
technology was recommended at the April 2012 meeting as a primary solution to design and implement NG–PON2 [1]. This network design achieves ...
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Through the distribution fiber (DF), each output port of RN1 goes to a different remote node 2 (RN2) which includes a power splitter (PS), and then
each output port of the PS is connected to a different ONU by the last mile fiber (LMF). According to the RN1 configuration, we have three variants of
a TWDM–PON architecture: a) Wavelength Selected TWDM–PON with PSs at the RN1; b) Wavelength Split TWDM–PON with arrayed waveguide
grating (AWG) at the RN1; and c) Wavelength Switched TWDM–PON with wavelength selective switches (WSSs) at the RN1. The wavelength
selected TWDM–PON is a fully flexible solution as the PS at RN1 broadcasts all wavelengths to all users, but has a high insertion loss and poor
security due to the use of only PSs. The wavelength split TWDM–PON has a fixed wavelength allocation and thus will not be able to serve flexibility
advantages. However, paper [4] shows that the full flexibility is not always required and a partial flexible solution can already give several
advantages of flexibility. Overcoming the drawbacks of both wavelength selected and wavelength split, paper [5] proposed such a partially flexible
solution with a WSS in RN1, which we refer as the wavelength switched TWDM–PON.
To address some of the challenges related to the future high capacity transport networks, a particular communication system should mainly focus on
three major areas (i.e., impact of traffic locality on the network infrastructure, cost versus reliability of future

Hardware and Sorftware: Major Techniques that Allocate...
Introduction
There are four major techniques that allocate capacity for wireless WAN communications. These techniques are Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM). (Goleniewski, L. 2007) Each technique has pros and cons when compared amongst each other. The following is a summary of why each
technique has a need, and some of the challenges that come with that technique.
Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency or RF is used in our everyday lives whether or not you realize it. Some of the common uses of Radio Frequencies are:
AM radio – 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz
FM radio – 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz
Short ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The classic RF structure has a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter creates electrical signals that are called a carrier signal. The carrier signal
frequency is determined by the wave length. The carrier signal is modulated to carry voice by adding a contrast signal to the wave form. The receiver
gets the pair of sidebands and transforms them into speech or other sounds. RF in a wireless environment can have dead spots due to line of sight issues.
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a technique in which each user is assigned to a different frequency; it is used in older analog
cellular systems. (Goleniewski, L. 2007) This allows everyone to speak at the same time, but it requires a different frequency band for each user.
This creates a limitation of the technique, as each cell can only support 60 users. With the digital technology of today, FDMA is no longer a viable
solution due to the limitation on users. It is also expensive for the service provider since there needs to be a transceiver for each channel, and because
of the great amount of power that is consumed. FDMA does still serve a purpose today, though. It is used to divide the allocated spectrum into
individual channels, by which other channels will then enable many users to use one channel. (Goleniewski, L. 2007)
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a technique that takes advantage of FDMA. The frequency spectrum is first split into

Networking
1. List two advantages of wireless networking. User mobility in the workplace, and cost effective networking media for use in areas that are difficult
or too costly to wire.
2. What are the three areas defined for the IEEE 802.11 standard? Physical Layer (PHY): The method of transmitting the data, which may be either RF
or infrared (although infrared is rarely used.)
Medium Access Control (MAC): The reliability of the data service, access control to the sharedwireless medium, protecting the privacy of the
transmitted data.
MAC management protocols and services: Authentication, association, data delivery, and privacy.
3. What is an ad hoc network? In this network, the wireless clients (stations) communicate directly with each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
23. What is the purpose of the paging procedure in Bluetooth? The paging procedure is used to establish and synchronize a connection between two
Bluetooth devices.
24. Define the term backscatter. It refers to the reflection of the radio waves striking the RFID tag and reflecting back to the transmitter source with its
stored unique identification information.
25. What are the three parameters that define an RFID system? Means of powering the tag, frequency of operation, and communications protocol (also
called the air interface protocol).
26. Explain how power is provided to a passive RFID tag. By rectifying the RF energy transmitted from the reader which strikes the RF tag antenna.
27. Cite three advantages for using an active RFID tag. The power consumption of the G2C501 is 10ОјA in the sleep mode and uses two AA batteries
with an expected lifetime of five years, it works in the standard 915 MHz range, and it also has location capability.
28. What are the three frequency bands typically used for RFID tags? Low Frequency, High Frequency, and Ultra–High Frequency.

29. What is the WiMax frequency standard for the United States? Unlicensed: 5.8GHz and licensed: 2.5 GHz spectrum.
30. Why was OFDM selected for WiMax? This signaling format was selected for the WiMAX standard IEEE 802.16a standard because of its improved
NLOS (non line–of–sight) characteristics in

Matlab Based Design For Resource Allocation Platform
UNDERGRADUATE TETHIS PROJECT PROPOSAL
Zhejiang university of technology
MATLAB BASED DESIGN FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION PLATFORM
On my honor as a university student, on this assignment I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid as defined by the honor guidelines for
papers in SE course
Name : David kasonga wa kasonga
Supervisor: еђґиїњ
March, 2017
Content
I.Abstract
II.Introduction
III.Research
пѓ Dynamic resource allocation
IV.Objectives
V.Development plan
пѓ Research

пѓ Design
пѓ Simulation & test
VI.Schedule
VII.references
Abstract orthogonal frequency modulation has successfully solved the Inter Symbol Interference problem in frequency selective wireless environment.
An interesting application of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In OFDM systems, only a one user can transmit on all of the subcarriers at any given time, and time division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency
division multiple access (FDMA) is used to support multiple users. The major disadvantage of this static multiple access scheme is that the fact that
the different users perform differently in the same given wireless channel is not being taken in consideration. OFDMA, on the other hand, allows
multiple users to transmit simultaneously on the different subcarriers per OFDM symbol at any given time. Since the users perform differently in the
channel probability that all users experience the same fade in a particular subcarrier is very low, though it can be assured that the subcarriers are
assigned to the users who sees good channel gains on them.
While allowing simultaneous access to multiple users to the medium OFDMA has been shown to reduce multi–path fading, within air interfaces in the
IEEE 802.16 standard.
The main advantages of using this multicarrier technology are: higher data rates, longer transmission distance, and better mobility support.
Due to the fact that OFDMA divides the available frequency spectrum into several orthogonal subcarriers, inter–symbol and inter–carrier interference
are minimized, or even eradicated. Also, the assignment of these subcarriers to different users for transmission can be done dynamically, both in
frequency and time dimension. This flexibility provides a way of boosting

Ptcl Internship Report
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Internship Complementation Report Wireless & Transmission FTRP Faisalabad Submitted by:
ABDUL BASIT BSc Electrical Engineering (2010–14) Registration No. 2010–GCUF–4180–522 Government College University Faisalabad Submitted
to: Mr. Muhammad Mehmood Manager, MSC Wireless FTRP Faisalabad Contents Topic| Page No.| Background| 3| Introduction| 3| Wireless
Communication General Process| 4| Fundamental of Cellular Communication| 4| Speed affecting factors in Wireless communication| 6| Multiple
Access Schemes| 6| Code Division Multiple Access Schemes| 6| Wireless Local Loop| 9|... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each user operates independently with no knowledge of the other users. Thus, not only all users in the same cell share all the time–frequency degrees
of freedom, so do the users in different cells. Wireless Communication General Process Figure 1: General Process of Wireless Communication
Fundamentals of Cellular Communication The area served by Mobile phones is divided into small areas known as cells. Each Cell contains a base
station which communicates with the mobiles in the cells. There are two types of transmission downstream and upstream. The transmission from the
base station to the mobile is called downs stream, forward link or downlinks. While the transmission from the mobile to base station is referred to as
upstream, reverse link or uplink. There are certain terminologies associated with the Mobile Communication, which is given below with the Brief
description to understand how the communication is actually done. MS Mobile Station which can originate or receive calls and can communicate with
the concerned BTS. BTS The Base Transceiver Station has the radio transceivers that defines a cell and handles the radio link protocol with the Mobile
Station. The BTS transmit and receive signals realizing the communication between radio system and Mobile Station. BSC The Base Station Controller
manages the radio resources of one or more BTS. It controls the Call connection and disconnection. It deals with the mobility management; it deals with
the

Mobile Telephone Call : A Mobile Device Essay
Mobile telephone call: A mobile device initiates a call by sending the number of the called device on the preselected setup channel. In this process, the
the mobile device firstly checks whether the setup channel is idle by examining information that comes from the BS channel. If it finds that the setup
channel is idle, the mobile device may transmit the information of number to the BS. The BS then sends the request to the MTSO.
Mobile device paging: The MTSO then tries to complete the connection to the called mobile device. In this process, the MTSO sends a paging message
to certain BSs by examining the mobile number. Each BS sends the paging message on the setup channel, including the information of number.
Telephone Call connected: The called mobile device monitors the setup channel and finds its number in the paging message. And then it responds to
the BS, which transmits the response to the MTSO. The MTSO sets up a connection between the calling and called BSs. And then the MTSO tries to
find an available traffic channel within each BS's cell. If the MTSO find available traffic channel, it will notify each BS, which in turn notifies the
mobile devices. The two mobile devices tune to their respective assigned channels.
Call in connection: When the connection is maintained between two mobile devices, voice or data signals are exchanged between the two mobile
devices, through their corresponding BSs and the MTSO.
Handover: If a mobile device moves out of the scope of one

Advertising for 4G Technology with Sprint
Introduction
One of the most heavily advertised areas of technology in the United States currently is 4G technology. Every commercial and advertisement promises
fast speeds, great coverage, and exceptional service altogether. However, the competition proves to be extreme and unbalanced. Since its introduction
on Sprint's network, 4G, or fourth generation cellular technology, has revolutionized both the telecommunication arena while spilling into other
technological fields. There is no end in sight for the relentless competition of expanding 4G technologies as coverage and network speeds continue to
increase. Currently, 4G technology is offered by all major telecommunication carriers in the United States: Verizon, AT&T, T
–Mobile, and Sprint.
However, the term "4G" has been loosely used. The best example of this can be associated with Sprint. The initial 4G technology Sprint offered was
based of WiMAX technology. WiMAX proved to be fast technology, but lackluster in its performance and capabilities in regards to LTE. LTE has
become the primary 4G technology in the United States while development of WiMAX has ceased. In addition, Sprint's 4G vision has switched to
LTE. The question is raised "Why did LTE win over WiMAX?". From many perspectives, LTE proved to be the superior technology.
The Power of Networking One can easily argue that one of the greatest things that developed in the latter half of the twentieth century was the internet.
By combining networks of networks

General Mcauliffe's Tactical Mission
Tactical Situation
1. Mission: General McAuliffe's mission was simple; hold the town of Bastogne at any cost to prevent the German counter assault from breaking
through the Allied line. The town was strategically held to prevent high speed avenues of approach, as well as access to supply and mobilization
routes for the Axis forces. The roadways of St. Vith and Bastogne were paramount for the Germans to advance north, and press on to the Meuse
River, which was their objective. Also part of his mission parameters were to destroy Axis fuel depots to limit maneuverability of the Panzer division.
This would limit the capabilities of the feared Panzer tanks. The town is located on the western border of Luxembourg approximately halfway between
Holland and France. The allies advanced from Holland in the north, and France in the South, creating a choke point to round up the German lines, and
maintain all high speed avenues of approach west of Germany. This would mean that German forces would be consolidated and fortified, making it a
consolidated battle of attrition. This was intended to be a battle of patience, and to wait until one force ran low enough on supplies or manpower, that
the other would be overtaken with ease. Or in the case of the Paratroopers, wait until help arrives. In regards to ... Show more content on
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Equipment: American forces were limited to the 101st Airborne Division, three Artillery Battalions, comprised of 12, 155mm Howitzers, four M18
Hellcat Tank Destroyers, and standardized infantry load outs. The majority of the tanks provided by the 10th Armored Division were left in reserve to
the northeast. The Germans possessed the superior Panzer tank as well as four Infantry Divisions coupled with multiple batteries of mobile, and
railroad mobilized artillery. The Germans had better tanks and superior numbers. Fortunately, they possessed limited resources, because allied forces
destroyed fuel dumps. This made the Panzer tanks limited in their

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM is a modulation format that is being used for many of the latest wireless and
telecommunications standards.
OFDM has been adopted in the Wi–Fi arena where the standards like 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11ac and more. It has also been chosen for the cellular
telecommunications standard LTE / LTE–A, and in addition to this it has been adopted by other standards such as WiMAX and many more.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has also been adopted for a number of broadcast standards from DAB Digital Radio to the Digital Video
Broadcast standards, DVB. It has also been adopted for other broadcast systems as well including Digital Radio Mondiale used for the long medium
and short wave bands. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting signal is integrated over the symbol period to regenerate the data from that carrier. The same demodulator also demodulates the other
carriers. As the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period means that they will have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period
and their contribution will sum to zero – in other words there is no interference contribution.
The spectrum of an OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal
OFDM Spectrum
One requirement of the OFDM transmitting and receiving systems is that they must be linear. Any non–linearity will cause interference between the
carriers as a result of inter–modulation distortion. This will introduce unwanted signals that would cause interference and impair the orthogonality of
the transmission.
In terms of the equipment to be used the high peak to average ratio of multi–carrier systems such as OFDM requires the RF final amplifier on the
output of the transmitter to be able to handle the peaks whilst the average power is much lower and this leads to inefficiency. In some systems the
peaks are limited. Although this introduces distortion that results in a higher level of data errors, the system can rely on the error correction to remove
them.
Data on OFDM
The data to be transmitted on an OFDM signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each carrier taking part of the payload. This reduces the data
rate taken by each carrier. The lower data rate has

The Revolution of Network Technology: 3G and 4G Wireless...
Introduction The revolution of network technology began several years ago, with fourth generation (4G) network being the recently technological
innovative of the internet world. Therefore, 4G networks is the fourth generation wireless network, which set the stage for broadband mobile
communication that will succeed the third generation (3G) network which is currently in use in some many countries around the globe. It also
provides mobile ultra–broadband internet access with USB wireless modem to laptops and even Smartphone ( HYPERLINK "https:/
/profiles.google.com/118388133610479779997" Sascha Segan, 2011). It's expected to change the interaction of human with various technological
devices when fully implemented. It would enable HYPERLINK "http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/pervasive–computing" pervasive
computing, in which simultaneous connections to multiple high–speed networks will provide seamless HYPERLINK "http:/
/searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/handoff" handoffs throughout a geographical area. Besides, coverage enhancement technologies
such as HYPERLINK "http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/femtocell" femtocell and HYPERLINK "http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition
/picocell.html" picocell are being developed to address the needs of mobile users in homes, public buildings and offices, which will free up network
resources for mobile users who are HYPERLINK

802. 11 Synthesis Essay
IEEE802.11n made numerous changes to the 802.11 wireless standards that greatly increased the throughput as compared to earlier versions. 802.11n
uses MIMO which is Multiple Input Multiple Output (also known as Multiple Antennas). MIMO makes use of multiple antennae to create multiple
streams of communications between a transmitter and a receiver. The 802.11n amendment also introduced changes in the physical as well as MAC
layers to make marked changes in the effectiveness of wireless networks. These changes included spatial–division multiplexing, space–time block
coding, and transmitter beamforming. Spatial–division multiplexing. This is the ability for one transmitter to use multiple antennas to simultaneously
send multiple... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the transmitter can increase the output of the antennas in the direction of computers farther away or where there are more computers to allow for
better coverage or throughput and decrease the output of the antennas in directions where there are obstacles. Other changes in 802.11n include: 1. 40
Mhz bandwidth (channel bonding) which can get data rates as high as 600Mpbs which is a ten–fold increase as compared with 802.11 a thru g. 2.
Frame aggregation – transmits multiple MAC frames in a PHY packet. 3. Reverse–direction protocol – allows the ability to transfer control of an air
channel between stations. This is especially good if the receiver is moving and the transmitters are trying to keep the best connection possible. 4.
Support for Voice over WLAN and multimedia streaming. This is especially important as more telephone calls go VOIP and more video/audio
content is available online. 5. The ability of access points to change between 20 MHz and 40 MHz. This is good as the receivers for that access
point changes. The access point can speed up or slow down based on the receivers in its broadcast area. 6. Channel bonding – using two 20MHz
channels. This turns the two 20 MHz band into a 40MHz band even though the transmitter is not transmitting at 40MHz. This is good to increase
throughput for receivers that only communicate at the 20MHz

Nokia Forms 3G Joint Venture in China Essay
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time
division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network systems. The JV will begin offering its first
TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent interest. China Puritan will hold the rights ... Show
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In May, Nokia rival Ericsson announced it was teaming with ZTE to further TD–SCMDA in China. At the time of the announcement, Ericsson
committed to integrating ZTE's TD–SCDMA Node B into its radio access network. The deal included both hardware and software.
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time
division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network systems. The JV will begin offering its first
TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent interest. China Puritan will hold the rights to the
remaining 51 percent.

Nokia will continue to offer W–CDMA products under its own brand around the world, including China.
This is not the first 3G joint–venture deal China Puritan has announced this year. In January, the Chinese company announced its plan to form a joint
venture with Nortel. The companies said they would cooperate on the research and development, manufacture and sale of 3G equipment and services to
the Chinese

Military Intelligence Systems Maintenance/Integration...
I possess the experience, skill sets, technical expertise, leadership experience, and drive to successfully serve as a 353T Military Intelligence Systems
Maintenance/Integration Technician. Over the span of my career in the U.S. Army, I have attended and excelled in leadership and technical courses
that have helped develop my skills as a leader and technician in my field. I have worked in multiple maintenance echelons that have expanded my
knowledge as a maintainer. I was chosen to participate in multiple echelon field exercises allowing me to see first hand the level of planning and
coordination that goes into such exercises and has afforded me the knowledge of how to appropriately extrapolate intelligence requirements from
Battalion, Brigade,

Wireless Networks And Network For Future Of Mobile...
Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get
advanced with a higher speed, frequency band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it's clear how the
4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to
describe the 4G networks and 5G networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the main differences
between these different generations along with the issues that make the new network take over that network.
2–Background:
A look back in the history, the first generation of telephony (1G) started in the early of 1980s. This network was designed to carry analog voice data.
The (1G) networks were based on these standard TACS, NMT, C–Nets and AMPS. In the early of 1990s the (2G) networks came as a digital network
comparing to the analog in (1G). That was the first digital cellular network after the switches that were supported digital calls by using actual 0s and
1s. The (2G) networks were supported by these standards D–AMPS, Code Division Multiple Access One (CDMAOne) and Global System of Mobile
Communication (GSM). The second generation of telephony (2G) was offered a higher capacity, improved security and improved the voice quality.
The (2G) technology was offered a

Wimax
[pic]
Wimax: The Next Broadband Wireless Revolution
ABSTRACT:
WiMax is the next step on the road to a wireless world, extending broadband wireless access to new locations and over longer distances. It will also
significally reduces the cost of bringing broadband to new areas.
[pic]
INTRODUCTION: WiMax (worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the recently approved IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area
network (MAN) standard for wireless access. WiMax is the real wireless architecture by which the wireless access range can extended to 49.6Kms
compared with Wi–Fi 91mts and Bluetooth's 9mts. WiMax 802.16 has a single carrier modulation scheme that operates between 10GHz and 66GHz ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[pic]
Cellular backhaul: The robust bandwidth of 802.16 technology makes it an excellent choice for backhaul for the commercial enterprises, such as those
providing 'hotspots',as well as for point –to–point backhaul applications.
Broadband to underserved and remote areas: WiMax is a natural choice for under served rural and outlying areas with a low population density.
Broadband on demand: It can help to accelerate the deployment of Wi–Fi hotspots especially in those areas not served by cable, in areas where the
local telephone company may have a long lead time for providing a broadband service.
Best–connected wireless service: WiMax has nomadic capabilities, which allow users to connect to WISP even when they roam outside their home or
business, or go to another city that also has a WISP.
[pic]
CHIP ADVANCES: The main obstacles to long distance wireless communications are limitations on battery power and poor power efficiency.
Regulation keeps the power levels low and the range of Wi–Fi signals short, to avoid the overcrowding of airwaves. But advances in DSP chips mean
that weak signals can be deciphered, lengthening the distance that is practical for transmission, as well as improving distance and speed potential.
Battery improvement is vital to make a WiMax cell phone a

Ism 324 Assignment 2 Essay
Assignment #2 ISM 324
ISM324 – Homework 2(Due on Feb 14th, 2017)
Answer the following questions. All citations must be appropriately documented.
1. Discuss the difference between twisted pair cables and fiber optics cables (6points)
Based off what I've learned from lecture twisted pair and fiber optics cables are very different. Both are physical layer cabling apart of the layer 1 of
the OSI model. Fiber optics transfer can data using light unlike twisted pair cables which use electricity. In terms of distance, a fiber optics can carry
a signal up to thousands of miles; twisted pair cables have a limit of 100 meters.
Construction
Fiber: Core, Cladding, Protective Jacket
Twisted Cabling: STP or UTP
Cord, Protective Shielding, Terminals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It holds many systems and devices.
Horizontal Cabling
These extend from the TC and travel horizontally along walls, ceilings, or floors to the LAN work area.
Work Area
Where all your electronics looking to connect to the LAN are located i.e computers, printers, patch cables, computer adapter cables, and fiber jumpers.
3. What is an ad hoc network? (4 points)
A decentralized network that doesn't rely on a pre existing infrastructure.
4. Please explain frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and time division multiple access (TDMA) multiple access methods. (8 points)

FDMA & TDMA are both methods of sending data to prevent interference/collision.
With FDMA the data messages are sent on different frequencies (840– 860 MHz).
With TDMA the data messages are sent at different times to prevent interference.
5. Describe the frequency spectrum for the DSSS channels in 802.11b wireless networking (6 points).
The frequency for DSSS channels in 802.11b is the 2.4 GHz frequency range. It is largely shared by many technologies (Bluetooth, cell phones,
wireless LANS, etc).
Because it is shared with many technologies it is prone to RF interference of

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
ABSTRACT
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile
communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and high
speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and change the way we live. The key concept is
integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of
4g technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G technology will encompass all system from various
network public to private operator driven broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based wireless internet
. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this services and model need to be further examine for interface with the
design of 4g technology system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power
etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile
communication networks and high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless

Optical Ofdm For Passive Optical Network
1.Introduction
2.Optical OFDM for Passive optical networks
The high–speed broadband penetration and ongoing growth of the Internet traffic among customers have been the key reasons that are driving the rapid
emergence and deployment of optical access networks as a basic bearer network that supports hybrids services for multiple customers while bearing
huge capacity. Passive optical network is the most interesting solution for the optical access network to cope with the increasing bandwidth demand
and to meet the cost effectiveness. PON can be used for Point to point (P2P) or Point to multi–point (P2MP) configurations. The P2P structure builds a
dedicated fiber from a CO to each subscriber which constitutes an ultimate solution to provide much–needed bandwidth to each ONU. In P2MP
topologies, the feeder fiber is shared between various customers and terminates at a central office in an Optical Line Terminal. Passive splitters put
between the OLT and the ONU are used to split the connection to multiple end points, thus enormously reduces the maintaining cost. Two key
technologies are used in passive optical network: the first one known as TDM–PON uses Time Division Multiplexing to multiplex traffic from/to
multiple ONUs onto the upstream/downstream wavelength. It requires complex scheduling algorithms and framing technology to support a variety of
services. The second is Wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network "WDM PON". This technology comes to extend the

Mobile Communication : An Overview Of 4g And Its Features,...
Mobile Communication from 1G to 4G Ajit Singh Grewal GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY Fairfax, Virginia, USA Abstract The evolution of
mobile telephone system can be classified into different generation based on the level of maturity in technology. This classification does not
depend on any standardized facts. The purpose of this paper is to provide the history of mobile communication and provide an overview of 4G and
its features, architecture, key technologies and challenges. Introduction: From 1G (First Generation) to 3G (Third Generation) the way of mobile
communication has changed drastically. The new generation is giving users a new way to communicate and access the services on the go. The
ultimate aim of the latest generations is to provide better services to its users. The growth of mobile users over last few decades has increased
significantly. From around 210 million users in 1995 to almost 1.6 million users in 2008 worldwide. Figure1: Figure 1: Growth of mobile users from
initial years till 2010. Initial advancement that were taken during the launch of GPRS (2.5G) i.e. users can use data services (E.g. internet access,
MMS– Multimedia Message Service). As clearly shown in the figure1, the mobile internet subscribers also increased from almost zero to almost 800
million in 2008. Now the ever growing need of high mobile data services led to the new generation i.e. 4G (The Fourth Generation) of the mobile
communication that tends to support all these

Advantages And Disadvantages Of 4g
In networking technology, wireless is the term used to describe any network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and
receiver, but rather the network by radio waves or micro waves to maintain communications. The evolution of technology specially in mobile
technology is the most and fast developing, that era starts from 1G in 1980s and it is replaced by a continuous emerging of next generations. To
compensate the drawbacks of each previous generation next generation with lot of new applications is introduced. Now it is fourth generation that is
4G, beyond 4G now researches are going on about 5G and it will come into existence by 2020s. In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime
objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet
these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the
demands of users. A detailed survey is included regarding all wireless generations especially concentrated on 5G by research groups and ... Show more
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a hardware and software designed earlier. The hardware of 5G uses ultra wide band networks with higher bandwidth at low energy levels and the
bandwidth is of 4000Mbps, which is about 400 times faster than existing generations. It uses the smart antenna system and CDMA for better
performance. The software which is the core for functioning the device is arranged in such a way that the 5G will be single unified standard of
different wireless networks including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, wwww, unified IP and seamless combination of broadband. Software defines
radio, encryption, flexibility, antivirus of the

Nt1310 Unit 1 Individual Assignment
Jeremy D. Moore
IT190–1503B–01 Introduction to IT
Instructor William Nelson
Discussion Board 2
August 26, 2015
Information Systems Concepts
A Database Management System or (DBMS) is an essential tool for any organization or company in today's modern world. A DBMS is "a group of
programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between the database and its users and other application programs" (Stair & Reynolds,
2011, p. 189). So in choosing the right DBMS there are many factoring issues with choosing the right one for the company or organization. When
choosing a DBMS one has to think about how the system will ultimately help the company or organization with day to day processes and the goals of
the company or organization. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A database administrator (DBA) according to dictionary.com (2015) is an IT professional responsible for the installation, configuration, upgrading,
administration, monitoring, maintenance, and security of databases in an organization. These individuals within the company have total rights to all
systems because they are administrators. The users of the system are just that, they use the system to complete task and work for the company or
organization from their area. Now users can ask the administrators to help or do certain task within the system. For example, the user needs a certain
spread sheet done for where it is a read open or for only certain people to be able to access certain spread sheets.
Now since Lockheed Martin is such a huge company and has multiple sites around the world the DBMS would have to be a larger multiple user
system. Due to the fact that the company is so large it will have to have a system that is scalable as needed for any all data upgrades. Factoring in the
Lockheed Martin has multiple divisions within one corporation and multiple users within one division the company would have to be able to
manipulate data from multiple users within a division along with data transferred outside of that division for

Wimax vs. Long Term Evolution
Wimax vs. LTE:
LTE and Wimax are 4G technologies. LTE is Long Term Evolution project which is been proposed by 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project)
which is nothing but collaboration between various telecommunication companies. So LTE has its background from the GSM technology. Wimax is
IEEE 802.16 standard and it's mainly roots in CDMA.
Frequency of operation: LTE operates at lower frequency as compared to wimax. Higher the frequency of operation, higher the attenuation.
Both wimax and LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). OFDM uses orthogonal frequencies as carrier frequencies so that
there will be no interference between the signals i.e. it uses the principle of orthogonality. This in turn improves the spectral efficiency.
Multiple Access: Both LTE and wimax uses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which a Space Division Multiple Access technique. It is a smart
technique in which the same signal is transmitted in different streams to the receiver. The receiver choses the best of the transmitted signal streams and
decodes the signal. It is chosen such a way that, the best quality signal is obtained. So, even the weaker signals are boosted up by this technique.
Infrastructure: Both LTE and wimax uses ip infrastructure. The flat structure of ip helps the mobile as well as the base station.
Latency: Latency is less in LTE when compared to wimax.
Range: Theoretically LTE has better rang than wimax.
Speed: speed of LTE is way higher than

Cdma Based Bus Arbitration System
CDMA BASED BUS ARBITRATION IN SoC Mayank Chakraverty(1) , Ritaban Chakravarty(2) , Sandeep Mandava(3) M.Tech Nanotechnology,
Nanotechnology Division, School of Electronics Engineering , VIT University, Vellore. may_ank2004@indiatimes.com(1) , ritaban.87@gmail.com(2) ,
sandeep1415@gmail.com(3) 09962265270(1), 09566810791(2) , 09092517336(3) ABSTRACT Future SoC will be implemented with the latest
arbitration scheme. CDMA is the latest arbitration scheme for those SoC. CDMA arbiter has better channel isolation and better channel continuity
when compared to other arbitration schemes in SoC. CDMA arbiter for a multimaster SoC system is proposed. This proposed CDMA arbiter
overcomes various SoC demands. This interconnect scheme meet the latency requirement when compared to the existing CDMA based arbitration
scheme. 1.INTRODUCTION Future SoC consists of many different components. Main demand faced by this SoC is rapid transfer of data between
these components. Since it depends on rapid transfer of data latency becomes the main parameter. If the delay associated with SoC increases it prohibits
the scalability of a multimaster design. There is a diminishing performance as more masters are interconnected. A high performance SoC should handle
numerous data transaction simultaneously. To achieve this high performance we go for CDMA based arbitration scheme. CDMA based arbitration
provides

Nt1310 Unit B Assignment
The second challenge is outlined in [3]. The described problem there is the bus connection between the cores and the L2 cache. It is necessary to
organize the access from the cores on the cache with a bus arbitration protocol. In this case the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol is
used. This means that each core gets an exact time slot for the access. The assignment of the time slots is handled in round robin [3, p. 3]. Depending
on the access time on the bus, the core will either immediately be granted to access the bus or must wait until his next time–slot. This happens if the
pre–estimated access duration is longer than the remaining slot time. Based on these facts, [3] prepares an equation for the maximum delay: Dmax =
((nc

Data Processing And Processing Of Data

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