What are and types of polymers

1. Why Plastics?
(1)- Light in weight.
(2)- Low cost.
(3)- Available in variety of colours.
(4)- Easy process ability.
(5)- Easy assembly of parts to get final product.
(6)- Low co-efficient of friction.
(7)- Self Lubricating.
(8)- Corrosion Resistant.

2. Why Plastics?
(9)- Modification of polymer properties with additives
incorporation or blending of polymer.
(10)- Less manpower requirement.
(11)- Less Electricity requirement.
(12)-These are available in flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid form.
(13)- These are available in Transparent / Translucent
/opaque form.
(14)- Plastics have very long shelf life of product.

3. Crude oil
Crude oil Saturated Unit
Unsaturated UnitPolymer
Like
Ethylene
Ethylene
Polyethylene

4. Polymers
Crude oil
Monomer
Polymer
Rubber Plastics
Natural Synthetic Natural Synthetic
Natural Rubber EPDM Cellulose PE
NBR EPR PP
SBR PS

5. Monomer to Polymer
MONOMER
H H
| |
C = C Ethylene
| |
H H
H H
| |
M — C — C — Repeating Unit
| |
H H

6. Chemical unit should unsaturated like double or triple bond
between C — C atom.
Polymerization
n M —[M]n
—
Monomer Polymer
n No. of repeating unit
Monomer to Polymer

7. CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYMER
ON The Basis of Polymer Structure, Manufacturing Method
(1)- Linear, Branched, Cross-Linked Polymer.
(2)- Homo-polymer, Co-polymer, Ter-polymer.

8. (3). Addition and Condensation Polymer
(4)- Thermoplastics, Thermo-set on the Basis of
Polymer Processing..
(5)- Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline, Amorphous on the Basis
of crystallinity
(6)- Commodity Polymer, Engineering Polymer on the Basis
of Application.
.

9. Linear, Branched, Cross-Linked
Polymer
Linear Polymer
H H
| |
Ethylene —— C — C — A
| |
H H— A — A — A— A — A — A — A — A — A —
Polyethylene —— HDPE / HM-HDPE

10. Short Branching
/ /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / / Polyethylene – LLDPE
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —
/
A A A
/
A A A
/
A A A

11. Long Branching
A A
/
A A A A
/ / /
A A A A A
/ / / A
A A A A /
/ / A A
A A A A /
/ / A
A A A
/
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —A—
A
A A
A /
A A A A
A A /
A A A A
A /
A A
A
Polyethylene – LDPE / VLDPE

12. Cross Linked Polymer
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
Polyethylene — XLPE

13. Homo-polymer
Contains only one type of monomer
H H
| |
X
— C — C — Propylene
| |
H CH3
— X — X — X — X — X — X — X — X —
Polypropylene

14. Co-polymer
Contains two types of monomers.
H H
| |
A — — C — C — Propylene
| |
H CH3
H H
| |
B — C — C — Ethylene
| |
H H

15. Types of Co-polymer
Alternative Co-polymer
— A — B — A — B —A — B — A — B — —PP
Random Co-Polymer
— A — B — A — A — A — B — B — A — A — A — A —
Block Co-Polymer
[— A — A — A — A — A — A —]n
[— B — B — B — B — B —]m
For example, PS-b-PMMA

16. Types of Co-polymer
Graft Co-polymer
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |

17. TER POLYMER
Contains three types of monomer unit:
ABS
Acrylonitrile A, Butadiene B, Styrene S
A B S A B S A B S

18. ADDITION POLYMER
1. nM Polymerization [M]n
2. No by-product are formed.
• 3. Total molecular weight of monomer is
equivalent to molecular weight of polymer.
4. EXAMPLE
PE
PP
PVC
PS

19. CONDENSATION POLYMER
• n MA
+ n MB
[Polymer] + nH2
O
• During reaction by-products are formed e.g.
Water etc..
• Molecular weight of polymer is less than
molecular weight of total monomer.
• These polymer require pre-drying before
processing
EXAMPLE
• Nylon
• Polyester PET, PBT
• PC
• Thermoset

20. THERMOPLASTIC
Thermo + Plastics
Soften
Melt
Flow
Solidification
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Cooling & Pressure
Product is formed
R
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g

21. THERMOSET
Thermo + Set
Soften
Fused(Melting)
Limit flow
Solidification
(Cross-linked)
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Heating & Pressure
Product is formed
N
o
n
R
e
c
y
c
l
a
b
l
e

22. THERMOPLASTICS
 There are soft, rigid, hard.
 These are translucent, transparent, opaque.
 These are re-cyclable.
 Additives are may or may not be required to be added.
 These are processed by conventional techniques like Injection,
Extrusion, Blow Moulding, Roto-moulding techniques.
Example-Material like, LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP, PVC, PS,
PMMA etc..

23. THERMOSET
 These are hard, fused, brittle material.
 These are also translucent, transparent, opaque.
 These are non-re-cycleble and known as “Once set is ever set”.
 Additives are compulsory requirement in these material.
 These are processed by Compression Moulding, Transfer
Moulding, FRP techniques, Specially designed Injection
Moulding etc.
Example- Material like Polyesters, Epoxy, PF, UF, MF, Un-
saturated PU etc..

24. CRYSTALLINE, SEMI
CRYSTALLINE, AMORPHOUS
POLYMER
 Crystalline polymers are opaque in nature. These are arranged
structure.

Semi crystalline polymers are translucent in nature.These are
having crystalline and amorphous regions.
 Amorphous polymers are transparent in nature. These are
random or un-arranged structure.

25. CRYSTALLINE, SEMI CRYSTALLINE,
AMORPHOUS POLYMER
Crystalline Semi Crystalline Amorphous
HDPE LLDPE LDPE
Opaque Translucent Transparent
PP By processing parameter PP
Translucent Fast rate of cooling(quenching) Transparent

26. COMMODITY PLASTIC
(Polymer)
 These are used for all plastics products which are used
for personnel purpose.
 Polymer used in these application fullfils the following
props.
 Aesthetic surface.
 Variety of colours.
 Various design versatility.

27. COMMODITY PLASTIC
(Polymer)
 Low cost.
 Gloss, shiny surface.
 Light in weight.
 Recyclability

28. ENGINEERING PLASTIC
 These are used for all plastic products, which are
used for engineering purpose.
 Polymer used in these application fulfill the
following props.
 Good mechanical props. like tensile, flexural,
compressive.
 Good surface props like abrasion, hardness.

29. ENGINEERING PLASTIC
 Low co-efficient of friction.
 Self lubricating props.
 Good thermal props.
 Good electrical props.
 Good flame Retardency.

30. Structure Nomenclature Trade Names
POLYETHYLENE(PE) INDOTHENE LD,LADEN
LD,GLAX HDPE,
POLYPROPYLENE(PP) HALENE
PP,REPOL,SUNLET PP
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
(PVC)
INDOVIN,VINYL FOIL
POLYSTYRENE(PS) SUPREME,DYLENE
POLYMETHYLMETHA
ACRYLATE(PMMA)
ACRIFIX,UNILOK
Thermoplastic Materials
A. Commodity Plastics

31. Structure Nomenclature Trade Name
ETHYLENE VINYL
ACETATE (EVA)
STYRENE-
ACRYLONITRILE(SAN)
ACRYLONITRILE-
BUTADIEENE-
STYRENE(ABS)
POLYLAC,CYCOL
AC

32. Structure Nomenclature Trade Name
POLY
CARBONATE
Poly amide 6 Akulon , Capron
Poly amide-6,6 Akulon, Zytel,
Durathen A
Thermoplastic materials
B. Engineering plastics

33. Structure Nomenclature Trade
Name
Poly Ethylene
Terephthalate(PET
)
Poly Butylene
Terephthalate
(PBT)
Poly Oxy
Methylenes (POM)

34. Specialty PlasticsStructure Nome
nclatu
re
Trade Name
Polychloro
trifluoroe
thylene
(PCTFE)
Neoflon (Daikin America
Inc., lP)
Kel-F (3M Co., US)
Polyethere
ther ketone
(PEEK)
Arotone
Doctalex
Kadel
Mindel
Polyetheri
mide
(PEI)
Ultem
CF2-CF
Cl
n
Specialty Plastics

35. Structure Nomenc
lature
Trade Name
Polyarylet
her
sulfone
(PES)
Victrex (ICI, UK)
Astrel (3 M Co., US)
Radel
Ultras on E (BASF, DE)
Polyvinylid
enefluorid
e
(PVDF)
Kynar (Arkema Inc.)
Dycon (Dyncon, US)
Kureha (Kureha Chern. Ind.,
IP)
Solef (Solvay Solexis, US)
Polytetra
fluoroeth
ylene
(PTFE)
Fluon (AGC Chemicals)
Daikin-Polyflon (Daikin
America, Inc.)
Teflon (Du Pont de Nemours,
US)
Dyncon (Dyncon, US)
Algoflon (Solvay )
CO
CH3
CH3
SO
CH2-CF2 n
CF2-CF2 n

36. Structure Nomenc
lature
Trade Name
Polyphynyl
ene
oxide(PPO)
POLYPHE
NYLENE
SULPHID
E(PPS)
POLYSUL
PHONE
(PSU)

37. Structure Nomenc
lature
Trade Name
POLYETH
ER
SULPHO
NE (PES)

38. Structure Nomenclature Trade Name
Urea-
Formelehyde(UF)
Phenol-
Formeldehyde(PF)
Poly-Urethane(PU)
Thermosetting Plastics

39. Structure Nome
nclatu
re
Trade Name
Epoxy Resin

40. Structure Nomenclature Trade Name
POLYISOPRENE
RUBBER
NATURAL RUBBER(NR)
POLYCHLOROPR
ENE RUBBER
CR
HEXAFLUOROPR
OPYLENE
HFP(FKM RUBBERS)
NBR NITRILE RUBBER
Rubber/Elastomres

41. Structure Nomenclature Trade Name
Butadiene
rubber
BR
Styrene
butadiene rubber
SBR
Ethylene
propylenedimer
EPDM