compaction,compression,compaction profile ect.

1. COMPACTION PROFILES
PRESENTED BY-
MASOOM RAHBAR
M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS)
BBAU, LUCKNOW
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2. INTRODUCTION
 Compaction is the process of applying mechanical energy
to a powder mass of any materials so as to rearrange the
particles and making it dense through the expulsion of air
from the voids between the granules of material.
Compaction includes COMPRESSION and CONSOLIDATION.
 Compaction profiles are the hysteresis loop or curves that
establish the relationship between axial force and radial
force during the tablet punching.
 Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on
its history.
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3.  COMPACTION PROCESS DEPENDS ON-
Physio-chemical properties of drugs and excipients- Moisture content
Polymorphism
Deformation behavior
Choice of instrument settings- Tableting speed
Compression force
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4. 2. RADIAL FORCE- This is the horizontal component
observed in the die wall when the powder mass attempt to
expand in the die.
 In the compaction cycle two forces are
considered-
1. AXIAL FORCE- This vertical component is applied by the
upper punch during compression.
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6.  HOW THEY ARE MEASURED- It is analysed by
COMPACTION SIMULATORS these are attached to punching
machines which collect or measured the data from forces
on punches, displacement of punches, die wall frictions,
ejection force and temperature change.
 TYPES OF COMPACTION PROFILES-
1. Force time profile
2. Force displacement profile
3. Die wall profile
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7. FORCE TIME PROFILE
 Compression force time profiles are used to characterise
the compression behaviour of the active ingredients,
excipients and formulations with to their plastic and
elastic deformation.
 1- Compression phase
 2- Dwell phase
 3- Decompression phase
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8. (a).Compressionphase[horizontaland verticalpunchmovement] (b).
Dwell time [planepunchheadarea is under compression roller]
(c).Decompressionphase[both punchesmoveawayfromupper&lower
surfaces]
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9.  COMPRESSION PHASE- During this phase maximum force is
applied to reduced the volume of bulk mass.
 DWELL PHASE- When compression force reaches a
maximum value this maximum force is maintained for
prolonged period before decompression .It shows the time
period between the compression and decompression
phase.
 DECOMPRESSION PHASE- Removal of applied force on
powder bed
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10. FORCE-DISPLACEMENT PROFILE
 Assessment of the compaction behaviour of materials is
done by force displacement profile.
 Force displacement profile can be used to determine the
behaviour of plastic and elastic materials.
 Stress relaxation is observed to be minimal in case of
plastic deformation where as materials that undergoes
elastic deformation tend to relax to a greater extent
during and after compression.
 At a given maximum force the displacement area of
plastic deformation is more when compared to the
displacement area of elastic deformation.
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12. DIE WALL FORCE PROFILE
 During tableting friction arises between the material and
the die wall which is called die wall friction.
 The die wall force reaches maximum just after the
maximum upper and lower force and constant residual
value after upper and lower force become zero.
 The high die wall force during ejection is a sign of
adhesion of powders to the die.
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14. APPLICATIONS
 These can be used to monitor compaction cycle of
materials.
 Compaction profiles give a good assessment of the elastic
compaction of the powder.
 Provides information regarding the radial transmission of
applied force to the die wall.
 Helps in calculating possible ejection force and lubricant
requirements.
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15. REFERENCES
 Lachman/Lieberman’s “The Theory and Practice of
Industrial Pharmacy” Fourth Edition, CBS Publishers and
Distributors Pvt Ltd ,New Delhi.
 Sinko, PJ(2011) Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences,Fifth Edition,Lippincot Williams
Nd Wilkins,Baltimore.
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16. THANK YOU
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