2. CONCEPTS
Danger: The probability that a specific harmful effect occurring
within a given period of time or under certain circumstances.
Risk: The probability that a hazard would lead to an injury.
Occupational risk: It will be the realization of a hazard that is
present in the workplace.
Emergency: It will be the realization of a hazard that is present in
the workplace. Types of Emergencies:
Technological emergencies: they are those occurring phenomena such
as fires, explosions, spills and leaks.
Natural emergencies: output of water from an aquifer or a forest fire
caused by a lightning strike on a tree or flooding.
Social emergencies: they are those that generate a situation of "out of
control" presented by the impact of a disaster.
2Mª José Hernández González
3. Self-protection: A system of actions and measures taken by
the holders of public and private activities with its own means
and resources, within its competence to prevent and control risks
of possible emergency situations and ensure the integration of
these actions in the public system of civil protection (Annex III of
the RD 393/2007).
Self- protection plan: The organizational and functional
framework provided for an activity center, accommodation
space, facility or agency, in order to prevent and control risks to
people and property and to adequately respond to possible
emergencies in the area under the responsibility of the holder,
ensuring the integration of these activities in the public system of
civil protection (Annex III of the RD 393/2007).
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4. Legal Regulations
Article 15 Spanish Constitution: right to life and to physical
and moral integrity, which means that public authorities are
required to ensure compliance.
Royal Decree 393/2007, 23 March, on the basic rule of self-
protection centers, establishments and agencies engaged in
activities that may lead to emergency situations approved.
Article 14 Law 31/1995, 7 November, occupational risk
prevention: establishes the obligation of the employer to
ensure the safety and health of workers at your service in
emergency situations, take the necessary measures for first
aid, fire fighting and evacuation of workers.
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5. Royal Decree, 314/2006, 17 Marcha, the Technical Building
Code (CTE) is approved: A reference text about self-
protection measures with regard to the means of prevention
and protection for use in case of fire or evacuation of
buildings, residential, commercial, healthcare and
educational use.
Royal Decree 2267/2004, Fire Safety in industrial
establishments.
Basic Self-Protection:
Activities with specific sectoral regulation: supplementary.
Industrial, storage and research.
Establishments involving dangerous substances.
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6. Activities without specific regulations
Industrial and storage activities.
Activities and transport infrastructure.
Activities and energy infrastructure.
Health Activities.
Teaching Activities.
Public residential activities.
Other activities.
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7. Extinguishing and Alarm Systems
Fire Classes (UNE EN 2: 1992):
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Types of fire Combustible materials
Class A
Solid, usually organic type which combustion
normally occurs with formation of coals and solid
high melting point (wood, paper, etc.
Class B
Solid low melting point and flammable liquids
(organic solvents, coal or petroleum distillates such
as gasoline, asphalt, grease, solvents, synthetic
paints, alcohol, etc).
Class C
Gaseous fuels (propane, butane, acetylene, city
gas, etc)
Class D
Fuel consisting of reactive chemicals and metals
(magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, etc.)
8. Fire tetrahedron:
Fuel: It is any substance capable of combining with oxygen quickly
causing an exothermic reaction.
Combustion: It is all in the gas mixture which is sufficient oxygen for
combustion to occur proportion.
Activation energy: It is the minimum energy required to initiate the
reaction. The activation energy is provided by sources of ignition.
These include: mechanical, electrical, thermal.
Chain reaction: It is the set of events correlated in time, defining a fire.
Distinguish the following stages:
Ignition: It is the set of events Correlated in time, defining a fire. Distinguish the
following stages.
Spread: It is the evolution of fire in space and time. It may take place by
conduction, by convection, radiation and displacement.
Consequences: are damage to property and injury to persons arising from the fire
and spread it.
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9. Extinguishing media
Fuel removal: It attacks the fuel directly, cutting off the flow to
the area of gases or liquids or solids or removing containers
containing liquids or gases, from the vicinity of the fire zone;
indirectly cooling the fuel around the fire zone.
Suffocation: the oxidizer is attacked, coating the fuel with a
non-combustible material, preventing the access of fresh
oxygen to the fire area by closing doors and windows.
Cooling: the activation energy was attacked, throwing on the
fire substances by decomposition or change of state absorb
energy.
Inhibition: chain reaction is attacked by free radicals that stop
the reaction.
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11. Extinguishing agents
Classes of fire
Type of extinguisher A B C D
Water spread *** *
Water jet **
Foam physical ** **
Conventional powder *** **
Polivalent powder ** ** **
Specific powder *
Carbon dioxide * **
Halogenated hydrocarbons * **
Specific for metal fires *
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12. Alarma detection systems
Detector types:
Smoke detectors: Involves the continuous monitoring of man by
conducting tours or periodic inspections.
Automatic detectors: Are automatic, sensitive to environmental
variations, which record, compare and automatically measured
phenomena or changes that herald the onset of a fire apparatus
(fumes, gases, heat, flames, etc..) Transmitting this signal to a central.
Rating:
Ion detectors gases.
Visible smoke detectors.
Fixe temperature detectors.
Flame detectors.
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13. Gas detectors Visible smoke detectors
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Optical Smoke Detector
1: Optical chamber
2: Cover
3: Case moulding
4: Photodiode (detector)
5: Infrared LED
15. Extinguishing media
Laptops:
By charge:
Portable hand.
Portable dorsal.
Wheels.
For effectiveness: They are
classified by a letter and a
number.
Its drive.
For their extinguishing
substance.
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17. Automatic installations:
Automatic detectors.
Manual call.
Central signaling and remote
control.
Lines.
Auxiliary: general alarm,
firefighters direct telephone,
drive extinguishing systems,
etc.
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18. Signaling
Sygnals types:
Shaped pannels: Types:
Media alarma and alert.
Means of scape.
Firefighting equipments.
Devices intended to prevent
the spread of fire.
Areas or materials that
present a fire hazard.
Complementary signals.
Acustic.
Bright.
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