Artificial Reef Research Paper

Artificial Reef Research Paper
OFFSHORE PLATFORM DECOMMISSIONING AND SOCIAL VALUES Artificial reefs will be critical in evaluating social and ecological goals of
decommissioned platforms, the efficacy of any possible rigs–to–reefs programme in present–day and future presentation of artificial reef (Schroeder
and Love 2004). As a result, there is the likelihood that different stakeholder assembly will compete to define the goal of decommissioning as artificial
reefs (Techera and Chandler 2015). Therefore, in this research, the host of participant perspectives concerning rigs–to–reefs agenda into three dissimilar
groups, with each defined mainly by one public concern: community membership, resource accessibility, and environmental issues (Salcido 2005).
Though an individual... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furney, "The Fate of Offshore Rigs in the Gulf of Mexico," Petroleum Review 46 (1992): 237–240. However, large–scale offshore abandonment has
consequently been only in the Gulf of Mexico off the U.S. coastline, with more than 900 installations being completely removed or removed and used
as artificial reefs (J. Furney, "The Fate of Offshore Rigs in the Gulf of Mexico," Petroleum Review 46 (1992): 237–240.). The U.S. as a party to the
Continental Shelf Convention of 1958, is stable with the programme that abandoned installations should be totally removed in agreement with the
prevailing global law as it applies to the U.S. (National Research Council, Committee on Disposition of Offshore Platforms, Disposal of Offshore
Platforms.). Additionally, the North Sea is possibly the second hot spot globally in terms of removal. Here, legislature, policy and practice are in
severe clash at the state level. For example, Netherlands, France have put in place strong legal demand for total removal. Although Germany and
Belgium are not parties to the 1958 Convention, they have enthusiastically argued in support of total removal in line with Article 5(5). While the UK
and Norway have tactically departed from their responsibility of total removal (Fitzpatrick, "Abandonment in the 1990s," 1–103.). Meanwhile, there has
been a
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One Solution to Global Overfishing Analysis
The first thing that comes to one's mind when fish is mentioned is usually, smelly, nasty, or to some, delicious. In a nutritional aspect, fish is a top
priority in a diet because of the protein that it has. Many people fish for food, or just for leisure. Overfishing mainly started in the 19th century, when
humans started looking for blubber for oil lamps, which they used for light during the night. When humans started overfishing for the whale blubber it
severely reduced and damaged the whole population of the sea life. In the fish population, many fish such as the Atlantic cod and herring were
overfished to the point where they almost went extinct by the mid 1900's. The depletion of the fish population disrupted the aquatic food ... Show more
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There have been many incidents where innocent lifeguards and individuals have been attacked by sharks and other dangerous fish while spending
time in waters. The overfishing of the shark's prey has causes this. This is a very dangerous issue as it may take many lives away for nothing.
Another major cause is the subsides provided to fishermen from the government. Despite the depleted state of the oceans, many governments provide
major subsidies to their fishing sectors. According to The Webster Merriam Dictionary, a subsidy is money that is paid usually by a government to
keep the price of a product or service low or to help a business or organization to continue to function. Subsidies not only distort markets and support
uneconomic activities, but also are a major incentive to overfishing and other destructive fishing practices. These large subsidies have helped produce a
worldwide fishing fleet that is up to 250 percent larger than what is needed to fish at sustainable levels (Fisheries Subsidies, Overcapacity and
Overfishing, 2008). Some subsidies support beneficial programs, such as management and research for overfishing. However, the majority of subsidies
influence the increase and intensity of overfishing. These subsidies include those that reduce costs or enhance revenues and promote overcapacity, such
as support for boat construction and modernization, fuel, equipment, and other operating costs (EcoWatch, 2011). Another

Artificial Reefs Vs Artificial Reef
In addition to education and pre–dive briefings on threats to marine life, including coral reefs; artificial reefs (ARs) offer an alternative to relieve the
carrying capacity (number of divers a reef or structure can support) of natural reefs and structures. Artificial reefs are created to provide habitat for
marine life, and consist of a variety structures, sunken boats, planes, or man–made for example, but these structures reduce pressure on natural coral reef
systems, when used as a dive site, particularly for new, or poorly skilled divers that are still perfecting their buoyancy skills. Artificial reefs are created
in sand–beds where fin kicks, or buoyancy issues, are less likely to damage coral, or stir up sedimentation that covers coral, ... Show more content on
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Evidently, the challenge is creating an attractive artificial reef, with an abundance of fish. This creates an opportunity for alternate dive programs that
are developed specifically to enhance the attractiveness, and marine life populations. Alternative dive programs can recruit experienced divers for
artificial reef development, citizen science projects, fish population studies, or developed with the feedback of experienced divers, ensuring their
interest. Additionally, for new and novice divers, dive programs can be developed to: "(1) transfer all introductory courses and in–training dives to
artificial reef sites, (2) reinforce the environmental education of divers through the provision of educational materials positioned on artificial reefs, and
(3) use more 'in–depth' conservation education dive briefings" (Kirkbride–Smith, Wheeler, and Johnson 9). To illustrate, let us consider a dive in which
two experienced divers, one of which being the author, are seeking advanced scuba certifications. This certification takes place within 50 yards of dive
operation and requires two consecutive dives, the first of which exhausts the divers' air supplies while the second dive leaves thirty minutes of air. This
presents an opportunity, in which the instructor presents an artificial reef he has established with a tire, rocks,

Coral Reefs : A Study From National Oceanic And...
For some, diverse, and colorful reefs add beauty to the ocean and to the fish. Others see coral reefs as peaceful beds on the ocean 's floor. Creatures,
on the other hand, see a shelter and protection from people or bigger larger that lurk for their prey. Coral reefs aren't made for their scenery, but as
ecosystems for many plants and animals. They do not only help the animals, but serve as important sources of income, food, protection, and new
medicines for mankind. Coral reefs are less than one percent of the ocean floor, but support 25% of all marine life, shown by a study from National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on www.noaa.gov. Coral reefs are often referred to as the "Rainforest's of the sea" because they have the
same purpose as a rainforest as an essential means of shelter and protection to plants and animals, a provider of medicine and jobs for people, a source
of tourism for the economy, and a way of preventing shoreline erosion, thus making coral reefs essential to the environment.
Coral reefs play a major role in helping the environment stay healthy and intact for many more decades to come. The coral reef act as a buffer for the
shorelines slowing down the movement of waves, storms, and floods, helping prevent erosion, catastrophic deaths, and property damage. Without the
reefs, normal waves could demolish coastal communities and cause injuries and even deaths. A healthy reef removes the necessity for more
government spending on artificial barriers

Key West Florida Snorkeling
Snorkeling Key West, Florida Keys, USA The Florida Keys is habitat to the 3rd biggest live coral reef in the world. Key West Florida snorkeling is
very popular and entices thousands of tourists yearly. However, due to such a big popularity and high traffic Key West reefs nowadays are no the
same healthy and vibrant as Middle Florida Keys. Where To Snorkel In Key West Living Coral Reefs The best Key West snorkeling spots can be
reached by boat as the most healthy coral reefs abundant with marine life are located in about 8 miles offshore. Among popular Key West Florida
snorkeling locations are Cottrell Key, Western Dry Rocks, Eastern Dry Rocks and Sand Key Lighthouse. Cottrell Key is placed in Key West National
Reservation which is 8 miles northwest... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Key West may be reached by car (160 km ride from Miami), by plane or by cruise liner. Key West International Airport is placed in 2 miles to the
East from Key West. Local seaport accepts dozens cruise ships daily. Key West tropical climate has a small temperature variation during the year.
January is the freshest month – air temperature ranges from +18 to +24oC and average water temperature +21oC. The hottest month is July with air
temperature variation from +27 to +32oC and average water temperature +31oC. Key West is the sunniest and warmest spot in the USA. The period
from June 1st until November 30th is official hurricane season, still the main threat of storms is from August 15th until October 15th. The peak season
at Key West is from January to April; May–June & November–December is shoulder season and July–October is off season. The best time for Key
West Florida snorkeling should be April & May when the water temperature is about +24 / +26oC and air temperature is around +26 / +28oC. During
this time the humidity is still not very high and the sea is calm and

Coral Reefs And Bleaching Phenomenon Essay
Imagine yourself observing one of the most diverse ecosystems on earth. Thousands of species of plants and animals provide a dizzying array of color
and motion. Massive structures provide a canopy that shelters hundreds of exotic species in a myriad of microclimates. As land–based observers, we
almost automatically assume that this is a description of the rich ecosystem of a tropical rainforest. However, if we take ourselves off the safety of dry
land and immerse ourselves in the ocean, we will find an equally dynamic environment in the depths of our world's coral reefs. As a Zoology major, I
quickly decided to explore this biological component of the ocean environment. In the following paper, I will provide a general overview of coral ...
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Sometimes growing from a single polyp, a colony of thousands of similar polyps is soon established through sexual and asexual reproduction. The
sheer vastness of a coral reef provides many other benefits. Coral reefs are crucial land builders in tropical areas, forming islands and altering
continental shorelines. Coastlines are also protected from erosion as the reefs dampen harsh incoming waves. This is vital to maintaining the white
sandy beaches that drive the tourist motivated economies in tropical regions. An example of the value of coral reefs in this regard is illustrated by Jon
Luoma in his article "Reef Madness". Luoma explains that after a land–reclamation project that destroyed a reef in the Maldives, the government had
to spend more than $12 million to build an artificial seawall that served the same purpose(24).
As with all diverse ecosystems, the coral reef must maintain a stable environment. Any changes in the physical ocean components can upset the balance
of this ecosystem. Temperature, water depth, salinity, wave action, and turbidity all effect the growth of coral reefs. According to biologist Clive
Wilkinson of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, it is humans who have caused the death of 5–10% of the world's living coral reefs (Wilkinson
1987). One direct cause of coral depletion is overfishing. The overfishing of herbivores, which normally consume algae, can cause an explosion

Jason Taylor Analysis
Jason DeCaires Taylor is an eco–artist from Britain that often focuses on marine issues, and more specifically the concern of the current state of coral
reefs. Coral reefs are one of the world's most fragile but most important ecosystems. Human behavior is constantly endangering the status of its health
and species that thrive on it. To attract wildlife and help sustain coral reefs, Jason Taylor creates breathtaking and chilling sculptures that serve as
artificial reefs. Their composition consists of pH– balanced concrete and reinforced with fiberglass. His sculptures usually feature statues of humans
that are placed about 9 meters under the ocean. He often draws attention to man's relationship with nature with his artworks that are eerie enough ...
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The eyes of the statue subjects' eyes are closed with a melancholy display. The work directly displays human impact however over time nature will
reign over these statues and serve as a habitat which is a commentary on how eventually nature will always coexist even with human's dangerous
"dominance". His usage of materials includes pH–balanced, reinforced concrete and fiberglass. At first glance, these materials seem as if they could be
harmful to the balance of wildlife. However, these are the near perfect artificial environments for Coral Reefs. The 400 sculptures represent various
culture diversity and marine life diversity concurrently. The title "silent evolution" refers to the evolution and change of the relationship between
marine environment and human behavior and dependency. The literal evolution of the figures is slowly but surely gaining life on its surface, starting
from plain concrete pieces into a thriving ecological system. This evolution can be seen as "silent" to most of the world. Eventually, this extensive art
piece will be completely covered by marine life–transforming the original sculptures into a different state which also questions the future fate of the
human species to work together with

Coral Bleaching In Australia
Coral reefs have one of the highest biodiversity of animals in one ecosystem than any others on the entire planet. Coral reefs are colorful habitats in
the ocean, some of which are not too far from the shore. They are made from skeletons of calcium carbonate and animals, which make a rocky
substance known as coral. Coral reefs are a home to many different types of creatures that live under the sea, some are unknown to a majority of the
human species. "Coral reefs are sometimes referred to as the 'rainforest of the sea' because they teem with life and abound in diversity" (Agardy).
Sadly, due to the many factors of global warming, these natural treasures are dying from what is called "bleaching". Coral bleaching happens from the
warming temperature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans cause many of the signs that global warming is occurring daily towards different parts of the world. Climate change is the main factor towards
the rising sea levels, the temperature of the water, and coral bleaching. "The 2014 reports of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change describe coral reefs as the most vulnerable marine ecosystem on Earth, stressing that they have very limited capacity to adapt to rising water
temperatures and acidification" (Dormer). Many of the coral reefs and the sea creatures that habitat there cannot adapt to the temperature of the water,
so many of the creatures will migrate somewhere more suitable. Fish are an important detail towards coral reefs due to the fact that they protect them
from algae and other bacteria that can harm the rocky substance. By changing the commonwealth of humans, the money can be spent to establish more
ways to support the environment instead of harming it by making things the society does not need in order to live life. The government could fund
more money to environment helping organizations, and ending the pessimistic ideas that the society believes in. Commonwealth is an easy solution
that can be completed only if humans realizes how much that their precious planet is being harmed by their

Hawkbill Turtle Research Paper
You may have heard that some elephants are going extinct, but did you know that Hawksbill Turtles are critically endangered? Many people are
informed about the more popular species that are going extinct, but what about the ones who actually help us indirectly? The Hawksbill Turtles are
becoming extinct like many sea turtles for many reasons like, people will accidentally get their net caught in the mouth or the body of a Hawksbill Turtle
, people all around the world may also eat their eggs and sell the stunning shell of a full grown turtle. Hawksbill turtles are essential to sustain wildlife
all around the world.
The World Wildlife Organization states that, "Hawksbills help maintain the health of coral reefs. As they remove prey such as sponges from the
reef's surface, they provide better access for reef fish to feed." These turtles help take care of the reefs the fish we eat live in, without them fish
would probably not have access to nearly as much food and would be eaten by prey on the surface of the reef. Sea life getting stuck in fishing nets
has been a problem in the past, so minimizing that too would be ideal. Hawksbill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a very serious problem that needs to be stopped as soon as possible. As reported by Greenpeace, "Nearly half of all ocean pollution comes
from activities that take place on land, like sewage, industrial and agricultural runoff, garbage dumping, and chemical spills. Another third comes from
airborne pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and mercury from coal–burning power plants.". This means that you don't have to live near the ocean to be
part of the problem, but you also don't have to live near the ocean to be part of the solution. You can help by doing some very simple things, such as
picking up trash and recycling. You can also donate to organizations that help to clean the ocean, such as the Oceanic Preservation Society or

The Use Of Cyanide On The Reefs
The chance to recover these reefs is now. One example of it already being too late is in Hong Kong, Singapore, Manila. All these locations had
thriving beautiful reefs a long time ago, but human impact has destroyed the infrastructure of the reefs and there is just a barren wasteland except for
select hardy fish that live off of what is left. When I say human impact, an example of this is the sale of coral skeletons. The residents of China and
surrounding areas would go out into the reef with dynamite. The fisher man would take the dynamite and wedge it into the reef and light the fuse.
The reef would be blown into manageable pieces and then taken to the port to be dipped in bleach and put on the market as decoration. Another
practice that is used is the use of cyanide on the reefs. This practice is still used today in order to supply the aquarium market with exotic fish that
are too hard to catch. How the practice works is the fisherman will take a diluted solution of cyanide and dose the whole reef. If this is done
correctly, the fish will not die, but become temporarily paralyzed so they can be picked up in a net and brought onto the boat. The fish will then be
transferred to store and be put on sale in a crowded tank until someone takes them home. The larger fish are never targeted for aquarium homes due to
the size and lack of demand. When you have an ecosystem as complicated as a reef, taking out chunks of the food chain will only have very negative
impacts. The reefs

Impact From SCUBA Diving
Impact from SCUBA Diving
Researchers have concluded recreation divers cause significant deterioration to coral reef.24–26 However some major diving companies such as BSAC
still deny that SCUBA divers are damaging to the environment (Louise Whitehouse, personal communication, January 28, 2015) and some SCUBA
divers do not think diving causes ecological damage.27 There is no denying that SCUBA divers damage coral reef to some extent, some will kick it or
bump into it, therefore the question is whether they cause significant damage. Damage will usually be minor but there is evidence that the cumulative
effects can cause more serious declines in coral health.24,28,29 SCUBA diving is constantly increasing in interest, the equipment is becoming ... Show
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For instance Luna et al. found that inexperienced divers, those with less than 100 dives were more likely to cause damage to the reef.27 However they
only used a 10–minute observation period to observe more divers, the monitoring of divers started 10 minutes after the entry into the water, after
equipment had been adjusted. This a relatively short observation period, and the first 10 minutes of a dive is when damage is most likely to occur.1
Out of the 181 divers observed 96.7% made at least one contact with the seabed, however due to the short observation window it is possible that 100%
of the divers made contact. Diver qualification had no significant affect on the amount of contact made, however those that had completed more dives
made significantly fewer contacts. Other studies such as Harriott et al. found no such correlations.34 However Harriott et al. only separated
experienced and non–experienced divers into two groups, those with less than 100 dives and those with over 100 dives.34 However the maximum
number of dives was over 1000, so this does not seem to be a fair distribution. Also this only looks at the number of contacts made by the diver and
does not look at the type of contact; it does not look at the significance of the damage caused by divers. Barker and Roberts also found that dive
qualification level did not vary with

Light Pollution
Effects of Light Pollution on Ecosystems
Intro
Over time, human populations have been exponentially increasing. This growth has led to a major increase in demand for resources and space. To
achieve their goals, humans have caused major changes in the surrounding ecosystems in many ways. First, they have cleared many areas thriving with
organisms to build roads and cities destroying different ecosystems. Second, they have overharvested many species for food and resources causing
many species to go extinct. Lastly, they have polluted natural habitats in numerous ways declining species biodiversity. Many people are familiar with
pollution such as air pollution, trash pollution, and chemical pollution. However, a less apparent type of pollution that is equally important is the
pollution of artificial lighting.
Over the past hundred plus years artificial lighting has increased in use dramatically. From 1992 to 2013 there has been an increase in light intensity on
coastal zones of about 42% (Brei et al. 2016). This increasing use of light has had major impacts on surrounding species on land and in water. Many
organisms are nocturnal or depend on light cues to go on through normal daily activities such as foraging, migration, and reproduction. This disruption
in schedule has seen to have major impacts on varied species. La Sorte et al. (2017) shows how light pollution affects nocturnal migrating birds. These
birds seemed to be attracted to highly lit urban areas disrupting natural behaviors like migration. Perkin et al. (2014) displays how artificial lighting can
affect insects and their ability to properly disperse throughout areas. Although light pollution has shown to affect many diverse types of organisms on
land, marine organisms have also been affected. Due to the increase in artificial light pollution, the marine environment can have disruptions which
lead to trophic cascades, changes in behaviors, and changes in interactions among and between marine species resulting in a loss of biodiversity. If
humans keep on the same track they have been, then biodiversity will be lost, so they must think of solutions to combat and reduce the effects artificial
light pollution has on biodiversity.
Trophic Cascades
One of

Coral Bleaching Dinoflagellates
Coral bleaching is a broad yet complex topic that involves the mutualistic and obligate symbiosis between corals and dinoflagellate algae of the genus
Symbiodinium, commonly referred to as zooxanthellae. Bleaching occurs when a significant concentration of the zooxanthellae are no longer fixed on
the coral, which occurs due to an inability to perform their role (Wooldridge and Done 2009). With the often colorful dinoflagellatealgae gone, the coral
is left as a white carbonate skeleton (Douglas 2003). There are many effects, symptoms, and chemical changes that occur to arrive at that point;
bleaching, therefore, can be thought of as a broad term describing the multiple different symptoms and mechanisms causing these deleterious responses
of coral. These effects influence not only the endosymbiotic relationship of the corals and dinoflagellates but also the myriad of organisms that depend
on the corals. In this paper, I will describe the complex nature of the causes, environmentally and mechanically, of bleaching and their effects on the
ecosystem they inhabit. First, the main environmental causes of the effects of coral reef bleaching will be described, namely changes in water
conditions. The specific damage to the coral reef will then be explored, looking deeply into the underlying biochemistry of the symbiotic relationship.
Finally, the consequence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the plethora of species that inhabit the corals, they provide food and shelter and tend to mitigate the competition and predation that occur in the
ecosystems they are a part of; this moderation is due to the topographic complexity that many coral reefs display, facilitating the abundance of
coral–based niches (Garpe et al. 2006). This diversity in complexity means that a larger number of species and a larger abundance of each reef fish
type can exist in the same

Personal Narrative: My Trip To The California Academy Of...
I went to the California Academy of Sciences, the place where I can explore an aquarium, planetarium, and natural history museum under one living
roof. I spent an enjoyable time in there to learn scientific and natural knowledge that broadened my horizon. And also there had three exhibits that were
my favorite, which was the Rainforest, California Coast, and Earthquake. What I want to talk about at first is the Rainforest. The Rainforest was a
greenhouse where was an artificial tropical rain forest environment. I had never been to tropical rain forest, but I can feel the temperature that as if I
was in the amazon jungle when I walked into the greenhouse. There had many butterflies inside the Rainforest, and some of the butterflies were ... Show
It is referred to as informal education due to we learn many things from natural but not from school. I believe the place like this museum is beneficial
to life–long learning. In the museum, people can see and touch by their hand the real living things which only see on the book. And there have a great
number of things outside the book. Both child and adult are learning knowledge with a funny way. I also believe that life–long learning opportunities
are important in creating educated citizens. For example, educated citizens would try to reduce environment pollution when they are consumption
because they know that pollution will affect plants and animals in the Earth. Through the museum improving their knowledge, they will get more
education to improve their

Jason Decaires Taylor Essay
Jason deCaires Taylor has created many pieces of art. Jason deCaires Taylor is a sculptor, who creates underwater living habitats. It shows the effect
that humans have on nature over time. His work is designed to be like artificial reefs, attracting corals, which increasing marine biomass and gathering
fish. Jason deCaires Taylor has made all of sculptures to be placed under water. He created the Anthropocene; it is a car, which is underwater in
Cancun/Isla Mujeres, Mexico. The sculpture was placed at the depth of 8m. Anthropocene is a full sized classic Volkswagen Beetle. This is my favorite
one. I find the art work interesting, not many human–made sculptures are placed underwater. This underwater sculpture does not hurt the environment,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The car was placed underwater to help the environment. Taylor's sculptures are made with a different type of material so they can be placed underwater.
It would be pretty hard to do this within a classroom, but there are similar things that can be done. Student could use clay to create sculptors similar
to the ones that Taylor had created. The different things that can be done depend on the grade that is being taught. It can be used in middle school to
high school in art or science. Those who teach elementary it can be use as an art project. It can help any who is in to design.
When using it for science, it can be use as an environmental project. They could study how it helps or harms the environment. It would be great
research for the student to learn the information they need or don't need. The students could see what they could do to help the environment. Together
as a class, the student could create something similar and place it in a fish tank. Art would be similar, not using it for research, but doing it for a class
project. They could create anything they would like too. I know in high school I created a bowl. In elementary school, it would be used they same way.
It can help younger students with their fine motors skills. In some case of those with a developmental delay, it could help them communicate. It can
help them learn different portion

Essay On Rockfishing
Oil platforms have become such an integral part in the fishing industry and local economy. Therefore, structures are beneficial not only in the Gulf of
Mexico, but also in the West Coast. Man–made environments provide a lifelong habitat for aquatic animals. According to a new study, the 27 offshore
oil rigs that dot the California coastline provide one of the best marine habitats in the world. "Rockfish or demersal fish are associated with the bottom,"
says Jeremy Claisse, "They want a place to hide and shelter, and to hunt food." However, the ocean floors do not provide this necessity for rockfish.
Oil platforms provide rockfish with an outstanding habitat allowing their species to thrive (Goldfarb). Artificial reefs have had a major impact ... Show
Idle infrastructures may collapse during brutal storms and cause contamination in gulf waters, damage other active platforms, and create a new
navigation route and safety hazards (Decommissioning and Rigs to Reefs in the Gulf of Mexico FAQ). Oppositionists disagree with the current Rigs
to Reefs policy, which allows garbage to be sent to the bottom of the ocean floor and proclaimed a "reef". Artificial reefs do not grow fish
populations; they simply collect fish from the surrounding area. This not only encourages overfishing by providing a "one–stop shop" for fishing
fleets, but also negatively impacts migrating species of fish by changing feeding and spawning patterns. In regards to the fishing industry, shrimpers
need a clear seafloor to run their nets. Giving away the seafloor to artificial reefs violates agreements between the fishing industry, the oil industry,
and the government. With thousands of rigs due for decommissioning in the next few years, we can either decide to help restore the Gulf to its
former vitality, or allow it to become a "junkyard of epic proportions" (Sharp). If people recognized the major benefits the oil and gas infrastructures
offer to the marine life and the fishing industry, they would understand that the "garbage" the Rigs to Reef program is placing in the gulf is in fact the
"cornucopia of

One Of The World's Biggest Fishing Collapse Summary
In the article "One of the World's Biggest Fisheries Is on the Verge of Collapse", author Rachael Bale talked about China's actions towards South
China Sea are putting food supplies, homes, and lives of millions and environment at risk. In the early years, fishermen could fish freely in the South
China Sea. As years go by, many of the them were prohibited tofishing in the South China sea. They are now facing a situation whether if they can feed
their family. The reason being that China took a forceful action towards the control of the sea. That is to not allow foreigner tofish in the sea. China set
up Coast Guards near the region. These troops will attack those foreign fishermen if spotted. According to the article, "China's decision created ... Show
China would set up defense toward illegal actions of the foreign fishermen. One of the fish man said to the author, "One minute you will see an
airplane, then there is naval boat. If we keep going over there, maybe we won't be able to go home to see our family. It is just not the Philippine, but
Vietnamese are forbidden to the sea as well (Bale 2016)." The attacking of the civilian is one of the main causes of the tension. To make the case
worse, there is conflict when a country tries to defense its own territory. The article mentioned, "Indonesian maritime law enforcement officials arrested
eight Chinese on charges of illegal fishing. The fishermen were less than three miles near the water from Indonesia's Natuna Island. Under international
law, the land belongs to Indonesian, but they are partially overlap with China's U–shaped line claims. So, the China says it has the right to fish there
(Bale 2016)." There is always conflict when international law and country's law comes head to head, because no country is willing to give up their own
property. China refuse to participate in any solution which has stretched out the tension more. As previously mentioned, the Philippines brought this
case to the in Permanent Court of Arbitration but China chose to continue to ignore the decision of the Court. United States is an ally of the
Philippines. There will be billions of deaths if a war between United States and China breaks

Case Study Of Brazil : The World 's Largest Estuary Of...
Case Study
Brazil gains the most of their ocean fishier–yields from the southernmost subtropical shelf. The shelf has seasonal currents of nutrient filled ocean water
and yields more fish than other areas due the other surrounding waters being lower in nutrients. In 2009, Brazil produced less than one percent of the
world's production of fish at 585 thousand tons of fish per year (Brandini, 2013).
Even with the low nutrient filled waters, Brazil boasts coasts with diverse ecosystems due to the length of the coastline. This lengthy coastline incudes'
"the world's largest estuary in the Amazon River Plume; the longest beach, Cassino Beach... and the largest coastal lagoon, Patos Lagoon" to list some
examples of the different ecosystems found in this area (Brandini, 2013, p2127). Brazil is seen as a maritime country due to the numerous marine
resources available. These resources have drawn in fishing, tourism, commerce, transportation, real estate, and mariculture opportunities. While these
resources have drawn in profit, their sustainability is also threatened by the demand that they are being faced with (Brandini, 2013). One of the areas
that has found to have higher instances of effecting the ecosystems' sustainability and biodiversity is the current fishing practices (Brandini, 2013).
The coastal marine ecosystems off of Parana, Brazil consists of almost 99.9% of sandy–bottom communities (Brandini, 2013). This area lacks many
hard substrates and has few natural, submerged

Coral Reefs : A Study From National Oceanic And...
To our eyes we see a beautiful, diverse, colorful reef that adds beauty to the ocean and to the fishes. Others see a peaceful bed for the oceans floor.
Creature on the other hand see a shelter, and protection from people or bigger animals that lurk for their pray. Coral reefs aren't made for its scenery,
but as an ecosystem for many plants and animals. They do not only help the animals but serve to people as important sources of income, food,
protection, and new medicines of mankind. Coral reefs are less than 1 percent of the ocean floor, but support 25% of all marine life, shown by a study
from national oceanic and atmospheric administration on www.noaa.gov. Coral reefs are often referred to as the, "rainforest of the sea," due to having
the same purpose as a rainforest by being an essential means of shelter and protection to plants and animals, and being a savior to the people, the
economy, and the environments.
Coral reef plays a major role in helping the environments stay healthy and in tack for many more decades to come. The coral reef act as a buffer for the
shorelines slowing down the movement of waves, storms, and floods, helping prevent erosion, catastrophic deaths, and property damage, as said by
national oceanic and atmospheric administration, on oceanservice.noaa.gov Without the reefs, normal wavers could demolish coastal communities and
cause injuries and even deaths. A healthy reef removes the necessity for more government spending on artificial barrier in

Coral Reef Research Paper
Coral reefs occupy only 0.2% of the ocean floor, yet they are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems known today, and support over 25% of
all marine organisms (Yip). Due to the massive amount of marine species that populate coral reef habitats, maintaining healthy reefs is crucial for the
continuation of marine biodiversity. In past years, the increase of mortality rates in coral has been caused by a number of factors, including wide–spread
stress and disease. In the Indo–Pacific, coral reefs have been declining at a rate of approximately 2% per year for the last 20 years (Yip). Coral reef fish
biodiversity is crucial for the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystem, as well as for the ability of the coral reefs to provide services to the ecosystem
(Ehrenfeucht). Such services include coral reef fisheries and the tourism industry.
An artificial coral reef is a "man–made structure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can also be used for alleviating coastal erosion, which has become a major problem today. They can be created in a way that will eventually
ignite the development of communities of encrusting organisms, such as corals and sponges, and bait fish (Artificial). As a variety of encrusting
organisms cover the artificial reef material, small marine animals will begin to take up residence. As these smaller animals grow in number, larger
animals will become attracted and feed upon them, creating a reef food web. These spots ultimately divert divers and boaters from endangered coral
reefs to the artificial reef. Not only do artificial reefs serve as form of protection, but they can be used to manage fisheries and encourage ecotourism
for Small Island Developing States (Artificial). Coral reef fisheries are particularly important because they provide 10% of the fish consumed globally,
and the tourism industry is estimated to be worth $9.6 billion annually

Artificial Reef Paper
The goals of this paper were to bring to light the results of the way divers felt after exploring artificial reefs. And how they would perceive new
projects of reef building in the Red Sea in Eilat Israel. Coral deaths and bleaching are caused mostly by people who just wish to admire the reefs in
their natural state. With no destructive intentions. The outcome of the study shows us that the artificial reefs were well looked upon by the divers due
to experience they had while diving on the artificial compared to the natural reefs around them. The article tell us what it is about the artificial reefs
that attract divers, the promising marketing potential artificial reefs present by creating mass marine ecotourism and soft ecotourism at dive sites, and
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But then goes on to explain how any disaster could be avoided by "zoning", which is the method of allowing people to experience only a slice of what
a reef has to offer rather than letting the ecotourists roam free while heightening the possibility of coral damage that could be irreversible. An apparent
solution to the fight between the economic battle and the ecological threats is building artificial reefs right next to natural reefs to divert divers away
from the natural ones. Artificial reefs made up of large vehicles underwater is sure to draw attention and damage away from the natural reef. This has
extreme benefits to ocean conservation and ecotourism.
The methods used in Eilat, Israel were to provide a more diverse diving experience and redirect divers away from the fragile natural corals. Over the
years that artificial reefs have been established along the coast of Eilat, some for divers entertainment and some for research, It attracts more European
tourists and they by extension learn about how their activity could be detrimental to the natural corals while they enjoy an artificial

Artificial Reefs Used as Fisheries
The main objective of our study is to determine if artificial reefs can be used as a fisheries enhancement or conservation tool in Narragansett Bay.
Using a variety of research techniques, we will attempt to answer the following questions: (1) do artificial reefs increase the abundance (and biomass)
of important species of demersal sport fish? Or (2) do reefs attract existing numbers of fish to the reef and increase the rate of exploitation, thus
potentially decreasing localized populations (or communities)? By building a carefully replicated network of artificial reefs, we will advance research
on the impact of artificial reefs. In–order to address our study questions, we propose the construction of 0.25 acre artificial reefs (0.5 acre area) using
pre–fabricated reef modules in three locations of Narragansett Bay. The creation of small–scale experimental reefs will not only provide long–term
research stations but will also improve benthic habitat conditions in an area of soft sediments.
The performance of artificial reefs varies considerably, depending on materials used as well as location of deployment and intended results. Breakup,
movement, and burial have been reported to occur in reef programs. The location and design of reef complexes must be carefully chosen to balance
the goals and objectives of a project with environmental and social constraints (Table 1).
We used geospatial andfisheries data to ensure that our reef locations are placed in the most suitable

Artificial Reef Case Study
After evaluating the two suggested proposals against the main criteria of social/ political, economic and environmental it was concluded that proposal
B, to construct the artificial reef – is the most suitable option to implement at Palm Beach to ensure both short and long term health and sustainability
of the beach. Even though the artificial reef had some negatives, they were outweighed by the environmental, social and long–term economic
advantages. The artificial reef is an earth–cantered system which can be implemented as an environmentally form of economic growth, and it is a
sustainable use of resources which will ensure that Palm Beach is maintained and in good condition for future generations, therefore it is a bio–centric
environmental... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, since the destructive waves break on the reef then only the low energy, constructive waves reach theshore which makes deposition
possible therefore the beach will have the chance to naturally build up sand and widen. Even though the beach nourishment program is already
established so there are no initial costs required and the artificial reef has high construction costs, around $16.9 million to be implemented, the reef has
very low maintenance costs (to ensure it is working effectively) this is minute in comparison of the ongoing costs of the beach nourishment program.
However, with the artificial reef there may be the need to implement another program or to continue the beach nourishment program to support it. Yet,
even though there are extremely high initial costs, the artificial reef would increase tourism and support local businesses, which outweighs and
justifies the large cost as in the long term it will be economically beneficial. Also, it is aesthetically pleasing, attracts diverse marine life, improves surf
quality and recreational amenity so it will attract tourists and will take pressure off the natural reefs whilst aiding to stabilise the beach. Overall, the
implementation of an artificial reef would be effective coastal management strategy as

The Great Coral Reef Of Florida
For this assignment, we were asked to choose of our past presentation topics and write and essay to elaborate more on whichever topic we pick. The
topic I decided to elaborate more on is the Great Coral Reef of Florida. There are many important aspects to look at other than facts about the Great
Coral Reef, but also the effects it is facing as well as how it plays a role in the economy, as in terms of bringing in money for the communities. Each
topic that I am going to talk about mainly comes from information found by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is a federal agency focused on the condition
of the oceans and the atmosphere. They provide information and data about life on earth, our oceans,atmosphere, and the Nation 's living marine
resources. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) is the Florida government agency charged with environmental protection. It is
under the nominal control of the governor. First, I am going to talk about the importance of coral reefs. Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and
valuable ecosystems on Earth. They are home to 4,000 species of fish, 800 species of hard coral, and hundreds of other species. Scientists believe that
there are another 1 to 8 million unidentified species (NOAA). According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, new drugs are being
developed from

The Negative Effects of Humans and Nature on FloridaвЂ™s...
Nature designed Florida to be one large marine ecosystem. Florida is one big sand peninsula located below the 40th longitudinal North American line.
Three bodies of salt water (Gulf of Mexico, Strait of Florida and Atlantic Ocean) surround three out of four directions of Florida. Man–made canals,
natural lakes, rivers and estuaries are confined within the State of Florida's physical boundaries. All of these form an interlocking system of waterways
that impact the interconnected marine environment (marine ecosystem). All of Florida's waterways are connected back to the surrounding bodies of
water while passing through Florida's sub–tropical and temperate zones and impact the delicate marine ecosystem balance. Man and nature are ... Show
Each of these areas has a historic recorded hit by one or more major hurricanes. Because hurricane winds start at 75 mph and can reach up to 156
miles per hour or more, the damage of the winds can be extensive (NOAA). Winds will rip the roof off of a house or tip over a mobile home. Debris is
scattered with bullet like force. Storm surge floods buildings, streets and lands. Hurricane spawned tornado winds cause extra natural destruction.
Finally, what little natural habitat is left untouched by humans can be fully devastated by hurricane aftermath.
Most Atlantic hurricanes start out in the North Atlantic Ocean, which is called the hurricane breeding ground. Rarely a hurricane will form in the
Caribbean Sea and sometimes the Gulf of Mexico. The extremely rare tropical storm is one forming right off of a landmass. This rarity occurred in the
most recent 2009–hurricane season with the eye of the tropical storm named Claudette coming ashore over the Florida panhandle and reaching 60
mph of the 75 mph limit to be considered a category 1 hurricane (NOAA). Under average circumstances, once formed, a tropical storm will build up
speed as it spins across the warm shallow waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (NOAA) building into a hurricane and then moving
across the water until dissipating over a landmass. A hurricane shifts the ocean's sand banks as

How Do Sand Beaches Affect Coastal Erosion?
Sand dunes are unique among other coastal landforms as they are formed by wind rather than moving waters; they represent a store of sand above the
landward limits of normal high tides where their vegetation is not dependent on the inundation of seawater for stability (French, 2001). During a storm,
waves can reach the dune front and draw the sand onto the beach to form a storm beach profile; in normal seasons the wind blows the sand back to the
dunes. The presence of vegetation in coastal areas improves slope stability, consolidates sediment and reduces wave energy moving onshore; therefore,
it protects the shoreline from erosion. It is very successful in estuarine conditions (low energy environment), but not on the open coast (high energy

Civilian Conservation Corps: Saving The Lighthouse
It became clear that if nothing was done, the lighthouse would soon be engulfed by the ocean. Civilian Conservation Corps, under the leadership of
the National Park Service, began looking for a solution to save the lighthouse. It was believed that pumping in sand dunes was an inexpensive and
effective solution at the time. In the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps began building a sand dune barrier along Hatteras Island but today's
scientists reason that while the dunes helped with minor storms, they did not stop the rising sea level and beach erosion. Sheet pile groins were also
installed to slow down the beach erosion. In 1966 over 300,000 cubic yards of sand was taken from the Pamlico Sound and placed in front of the
lighthouse, but the

Benefits of Artificial Reefs Essay
Thesis: When an artificial reef is made many just see trash going into the sea, however there are positive benefits that come from the making of the reef.
Perhaps the most obvious benefit of an artificial reef is the creation of a new community for aquatic creatures to live. It is like a developer going
out to sea and making a new subdivision out there for fish. This creation of an artificial reef is the most natural way to protect the marine habitat, by
providing shelter, a source of food, and an area for mating and reproduction for a numerous amount of creatures. The reason this is so important is
because a given area of water can only support so many marine creatures, none of these creatures can live in mid–water where there is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of this revenue is created by the tourism that these reefs create. If you don't know much about diving here is a figure that will help you,
a large percentage of all the tourism industries revenue is from these people diving. When these sites are created this is exactly what they have in
mind, attracting thousands of divers to these easily accessible sites. These divers come to see these reefs because the sites are known locations and
the organisms growing on and the ecosystem around it is a beautiful site that is a joy to partake in. As a matter of fact the view is so spectacular
that today the sale of underwater cameras far exceeds the sale of spear guns, which creates even more revenue for local dive shops. This is why
divers travel around the world to get a look at these sites. When these divers come into town this is where the revenue comes in from anything such as
boat tours/charters, hotel stays, food consumption, and equipment. Many companies have keyed into this market and have started making their own
natural reefs. These companies have used them for everything from submarine tours to burial sites for the deceased ashes. Don't forget about the
fishermen, whom are also getting wealthy due to the reefs. The fish swarm to these areas now, so the fishermen know exactly where to fish and fill
their boats up. All of these reasons can bring in anywhere from fifty to ninety

Modern Threats And Coral Reefs
Modern Threats to Coral Reefs and the Efforts to Restore and Rehabilitate Them
Anthony Hernandez
OCE4930
12/2/2015
Abstract
Worldwide, coral reefs are suffering due to both natural and human induced causes. Nature will take its course, but humans must do all they can to help
restore and rehabilitate coral reefs to a healthy state. Between invasive species, temperature change, and overfishing, it has become evident that if we
do not do something, all coral reefs will be destroyed. This study focuses on some of these issues, and discusses actions that are being taken to reverse
the damages being caused by people. Coral fragmentation and gardening, invasive species control, marine protected areas (MPAs), and heightened
restrictions on fishing are just a few of these. With enough urgency, we may just be able to save our reefs from the imminent destruction they now face.
Introduction The health of coral reefs is declining worldwide. Such an important ecosystem must survive in order to protect countless species from
going extinct, ensure continued protection to shorelines from weather, and provide economic and sustainable food income for humans. As it stands,
about 75% of the world's reefs are at risk due to many stressors, and if nothing is done, those reefs will be at an extremely high threat level of dying
out (Chavanich et al., 2015). Some of these stressors are overfishing, destructive fishing, invasive
species, and temperature change due to global warming

Marine Conservation Essay
Marine conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coral reefs have a great amount of biodiversity. Marine conservation, also known as
marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting
human–caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving
vulnerable marine species. Contents 1 Overview 2 Coral reefs 3 Human impact 4 Techniques 5 Technology and halfway technology 6 Laws and
treaties 7 Organizations and education 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Overview Marine... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, many fisherman are unable to catch as many fish as they used to, so they are increasingly using cyanide and dynamite in fishing, which
further degrades the coral reef ecosystem.[6] This perpetuation of bad habits simply leads to the further decline of coral reefs and therefore
perpetuating the problem. One solution to stopping this cycle is to educate the local community about why conservation of marine spaces that include
coral reefs is important.[7] Once the local communities understand the personal stakes at risk then they will actually fight to preserve the reefs.
Conserving coral reefs has many economic, social, and ecological benefits, not only for the people who live on these islands, but for people throughout
the world as well. Human impact The deterioration of coral reefs is mainly linked to human activities – 88% of coral reefs are threatened through
various reasons as

Effects Of Tourism On Coral Reefs
In regard to a far less pressing matter, "Tourism is often cited as a motivation for countries to protect their reefs from these various forms of
destruction, yet the boom in this industry is also contributing to the degradation of reefs in some areas" (Weber, 1993). The conservation of coral
reefs will also lead to the preservation of some of the allure tropical destinations like the Bahamas and Cayman Islands hold, only in part, due to
their coral reefs. While the islands, as well as destinations like Australia's Great Barrier Reef, have a lot to lose from the industry, tourism is also
playing a part in the death of the reefs' coral. From standing on the coral which kills it, to attempting to take some back to one's house in a suitcase,
tourists are playing an active role in the problem for coral reefs. There is also a lot of business in exotic reef fishes and corals to add to fish tanks
around the world according to Weber (1993). On top of all this, the desire to maintain the sheer beauty of coral reefs is enough reasoning to protect
coral reefs even for those who do not buy into the science behind it. "The first thing that strikes a diver swimming through clear, tropical waters toward
the life–laden surface of a coral reef, with its kaleidoscope of sponges, starfish, sea slugs, and myriad schools of colorful, darting fish, is the sheer
abundance of living things. Nothing in the sea, and quite possibly on land, rivals coral reefs in biodiversity" says Hinrichsen (1997).

The Reefs And Its Effects On The Coral Reefs
Puerto Rico is built from a volcano. So along the coast of Puerto Rico, there are many coral reefs. This island I chose to look at, is called Desecheo
Island or Isla de Desecheo. It 's just of the coast of Puerto Rico. The coral reefs in the island are continental reefs according to geomorphologists(
people who study physical features of the Earth's surface). It is a fringing reef around the coast of the island and a shelf reef beyond that. In the
fringing reef, the depth of the reef is mixed between shallow and deep. When it gets near the shelf reef areas, the depth gets deeper. The coastal
averages is about 80 degrees fahrenheit with high density. The biodiversity is very high in coral reefs. Acoral reef takes about one percent of the ocean,
but it has around twentyfive percent marine life. This means a lot to the coral reefs because the more species can lead to better conditions. There are
many different kinds of fish that may eat algae, which can protect the coral. Bigger fish or even sharks keep the population of smaller fish in good
hands. Some fish can hurt the zooxanthellae. Then there are "cleaners" that eat up dead organisms and keep the reef look nice. Economically, the
coral reefs are very good. Fisherman can fish and tourist love to go snorkeling in coral reefs. However, that isn't always that great for the coral reef
itself. Coral reefs provide people with food, medicine, and tons of revenue. Abiotic factors that are necessary for a coral reef are

The Great Barrier Reef Of Australia 's Coral Reefs
Since commercial fishing in Australia's coral reefs began in the early 1970s, overfishing, climate change, dynamite fishing, and pollution have
contributed to a large–scale decline in the health of the reefs and the marine life that reside within them. The Great Barrier Reef stands as one of the
most varied ecosystems in the world, serving as a natural environment for thousands of species of marine life. The reefs provide millions of dollars in
revenue for Australia by attracting many tourists, providing fish, and by advancing medical research. Thecoral reefs are beneficial to Australia because
they serve as a barrier to protect the land from large waves and tsunamis. Reef industries, such as fishing and tourism, which generate approximately
5.4 billion dollars annually for the Australian economy and support over 69,000 jobs, are dependent on a healthy environment ("The Great Barrier
Reef"). Tourism is one of the largest commercial activities in the Great Barrier Reef region, playing an important role in presenting the Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park to a wide range of visitors. There is a myriad range of tourism operations in the Great Barrier Reef including tours, snorkeling, scuba
diving, fishing charters, cruises, whale watching, and swimming with dolphins ("Experiences in the Region"). The fishing industry in Australia
depends on the reefs since many fish breed there and young fish occupy time there before making their way to the open sea ("Biodiversity and

The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental...
10/27/04
Research in the Disciplines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically she is stating the fact that each person has the right to live in a clean world, be able to obtain the necessities which are needed to live, and
make a living in which they can lead a healthy lifestyle.
It is through the theories of the tragedy of the commons and environmental rights that we realize that all of society is invading one another's
environmental rights through the tragedy of the commons. This is done very inconspicuously in some cases such as that of the Coral Reefs.
The Coral Reefs are limestone formations that are produced by living organisms. They are found in shallow tropical waters. The predominate
organisms that make them up are stony corals, which are colonial cnidarians that secrete calcium carbonate (limestone) as an exoskeleton. Calcium
carbonate is also deposited by other types of marine organisms such as tube–building annelid worms but any reef formed by a biological community is
called a coral reef. These skeletons accumulate due to the tides and create a formation that supports the living coral as well as the highest species
diversity of all explored marine habitats. Reefs are found between the latitudes of 30В°N to

Silent Spring By Rachel Carson
INTRODUCTION
In the last 100 years, the world has changed in many ways and this includes the exploration and exploitation of the marine environment, to further
satisfy the needs of humans. The reliance on the marine environment and its potential resources it could provide humans has been amplified; due to the
dwindling oil supplies and global warming as a result of climate change. This has meant the destruction of many marine habitats, which has created
unimaginable loss for many marine flora and fauna as well as the potential ecosystem services that could have been provided. In the last 50 years, there
have been changes in human attitudes towards the environment and a marker for this is the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. This marked the
beginning of the birthplace of environmental law that shapes the marine law of today. Carlson's book changed the way people thought about the
environment and their impacts on the environment. This is further highlighted by the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the first international conference of
its kind on the environment. From this point most environmental laws stemmed from it, however their policy has been "prevention and protection" is
the best method for legal frameworks regarding the protection of the marine environment.
This dissertation, will argue that we have gone past the point of prevention, we have reached the breaking point where significant change must occur to
offset the anthropogenic changes humans have caused. This

China Has Been Building Artificial Islands
OVERVIEW: China has been building artificial islands, shown in Figure 1, on the South China Sea, surrounded by China, Indonesia, Vietnam,
Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei. The South China Sea is the centre of в…“ of the world 's shipping transits as well as many reefs. There
is also claims of potential oil and gas reserves. All of the countries have been competing for power in parts of this area; extending far from coastlines
to claim many areas as possible.These territorial claims have caused disputes among the nations and building artificial islands on disputed area has
caused tension and suspicions. The land reclamation has not only sparked more tension but is also damaging to the marine biodiversity. The work being
undertaken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, they feel threatened by China's island building. All ASEAN countries have expanded their naval and air arms to safeguard their maritime
interests. Retracting land is not an option as it is believed to show weakness in power and cost them domestically.
UNCLOS, Environmental Activists, United Nations Environmental Program, National Centre for Coral Research and other groups
There are concerns among environmentalists as the coral reefs around the world are dying. The reefs, which are one of the most diverse ones in the
world, suffer from other factors such as overfishing and climate change. Scientists found that the waters contain 'pulses' of larval fish that restock the
coastal fishes in the sea. They believe that since the South China Sea accounts for 1/10 of fish stocks for the world; the artificial islands should not be
built as more than 1/4 of the world rely on it for food.
SOLUTIONS:
Building Multilateral Framework:
Building Multilateral Framework Is the main solution to ease the conflict between China and the ASEAN countries. The 2002 Declaration on the
Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea allows the parties to agree upon multilateral risk reductions and confidence building measures. This
declaration affirmed the commitment to international law and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. The commitment leads to the adoption of
a code of conduct for the South China Sea. The Code of Conduct specifies how rights will be

The First Stone Essay
By: Mohammad A The First Stone "The First Stone" is written by Don Aker and this book is based on two teenagers who have suffered very
painful past. They both have lost one of their loved ones in their past. The main character is Reef's whose parents and grandparents die when he
was young. He was left to many foster homes because of his past. He got anger issues since his parents and grandparents died. He made very
inappropriate decision that leads him to court and then to North Hills. Now he has to respect other and follows the rules in order to stay away from
jail. I believe Reef could have changed his past. By his action, behavior and language but since he didn't help himself, he now has to face his ... Show
If he had been nicer to them maybe they would have changed their mood, action, or maybe even character. Since Reef never did anything to help
himself in the future, he now has to face difficulties in his life. But he also deserves to live with his new foster parents and every moments he wishes
that his grandparents were there for him in every situation and problem. Now he starts to regret yelling and being a horrible grandson to them when
they were there with him in the past. If Reef had changed before maybe his grandparents would had been there for him now. Now he has anger issues
sometimes and usually remembers his grandparents in his head that they were here with him. Reef now has changed his behavior because he knows
how it feels to be treated by yelling and being horrible person by people around him.
Lastly, he could have changed by his language because he never cares about other people but himself. I think that he was very selfish about caring
for himself and not other. In the beginning of this book he usually never watches his language he always swears like "FUCK OFF", and "SCREW U
ALL BITCHES". He never had any manners to anyone including his own friends sometimes to Jink and Bigger. I believe that this is all Reefs fault
because when he was young he should have taken care of his grandparents so they could have taught him some manner but he never cared about

Characteristics Of Sargassum Fish
MARB 425–406
Comparing Natural Mortality of Sargassum Fish (Histrio histrio) and Blue Runner (Caranx crysos).
Violeta Curameng
Abstract In the Gulf of Mexico a variety of marine environments can be utilized by fish. Common environments include Coral reefs and Sargassum. An
assortment of fish can inhabit these environments but which environment they live in depends on their life history. Histrio histrio (Sargassum Fish)
live in the Sargassum and Caranx Crysos (Blue Runner) live in the open water near reefs. Natural mortality of these species can be linked to their
distribution and their life history strategies.
Introduction
In the Gulf of Mexico there are many different marine habitats that reside in its waters. From reef environments to floating Sargassum, a diverse
variety of fishes can be found. Sargassum, is a type of brown algae that consists of two species, S. natans and S. fluitans (Rooker 2006). Sargassum
has been linked to primary and secondary production and can also be a hot spot of production which would be an ideal habitat for pelagic fishes
(Peres 1982). Coral reefs are a habitat that are common in the Gulf of Mexico, such as, the Flower Garden Banks (NOAA 2017). There are also many
artificial reefs in the gulf that provide shelter for many fish species (Bull 1994). Of these habitats fish such as, Histrio histrio (Sargassum Fish) and
Caranx crysos (Blue Runner) are abundant. H. histrio can be found hidden in the Sargassum environments while

Goliath Grouper Case Study
Should Goliath Grouper have a legal harvest season?
A species of fish have taken over the warm coastal waters of Florida. This detrimental species consumes anything in its path, causing harm to numerous
species of fish. The culprit is none other than the Goliath Grouper. The Goliath Grouper needs an open harvest season in order to help diminish this
increasingly chaotic fish, which wreaks havoc on natural and artificial reef structures.
The Epinephelus itajara, most commonly referred to as the Goliath Grouper or Jewfish, prefers warm water, and depths ranging from ten feet all the
way to three hundred or more (Goliath Grouper). Jewfish eat anything that fits in their large bucket mouth. Crabs and invertebrate fish make up most of
the Goliath Groupers diet, but they have also been known to eat small sharks, Cormorants off the surface of the ... Show more content on
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The species was fished to near extinction. Florida fish and Wildlife Conservation (FWC) acted immediately in defense of the Goliath Grouper.
Throughout the 1990s FWC worked hard to not only ban the harvest of Jewfish, but also to ban fishing for them in general. This time period was
considered a prohibition of the Goliath Grouper's bounty. FWC later released the ban on fishing for these giant Grouper, but have yet to release the
ban on harvesting them. Since the permanent season closure, the Goliath Grouper has made an incredible rebound. They can be found on practically
every natural or artificial reef and wreck surrounding Florida. Also, many large Groupers have been known to swim inside passes, under large
bridges like the Sunshine Skyway, and around jetty's. In today's time, it is not uncommon to dive a reef and spot twenty to fifty large Goliath
Grouper. The population has clearly come back from the dead due to the valiant effort of many FWC volunteers and employees, yet they will still not
allow the closed season to be

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