The document discusses horizontal alignment in highway geometric design. It covers minimum radii, horizontal curves including full circle, spiral-circle-spiral and spiral-spiral curves, sight distance on curves, widening on curves, superelevation diagrams, and stationing. Formulas are provided for determining minimum radii based on design speed and superelevation, and calculating sight distances. The document instructs on different types of horizontal curves and how to design them to meet requirements.

1. Horizontal Alignment
TS4447 Highway Geometric Design

2. Horizontal Alignment
 Minimum Radii
 Horizontal Curve
• Full Circle (FC)  Tugas 3
• Spiral Circle Spiral (SCS)  Tugas 4
• Spiral Spiral (SS)  Tugas 4
 Sight Distance on Curve  Tugas 5
• Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
• Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
 Widening on Curve  Tugas 5
 Superelevation Diagram  Tugas 6
 Stationing  Tugas 6

3. R = V2/127(e+f)
Dij  Ti + Tj
Design Classification
Design Type & Class
Design Speed
Design Vehicles
Cross Section
B
FC / SCS / SS R’ << R
A
R’ << R

4. B
A
Widening on Curve
Sight Distance
on Curve
Superelevation
Diagram
Stationing

5. Rmin = V2 / 127 ( e + f )
R  minimum radii (m)
V  design speed (kph)
e  superelevation (%)
f  side friction

6. Superelevation

7. Tiga Macam Lengkung Horisontal
1. Full Circle (FC)
2. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
3. Spiral-Spiral (SS)
TC
CT
TS
SC
CS
ST
TS ST
SS
PI
PI
PI

11. Geometric Design
… normally seeks to ensure uniformity of
alignment and maximum levels of safety
and comfort for drivers using the road,
within given economic constraints.
Compromise are inevitable to achieve an
acceptable solution and not all objectives
can be fully met. Often, however, it is
possible to improve road safety
implications of design features are
considered at the design stage.

16. TC CT

17. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)
1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00
2,00
0,25 0,25
2 x 3,00 1,00 1,50
MEDIAN & JALUR
TEPIAN
JALUR LALULINTAS
BAHU JALAN
TROTOAR
2%
2%

18. Minimum Radii Not Required
Transition Section [RSNI T-14-2004 p.31].
Vr (kph) Rmin (m) Vr (kph) Rmin (m)
100 5.000 60 1.500
90 3.000 50 1.200
80 2.500 40 800
70 2.000 30 500

19. PI X Y Azimuth Angle Distance
Start 63.07 166.20
58.483 131.287
1 174.99 97.57 47.918
106.401 182.287
2 349.86 149.04 35.323
71.078 113.112
End 456.86 112.36
Azimuth, Intersection Angle,
distance between PI

23. Panjang Bagian Lengkung Minimum
[RSNI p.27 table.11]
VR (kph) L (m)
100 170
90 155
80 135
70 120
60 105
50 85
40 70
30 55

24. V (kph) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Lc min (m) 170 155 135 120 105 85 70 55
R min (m) 5,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,200 800 500
D (degree)
0.5 19,481 17,762 15,470 13,751 12,032 9,740 8,021 6,303
1.0 9,740 8,881 7,735 6,875 6,016 4,870 4,011 3,151
1.5 6,494 5,921 5,157 4,584 4,011 3,247 2,674 2,101
2.0 4,870 4,440 3,867 3,438 3,008 2,435 2,005 1,576
2.5 3,896 3,552 3,094 2,750 2,406 1,948 1,604 1,261
3.0 3,247 2,960 2,578 2,292 2,005 1,623 1,337 1,050
3.5 2,783 2,537 2,210 1,964 1,719 1,391 1,146 900
4.0 2,435 2,220 1,934 1,719 1,504 1,218 1,003 788
4.5 2,165 1,974 1,719 1,528 1,337 1,082 891 700
5.0 1,948 1,776 1,547 1,375 1,203 974 802 630
5.5 1,771 1,615 1,406 1,250 1,094 885 729 573
6.0 1,623 1,480 1,289 1,146 1,003 812 668 525
6.5 1,499 1,366 1,190 1,058 926 749 617 485
RFC Minimum Sesuai Syarat [RSNI p.27 table.11]

25. Check dij  Ti + Tj

26. PI X Y Azimuth Angle Distance
Start 63.07 166.20
58.483 131.287
1 174.99 97.57 47.918
106.401 182.287
2 349.86 149.04 35.323
71.078 113.112
End 456.86 112.36
Azimuth, Intersection Angle,
distance between PI

27. Latihan
• Pilih 2-3 PI yang bersebelahan,
• Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut
dengan jenis FC.

28. Tugas 3
1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI
2. Minimum radius
3. Curve type FC
4. Stopping Sight Distance
5. Widening on curve
6. Stationing
7. Superelevation diagram
8. AutoCAD drawing
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29. Tiga Macam Lengkung Horisontal
1. Full Circle (FC)
2. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
3. Spiral-Spiral (SS)
TC
CT
TS
SC
CS
ST
TS ST
SS
PI
PI
PI

30. FCSCS

31. TFC < TSCS

33. FC vs SCS

34. FC vs SCS

35. CLOTHOID (Spiral) CURVE

36. TRANSITION (Spiral) CURVE
To provide a natural, easy-to-follow path
for drivers, where centrifugal force
increase/decrease gradually.
To provide a convenient desirable
arrangement for superelevation run-off.
To provide a flexible change in lane-width.
To enhanced the appearance of the
highway, to avoid the noticeable breaks at
the beginning and ending of circular
curves

37. Tangent Runout is the general term
denoting the length of highway needed to
accomplish the change in cross slope from a
normal section to a section with the
adverse cross slope removed, or vice-
versa.
2% 2% 2%
0%
2% 2%
2%
0%

38. Superelevation Runoff, is the general term
denoting length of highway needed to
accomplish the change in cross slope from
a section with adverse crown removed to a
fully superelevation section, or vice-versa.
2%
0%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
0%

39. Tangent
Runout
Superelevation
Runoff
TR
menambah
jarak antar
TS !!!

40. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

41. Minimum Length of Transition Sections
• Minimum Maneuver Time for Traveling on
Transition Curve [RSNI T-14-2004 p.30].
LS = (Vr/3,6) x t
Vr  design speed (km/h)
t  running time (2 sec)

42. Minimum Length of Transition Sections
• Minimum Length of Superelevation Runoff
[RSNI T-14-2004 p.30].
LS = W 1/D (ed + eNC)
LS = W 1/D ed  AASHTO
D  relative slopes ratio (m/m)
W  road width (m)
eNC  normal cross fall (%)
ed  design superelevation (%)

43. Tangent
Runout
Superelevation
Runoff
TR
menambah
jarak antar
TS !!!

45. Full-Circle,
Normal Cross-Fall
Spiral-Circle-Spiral
or Spiral-Spiral
Reverse Cross-Fall
or Superelevation
2% 2%
2%
2%

46. FC min 

49. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
)
)(
90
(
R
Ls
s

  s
c 
 2

D

m
c
R
Lc 20
180

 
 Ls
Lc
Ltotal 2


)]
3456
(
)
40
(
1
[ 4
4
2
2
R
Ls
R
Ls
Ls
Xs 


)]
7040
(
)
56
(
1
[
6 4
4
2
2
2
R
Ls
R
Ls
R
Ls
Ys 


s
R
Xs
K 
sin


)
cos
1
( s
R
Ys
P 



K
P
R
Ts 
D

 ]
2
tan
)
[(
R
P
R
Es 
D

 ]
2
sec
)
[(

50. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

51. SCS vs SS

52. SCS vs SS

53. Tiga Macam Lengkung Horisontal
1. Full Circle (FC)
2. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
3. Spiral-Spiral (SS)
TC
CT
TS
SC
CS
ST
TS ST
SS
PI
PI
PI

56. Spiral-Spiral (SS)
2
D

s

90
s
R
Ls 

 Ls
Ltotal 2

)]
3456
(
)
40
(
1
[ 4
4
2
2
R
Ls
R
Ls
Ls
Xs 


)]
7040
(
)
56
(
1
[
6 4
4
2
2
2
R
Ls
R
Ls
R
Ls
Ys 


s
R
Xs
K 
sin


)
cos
1
( s
R
Ys
P 



K
P
R
Ts 
D

 ]
2
tan
)
[(
R
P
R
Es 
D

 ]
2
sec
)
[(

57. Ls max

58. Ls min

59. Ls SS

60. Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+ TR)

61. Latihan
• Pilih 1-2 PI yang tidak memenuhi syarat
desain FC,
• Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut
dengan jenis SCS atau SS.

62. Tugas 4
1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI
2. Minimum radius
3. Curve type SCS & SS
4. Stopping Sight Distance
5. Widening on curve
6. Stationing
7. Superelevation diagram
8. AutoCAD drawing
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63. BRAKING DISTANCE

64. S = 15.9 d x f ±e x B%
100% Braking – Four Wheel Lock-up Skid or full ABS –
Where f = 0.75 and S = 80km/hr
Front Brakes Only – 70% d = 48 meters
Rear Brakes Only – 30% d = 112 meters
One Front Brake – 35% d = 96 meters
One Back Brake – 15% d = 225 meters !!!

67. STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
a
V
T
V
DSSD
2
039
,
0
278
,
0 



[RSNI T-14-2004 p.22]

68. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)
1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00
2,00
0,25 0,25
2 x 3,00 1,00 1,50
MEDIAN & JALUR
TEPIAN
JALUR LALULINTAS
BAHU JALAN
TROTOAR
2%
2%

69. Minimum Stopping Sight Distance
[Table 10 p. 23 RSNI 2004]
Design
Speed
(kph)
SSD (m)
Design
Speed
(kph)
SSD (m)
100 185 60 85
90 160 50 65
80 130 40 50
70 105 30 35

70. PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE
4
3
2
1 d
d
d
d
DPSD 


 4
3
2
min 3
2 d
d
d
DPSD 



71. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

72. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

73. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve
)]
65
,
28
cos(
1
[
R
Ss
R
M 

[RSNI T-14-2004 p.23]

74. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)
1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00
2,00
0,25 0,25
2 x 3,00 1,00 1,50
MEDIAN & JALUR
TEPIAN
JALUR LALULINTAS
BAHU JALAN
TROTOAR
2%
2%
A B

75. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

76. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

78. Widening on Curve

79. Widening on Curve
A traffic lane on a curve
must be widened
because:
• The rear wheels do not
track the front wheels
• Vehicle’s front overhang
requires an additional
lateral space
• Difficulty of driving on
curves justifies wider
lateral clearance

80. Widening on Curve
)
/
)(
104
,
0
(
)
2
(
)
1
(
)
(
2
2
2
R
V
Z
R
A
L
A
R
F
L
R
R
u
U
Z
F
N
C
U
N
w
w
w
w
A
A
c
n
c

















81. Widening on Curve
Wn  width of traveled way on tangent, m.
U  track width of vehicle (out-to-out tires), m.
C  lateral clearance per vehicle assumed 0,6/0,75/0,9 for Wn of
6,0/6,6/7,2 respectively
FA  with of overhang, m.
Z  extra width allowance for difficulty of driving on curves, m.
u  track width on tangent (out-to-out) 2,6m.
R  radius of centerline of 2-lane highway, m.
L  wheelbase, m.
A  front overhang, m.
V  design speed of highway, km/h.

82. Widening on Curve

83. Potongan Melintang Rencana
Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder
Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph
Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)
1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00
2,00
0,25 0,25
2 x 3,00 1,00 1,50
MEDIAN & JALUR
TEPIAN
JALUR LALULINTAS
BAHU JALAN
TROTOAR
2%
2%

84. Latihan
• Pilih 2-3 PI,
• Periksa syarat Stopping Sight Distance
dan kebutuhan Widening on Curve.

85. Tugas 5
1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI
2. Minimum radius
3. Curve type
4. Stopping Sight Distance
5. Widening on curve
6. Stationing
7. Superelevation diagram
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86. Superelevation

87. Superelevation

88. Superelevation

90. Superelevation Diagram
emax
en
emax
cl
TS SC CS ST
Ls Lc Ls
SCS - Right Turn

91. Latihan
• Pilih 2-3 PI dengan jenis tikungan SCS/SS
belok Kanan/Kiri
• Gambarlah (skets) Diagram Superelevasi
pada PI tersebut.

92. Stationing

93. Stationing [cont’d]

94. Tugas 6
1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI
2. Minimum radius
3. Curve type
4. Stopping Sight Distance
5. Widening on curve
6. Stationing
7. Superelevation diagram
8. AutoCAD drawing
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