2. Occupational health
refers to the potential risks to health and
safety for those who work outside the
home
Hazard
something that can cause harm if not
controlled.
Occupational disease
Disease directly caused by a person’s
occupation.
3. Ecological approach
it seeks to ensure a dynamic equilibrium
between the industrial worker and his
occupational environment.
Workplace
setting in which many people spend the
largest proportion of their time.
exposes many workers to health
hazards
4. • Aims at the PROMOTION AND
MAINTENANCE of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well being of
workers in all occupation;
• the PREVENTION of ill-health among
workers caused by their working conditions;
• the PROTECTION of workers in their
employment from risk resulting from factors
that adversely affect health;
• the PLACING AND MAINTENANCE of the
worker in an occupational environment
adapted to his physiological and
psychological ability.
5. Integral part of occupational health services.
Greek word ‘Ergon’ means ‘Work’,
‘Nomos’ means ‘Law’ .
It is the ADAPTATION, MODIFICATION,
MANIPULATION of MACHINERY, WORK
ENVIRONMENT, WORK & REST SCHEDULE and
JOB DEMANDS to suit the CAPACITY, LIMITATIONS
& EXPECTATIONS of the workers.
6. • Sum of external conditions and influences
prevailing at the place of work which have a
bearing on the health of the working
population.
Three types of interactions in the work
place:
Man and physical, chemical, & biological
agents.
Man and machine.
Man and man.-
7. 1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical
3. Biological
4. Psychosocial
a. Psychological and behavioral
changes.
b. Psychosomatic ill-health
8. 1. Physical hazards
Heat – Direct & indirect effect of high temperature,
radiant heat, heat stagnation.
Cold – General & local cold injury
Light – Acute & chronic effect of bright & dim light &
glare.
Radiation
a. Ionizing - X-rays,gamma rays,beta particles, alpha
particles
b. Non-ionizing - microwaves, infrared, and ultra-violet light
Noise – Auditory & non auditory effect.
Vibration – hazardous in the frequency range of 10-
14. Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Tuberculosis – particularly among
Healthcare Workers
Asthma – among persons exposed to
organic dust
Blood-borne Diseases – HIV/AIDS
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Tetanus
Leptospirosis
15. 4. Psychosocial hazards
Work-related stress – excessive working
time and overwork
Violence – from outside the organization
Bullying – emotional and verbal abuse
Sexual Harassment
Mobbing
Burnout
Exposure to unhealthy elements –
tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol
16. MSDs and work-related psychosocial factors
such as high workload/demands, high perceived
stress levels, low social support, low job control, low
job satisfaction and monotonous work.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
• can affect the body’s muscles, joints, tendons,
ligaments and nerves. As well as the back, neck,
shoulders and upper limbs; less often they affect
the lower limbs.
• develop over time and are caused either by the
work itself or by the employees' working
17. Psychological hazards
basically causing stress to a worker. This
kind of hazard troubles an individual very
much to an extent that his general well-
being is affected.
Psychological reactions
the individual may feel frustrated,
impatient, anxious or irritable. If the
situation is not addressed, the individual
may become unmotivated, depressed
18. Psychological causes
Directly related to the job itself: overwork,
poor work organization, poor opportunity
for promotion, low job responsibility and
boring work.
Outside pressures: financial problems,
family difficulties, transport difficulties.
Problems with work colleagues: conflict or
bullying.
19. Psychological Hazards resulting from stress & strain:
Depression
Discouragement
Boredom
Anxiety
Memory loss
Dissatisfaction
Frustration
Irritability
Discouragement
Pessimism
21. 4. Mental health:
GOALS:
To promote health and happiness of workers.
To detect signs of stress and strain and take necessary
measures.
Treatment of employees suffering from mental
illnesses.
Rehabilitation of those who become ill.
5. Measures for women and children.
6. Family planning services
7. Health education.
22. 1. Pre –placement examination.
2. Periodical health check up.
3. Medical and health care facilities.
4. Supervision of work environment.
• Water supply , food, general plant cleanliness
• Toilet. Proper garbage & waste disposal.
• Sufficient space.
• Lighting.
• Ventilation.
• Protection against hazards.
5. Notification
6. Maintenance and analysis of records.
7. Health education and counseling.
Editor's Notes
It is about health at work place.About health problems arising from work and their preventionAbout promoting and maintaining the health of the working population.
Physical hazards.-
Heat – Direct & indirect effect of
high temperature, radiant heat, heat stagnation.
Comfort zone – 20 -27 degree C.
Light- Acute & chronic effect of bright & dim light & glare.
Radiation – ultra violet, ionizing: x-rays, radio isotopes- cobalt 60, phosphorus 32.
Permissible level of radiological exposure – 6 rem / year.
Noise – Auditory & non auditory effect.
Vibration- hazardous in the frequency range of 10- 500Hz
Chemical hazards
A. Local action: - irritants, sensitizers,
B. Inhalation:– Dusts – organic , Inorganic
Gases – Simple asphyxiants : Methane, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide.
Chemical asphyxiants : CO, Hydrogen sulphide, HCN
Irritant gases: Ammonia, SO2,
Anesthetic gases: Chloroform, Ether, Trichloroethylene.
Metallic compounds:
Ingestion :
Metallic compounds : Arsenic, Antimony, Beryllium, Chromium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, Manganese, Zinc.
Cold: General & local cold injury general –hypothermia – numbness, loss of sensation, desire to sleep, hallucination, coma, death.
Trench foot [ wet – cold injury] in temp above freezing point, Frost bite –[ Dry - cold injury] below freezing point, tissues freeze and ice crystals form between the cells, leads to tissue damage in prolonged exposure, part may need amputation.
Prevention: adequate clothing. Affected part can be warmed using water at 44 deg. C, WARMING FOR 20 MIN. AT A TIME, DRINKING HOT FLUID.
Heat stroke: Failure of heat regulating mechanism. temp – upto 110 deg F [ 44 deg. C, Skin dry, hot , no perspiration, delirium, convulsions partial / complete loss of consciousness, death in 40 % cases if not treated in time. TREATMENT : Rapid cooling of body in ice water till rectal temp falls to 39 deg C [ 102 deg F.]
Heat hyperpyrexia : This is also due to impaired functioning of temp regulation mechanism but less severe than H. stroke.
Heat exhaustion: Milder condition due toinadequate replacement of water and salt due to excessive perspiration / sweating. Occurs afterseveral days of exposure to high temp. Body temp may be normal or mod. High, not more than 102 deg F. – DIZZINESS, WEAKNESS, FATIGUE. Treatment NORMALISING FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Heat cramps : occur in people who are doing heavy muscular work in high temp.
5. Measures for women and children.
Developing embryo is more susceptible to noxious agents than the xposed mother.
Females are less suited for some tasks and pregnancy put certain limitaions on work capacity.
Females tend to restrict their nourishment in difficult economic circumstances.
Infant mortality is higher among the children of women employed in industries.