2. 2
By the end of this lectures students
should be able;
• Differentiate between hazard and
risks
• Describe the Classifications of
occupational health and safety
hazards
• To Identify the occupational health
and safety hazards in various
workplaces
• Discuss the range of hazards in
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
3. 3
Hazard: is a condition or set of circumstances that has a
potential of causing harm or contributing to injury or
death.
Safety hazards: hazards that can cause accidents, injuries,
and sometimes even death
Heath hazards: those hazards that can cause occupational
disease or illness
Risk: A combination of likelihood that injury or damage
to people’s health, or property will occur and the severity
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
4. 4
Planning and Design (people involved in
planning and design activities may create
hazards)
Production and Distribution (production,
process, distribution can result in hazards)
Maintenance and Repair (hazards may come
from insufficient, delayed and improper
maintenance)
Communication (poor communication or
failures in communications can introduce
hazards)
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
6. 6
Classification of dangerous chemicals
Carcinogens
Corrosion
Oxidizing
Harmful
Very toxic and toxic
Irritant
Highly flammable
Explosive
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
7. 7
Hazard warning signs and symbols
Source: Barbara A. Plog, Fundamentals of
Industrial hygiene, 4th. Edition, 1996
8. 8
These are agents that cause cancer
These can be identified in epidemiological
studies
They include: Asbestos, Benzene, Rubber
Manufacture, Coke Oven Emissions, Lead,
Chromium, Wood Dusts, Vinyl Chloride,
Chloroform, DDT, Beryllium, Asbestos,Cadmi
CARCINOGENS
9. 9
1. Asphyxiation
2. Systemic intoxication
3. Pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease
due to inhalation of dust usually in mines)
4. Cancers
5. Irritation
6. Mutagenicity
7.Teratogenicity
EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
10. 10
• Extremes of temperature
• Ionizing radiation
• Non ionizing radiation
• Excessive noise
• Vibrations
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
11. 11
Any living organism with potential to caus
e harm to humans
They can be transmitted via inhalation, co
ntact, ingestion and Injection
They include:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Mold
Protozoa
Animals and insects
BIO HAZARDS (BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS)
13. SELECTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND OCCUPATIONS
Agent / Disease Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever,
diphtheria, smallpox
May be contracted anywhere
Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed to heat
and organic dusts, and medical
personnel
Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers of
carcasses, skins, hides, or hair of
infected animals, including wool carpet
carpet processors and handlers.
Ringworm (in horses, cattle,
deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)
Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,
breeders of cats and dogs, and other
animal handlers
Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or anyone in
contact with manure.
Psittacosis (in parrots, parakeets,
pigeons, ducks, turkeys,
chickens, etc.)
Pet shop personnel, gardeners,
housewives, veterinary surgeons, and
researchers.
13
14. SELECTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND OCCUPATIONS
Agent / Disease Occupation
Hookworm Miners, agricultural
laborers, planters of sugar,
tobacco, tea, rice and
cotton, and brick and
tunnel workers.
Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats,
rats, pigs, cats)
Veterinarians, letter carriers,
laboratory research
workers, agricultural
workers.
Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers,
animal handlers 14
15. BODY FLUIDS WITH HIGH VIRAL LOAD
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and cervical mucus
Breastmilk
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
15
16. 16
In summary exposure to Biohazards can be thro
ugh;
Laboratory research
Hospitals
Laundry
Housekeeping
Health care
Diet
Contact with the skin
EXPOSURES TO BIO HAZARDS
17. 17
There are numerous psychosocial factors, which
operate at workplace.
These are the human relationships among
workers themselves and those in authorities over
them.
Examples of psychosocial factors include:-
The type and rhythm of work.
Work stability.
Sexual and other forms of harassment
Job satisfaction.
Leadership style.
Security.
Workers` participation and communication.
Motivation and incentives.
PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
18. STRESS
Manifestations of Stress
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Indigestion
BEHAVIORAL
Drug use
Alcohol intake
Heavy smoking
Impulsive emotiona
l behavior
Poor work & family
relationship
Social isolation
Family abandonme
nt
Sleep problems
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Fatigue
Anxiety
Tension
Irritability
Depression
Boredom
Inability to concentrat
e
Low esteem
18
19. • Ergonomics, also known as human
engineering or human factors
engineering.
• The science of designing machines,
products, and systems to maximize the
safety, comfort, and efficiency of the
people who use them.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
19
20. • As result of improper designing of work
systems.
• May cause musculoskeletal injuries.
• The main areas of concern for ergonomic
hazards include:
• equipment layout and operation
• lifting, pushing and pulling (manual
handling)
• systems and computer programs
• task, job and workplace design
• workstation design and height.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
20
27. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Occupational diseases are adverse health conditions in the
human being, the occurrence or severity of which is
related to exposure to factors on the job or in the work
environment.
Such factors can be:
Physical: e.g. heat, noise, radiation
Chemical: e.g. solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dust
Biological: e.g. tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV
Ergonomic: e.g. improperly designed tools or work areas,
repetitive motions
Psychosocial stressors: e.g. lack of control over work,
inadequate personal support
Mechanical: these mainly cause work accidents and
injuries rather than occupational diseases.
27
28. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Occupational diseases are slow to
develop, less dramatic and even less
obvious.
Due to their gradual effects they do
not receive publicity.
Losses attributable to occupational
diseases over time are more difficult
to describe compared to injuries.
28
29. MOST COMMON OCC DISEASES
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)
Pneumoconioses (mining operations)
Respiratory eg. Occupational asthma (paints)
Occupational dermatoses (skin disorders)
MSDs (lack of ergonomics)
Psychiatric disorders (post-traumatic stress), drug
abuse
Hepatitis B and C, TB, HIV, anthrax, etc (health
care, vet)
Occupational cancer (chemical, pesticides, dyes)
Cardiovascular disorders
Gasto-intestinal disorders
Visual disorders
Neurological disorders
Reproductive disorders 29
30. SUMMARY
There is an unlimited number of hazards that
can be found in almost every workplace.
These include both obvious unsafe working
conditions and insidious, less obvious hazards.
Hazards often are built into the workplace.
Therefore, workplace managers must ensure
that hazards are removed, rather than trying
to get workers to adapt to unsafe conditions.
The most effective accident and disease
prevention begins when work processes are
still in the design stage, when safe conditions
can be built into the work process.
30
31. ACTIVITY
Read and make notes about identification
of occupational health and safety hazards
Discuss the different occupational hazards
in your workplace.
31
Editor's Notes
Risk- chance that harm (illness, injury, disorder, impairment) will arises due to exposure to an occupation hazard