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Hepatitis and macrovascular
- 1. Liver dysfunction – hepatitis M.Manjuladevi II M.Sc home science
- 2. hepatitis
- 3. Definition • Inflammation of the liver caused by virus or bacterial infections or continuous exposure to alcohol ,drugs or toxic chemicals. • Result from autoimmune disorder, in which the body mistakenly sends disease fighting cells to attack its own healthy tissue. • Liver reduces the ability to perform life- preservation function.
- 4. Types of hepatitis • Toxic hepatitis • Alcohol hepatitis • Viral hepatitis
- 5. Toxic hepatitis Definition •It can be caused by drugs, alcohol and intestrial toxins and plant poisons. Clinical manifestation •Anorexia •Nausea •Vomitting •Lethargy
- 6. Alcohol hepatitis • It may be acute or chronic. • It is also reversible and is the frequent cause of people with cirrhosis. • It is caused by parenchymal necrosis resulting from heavy alcohol consumption
- 7. Risk factors of alcoholic hepatitis
- 9. What is viral hepatitis • Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease with a primary inflammation of the liver by any one of a heterogeneous group of a hepatotropic viruses. • In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses that can also be cause liver inflammation includes Herpes simplex, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus or Yellow fever
- 10. Common symptoms
- 11. Types of hepatitis Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis D virus Hepatitis E virus
- 16. Hepatitis A virus • Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet • Only consume food that has just been cooked • Only drink commercially bottles water, or boiled water if you are unsure of local sanitation • Only eat fruits that you are somewhere sanitation is unreliable • Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned/ disinfected thoroughly • Get s vaccine for hepatitis A if you travel to places where hepatitis may be endemic symptomsPrevention
- 18. Hepatitis B virus symptoms •Tell the partner if you are a carrier if try to find out whather he/she is a carrier •Practice safe sex •Only use clean syringes that have not been used by anyone else •Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments •Have a hepatitis B serious of shots if you are at risk • only allow well sterilized skin perforating equipment (tattoo, acupuncture, etc) Prevention
- 20. Hepatitis C virus symptoms •Is not preventable but certain measure are taken to get relief from it. •Later discussion detail. Prevention
- 22. Hepatitis D virus symptoms •Use the same guidelines as for hepatitis B . •Only a person who is infected with hepatitis B can become infected with hepatitis D Prevention
- 24. Hepatitis E virus symptoms •Do the same as you would to product yourself from hepatitis A infection . Prevention
- 25. macrovascular
- 26. Macrovascular Diseases • Insulin resistance, which may precede the development of T2DM and macrovascular disease by many years, induces numerous metabolic changes known as the metabolic syndrome. • It is characterized by intra-abdominal obesity or the android distribution of adipose tissue (waist circumference greater than 102 cm [40 in] in men and greater than 88 cm [35 in] in women) and is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and increased prevalence of macrovascular complications. • Other risk factors include genetics, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, renal failure, and microalbuminuria.
- 27. Macrovascular Diseases(cont..) • Macrovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), and cerebrovascular disease are more common, tend to occur at an earlier age, and are more extensive and severe in people with diabetes. • Persons with diabetes have the CVD risk equivalent as persons with pre- existing CVD and no diabetes. • Furthermore, in women with diabetes the increased risk of mortality from heart disease is greater than in men, in contrast to the nondiabetic population, in which heart disease mortality is greater in men than in women.
- 28. Dyslipidemia • Patients with diabetes have an increased prevalence of lipid abnormalities that contribute to higher rates of CVD. • In T2DM the prevalence of an elevated cholesterol level is about 28% to 34%. About 5% to 14% of patients with T2DM have high triglyceride levels; also, lower HDL cholesterol levels are common. • Persons with T2DM typically have smaller, denser LDL particles, which increase atherogenicity even if the total LDL cholesterol level is not significantly elevated. • Lifestyle intervention, including MNT, weight loss through reduced energy intake and increased physical activity, and smoking cessation always should be implemented. • Evidence is inconclusive for ideal amount of total fat intake; fat quality may as important as quantity .
- 29. Dyslipidemia(cont..) • Diet should be focused on reduction of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol and increased intake of omega-3 fat (in food, not as supplements), viscous fiber, and plant stanols/ sterols (Diabetes Care 2015). • In people with T2DM, a Mediterranean- style, MUFA-rich eating pattern may benefit glycemic control and CVD risk factors. • Other CVD nutrition recommendations for people with diabetes are the same as for the general public. • The most current AHA/ACC recommendations are for use of the DASH diet eating pattern . • Statin therapy is added to nutrition therapy, regardless of lipid levels, for persons with diabetes .
- 30. Hypertension • Hypertension is a common comorbidity of diabetes, with about 67% of adults with diabetes having blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher or using prescription medications for hypertension. • Treatment of hypertension in persons with diabetes should be vigorous to reduce the risk of macrovascular and microvascular disease. • Blood pressure should be measured at every routine visit with a goal for blood pressure control of less than 140/80 mm Hg. • MNT interventions for persons with hypertension include weight loss, if overweight; DASH-style eating pattern ; reducing sodium intake and increasing potassium intake; moderation of alcohol intake; and increased physical activity .
- 31. Hypertension(cont..) • The recommendation for the general population to reduce sodium to less than 2300 mg/day is also appropriate for people with diabetes and hypertension. For individuals with both diabetes and hypertension, further reduction in sodium intake should be individualized. • Consideration must be given to issues such as the availability, palatability, and additional cost of low sodium food products. • Pharmacologic therapy for hypertension includes either an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); however, multiple drug therapy is generally required .