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Safety by Design: An Overview of Considering Construction Safety in Engineering Design
- 2. Overview The Concept Examples International and US Initiatives Barriers Tools SbD in Practice Implementing SbD Candid discussion
- 3. Typical Annual Construction Accidents in U.S. Nearly 200,000 serious injuries 1,000 deaths
- 4. What is Safety by Design? Aka Designing for Construction Safety The process of considering construction site safety and health in the design of a project Designing for safety constructability
- 5. Prevention through Design “Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” (NIOSH)
- 6. What Safety by Design is NOT Having designers take a role in construction safety DURING construction. An endorsement of future legislation mandating that designers design for construction safety. An endorsement of the principle that designers can or should be held partially responsible for construction accidents.
- 7. Accidents Linked to Design1,2 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000- 2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA 42% of 224 fatalities in U.S. between 1990-2003 In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began 1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept” (2005) 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
- 8. Ethical Reasons for SbD National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics: Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. American Society of Civil Engineers’ Code of Ethics Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering decisions ….
- 9. Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most Payoff Conceptual Design Detailed Engineering Procurement Construction Start-up High Low Ability to Influence Safety Project Schedule 1 Szymberski (1987)
- 11. Sustainability’s Social Equity Pillar Do not our duties include minimizing all risks that we have control over? Do not we have the same duties for construction workers as for the “public”? Is it ethical to create designs that are not as safe as they could (practically) be?
- 12. Benefits of Safety by Design Reduced site hazards fewer injuries and fatalities Reduced workers compensation premiums Increased productivity Fewer delays due to accidents during construction allow continued focus on quality Encourages designer-constructor collaboration
- 15. DfCS Process1 Design Kickoff Design Internal Review Issue for Construction External Review Trade contractor involvement • Establish design for safety expectations • Include construction and operation perspective • Identify design for safety process and tools • QA/QC • Cross- discipline review • Focused safety review • Owner review 1 Gambatese
- 16. SbD Practices Around the Globe Designers first required to design for construction safety in the United Kingdom in 1995 (revised 2007) Other European nations have similar requirements Australia also leading in SbD http://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/HealthSafety/SafeDes ign/Understanding
- 17. National Initiatives OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable DfCS Workgroup (began 2005) NIOSH NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD Workgroup and Prevention Through Design National Workshop (July 2007) ASCE-CI Prevention through Design Committee
- 18. Barriers Like many good ideas, SbD faces a number of barriers that will likely slow its adoption. Potential solutions to these barriers involve long-term education and institutional changes.
- 19. Barrier: Designers' Fear of Liability Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for worker safety. Potential solutions: Clearly communicate we are NOT suggesting designers should be held responsible for construction accidents. Develop revised model contract language. Propose legislation to facilitate DfCS without inappropriately shifting liability onto designers.
- 20. Barrier: Increased Designer Costs Barrier: SbD processes will increase both direct and overhead costs for designers. Potential solution: Educate owners that total project costs and total project life cycle costs will decrease.
- 21. Barrier: Designers' Lack of Safety Expertise Barrier: Few design professionals possess sufficient expertise in construction safety. Potential solutions: Add safety to design professionals’ curricula. Develop and promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for design professionals. Disseminate SbD tools.
- 22. Design for Construction Safety Toolbox Created by Construction Industry Institute (CII) Interactive computer program Used in the design phase to decrease the risk of incidents Over 400 design suggestions
- 23. Safety by Design Checklists Item Description 1.0 Structural Framing 1.1 Space slab and mat foundation top reinforcing steel at no more than 6 inches on center each way to provide a safe walking surface. 1.2 Design floor perimeter beams and beams above floor openings to support lanyards. 1.3 Design steel columns with holes at 21 and 42 inches above the floor level to support guardrail cables. 2.0 Accessibility 2.1 Provide adequate access to all valves and controls. 2.2 Orient equipment and controls so that they do not obstruct walkways and work areas. 2.3 Locate shutoff valves and switches in sight of the equipment which they control. 2.4 Provide adequate head room for access to equipment, electrical panels, and storage areas. 2.5 Design welded connections such that the weld locations can be safely accessed.
- 24. Websites
- 27. Constructability Tips for Steel Design Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety published by the National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America
- 28. The Erector Friendly Column Include holes in columns at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offs Locate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor Provide seats for beam connections
- 29. Avoid hanging connections Design connections to bear on columns
- 31. Provide enough space for making connections
- 32. Know approximate dimensions of necessary tools to make connections
- 33. Design Builders who Practice SbD URS/Washington Group Jacobs Parsons Fluor Bechtel Photo credit: Washington Group
- 35. Bechtel’s Steel Design Process Temporary access platforms Lifting lugs Shop installed vertical brace ladders Bolt-on column ladders & work platforms
- 38. Brace Lifting Clips and Rungs
- 39. Owners who are moving towards SbD Southern Company Intel Harvard University U.S Army Corps of Engineers
- 41. Three Steps towards SbD 1. Establish an enabling culture 2. Establish enabling processes 3. Secure clients who value lifecycle safety Culture Processes Clients
- 42. Establish a Lifecycle Safety Culture Instill the right safety values Secure management commitment Ensure all employees are motivated 1. Professional Codes of Ethics 2. Payoff data
- 43. Establish Enabling Processes Provide designers with safety training Ensure designer-constructor interaction Provide designers with DfCS tools
- 44. Secure Clients who Value Lifecycle Safety Design-Builders less dependent on clients’ safety values International clients favorable Industrial clients favorable Negotiated projects in other sectors offer opportunity to educate clients
- 45. Summary Safety by Design is the right thing to do and the smart thing to do Significant barriers are slowly eroding Steel design has a fantastic design tool Large design-builders and owners are implementing SbD Three first steps to implementing SbD
- 46. Questions for You Do engineers and detailers have a ethical responsibility to consider erector safety if they are able? Are the potential benefits of performing safety by design outweighed by the liability risks? Should AISC have a policy regarding safety by design (either for or against)? Do most engineers and detailers possess the knowledge needed to perform safety by design? Should project owners demand safety by design on their projects?
- 47. Thanks for Listening Questions? Comments? Let’s talk! For more information: mike.toole@bucknell.edu www.designforconstructionsafety.org
- 48. Five SbD Trajectories1 1. Increased prefabrication 2. Increased use of less hazardous materials and systems 3. Increased application of construction engineering 4. Increased spatial investigation and consideration 5. Increased collaboration and integration 1 Toole and Gambatese, Journal of Safety Research, 2008
- 49. Implications of the 5 Trajectories Designers need knowledge of construction safety and construction processes More safety in architectural and engineering curricula Engineering licensure requirements Designers need to become better gatherers and communicators of project safety information For example: existing site utilities, availability of prefabricated components, likely methods to be used, working clearances.
- 50. Implications for Education of Design Engineers Shift in mindset Holistic view Exposure to SbD fundamentals Training in system-specific SbD opportunities Engineering course-specific SbD modules
- 51. Implications for Contracting New contract terms needed Design-Bid-Build typically hinders collaboration during design Design-Build and Design+Negotiated construction better facilitate collaboration
- 52. Implications for Use of Information Technology IT represents efficient means for providing designers with information needed to perform SbD Manufacturers must make SbD information available All entities will need IT to facilitate communication, collaboration, integration
Editor's Notes
- Need to acknowledge John Gambatese publication as source? This graphic depicts the typical DfCS process. The key component of this process is the incorporation of site safety knowledge into design decisions. Ideally, site safety would be considered throughout the design process. It is recognized, however, that a limited number of progress reviews for safety may be more practical. The required site safety knowledge can be provided by one or more possible sources of such safety constructability expertise, including trade contractors, an in-house employee, or an outside consultant. In the future, perhaps state and federal OSHA employees may provide such expertise. One question that sometimes is raised is whether the work product of a DfCS project looks different from that on standard projects. For now, the answer is “no.” That is, drawings and technical specifications on DfCS projects will likely at least initially look the same as typical documents, but they will reflect an inherently safer construction process. Eventually, it is hoped that construction documents resulting from a DfCS process will include safety enhancing details and notes that are not currently found on standard plans and specifications.
- Americans generally consider themselves ahead of the rest of the world with regards to managing the safety of workers, but in designing for construction safety, the U.S. is lagging. Australia and several countries in Europe have had DfCS-related laws and/or initiatives for several years. The United Kingdom passed into law the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM), which became effective in 1995. Other European countries have since followed with similar regulations. The CDM regulations place requirements for addressing construction worker safety and health on design professionals. The crux of the CDM regulations affecting the design profession is that they place a duty on the designer to ensure that any design avoids unnecessary foreseeable risks to construction workers. Two specific examples from the CDM text are: Designers shall “ensure that any design…includes among the design considerations adequate regard to the need (i) to avoid foreseeable risks to the healthy and safety of any person at work carrying out construction work….” and “The design shall include “adequate information about any aspect of the project or structure or materials … which might affect the health and safety of any person at work carrying out construction work….”
- The University of Wisconsin at Whitewater has developed a construction safety curriculum.
- Martin Jung at Jacobs: Driven by EU operations but now corp. focus for value as part of “Beyond Zero” being marketed. Has Safety in Design intranet, with newsletters, checklists, contacts. He and safety personnel do review at 60% stage. Design engineers receiving 10 hour osha training. Andy Peters at Parsons: PtD is mostly project based for clients such as DOE and USACE, but trying to make corp. wide. Their CEO challenged them to be the industry safety leader and Andy knows PtD is needed to take them to that level. Will roll out in April. They are seeing PtD required in RFPs, especially in Middle East. Nancy Kralik at Fluor: Design engineers have been added to HSE groups. PtD being incorporated into checklists and processes, starting with maintainability issues and in fire protection, control systems. Martin Reifschneider at Bechtel: Bechtel insists on doing nearly all structural steel tasks—design, detailing, sometimes erection—for control, efficiency and safety. Have developed own erection safety guidelines that overlap but exceed NEA/NISD guidelines, such as work platforms. Use of PtD hasn’t spread to other trades yet.
- Southern Co: Developed project/equipment-specific and engineering discipline-specific checklists for maintenance that have grown to include construction safety. Safety and construction personnel required to be involved in several design stages. Engineers being trained in safety. Intel: Has lifecycle safety checklist for all projects. Willing to make major footprint changes, as we saw by adding new floor. Ellen Stewart at USACE: Intentions but progress limited by focus on completing revised EM 385. PtD and safety promotion to engineering and construction groups and 3 hours of training. She hopes to add anchorage points design to EM 385, processes.
- The American Heritage® Science Dictionary defines trajectory as “The line or curve described by an object moving through space.” It is a deterministic concept, that is, it presumes the state of an object at any point in time reflects completely a set of antecedent causes. A classical problem in physics is to calculate the trajectory of a moving body, such as a projectile fired from a cannon. If one knows the initial velocity and direction of the projectile and environmental variables such as wind, one can calculate when and where the projectile will land. Social science constructs such as innovation have also been discussed as following trajectories (Dosi 1992, Toole 2001). The concept of trajectories can also be applied to gain insights into how CHPtD may evolve. Using the analogy of a projectile, if we know the initial direction of the CHPtD projectile (that is, the underlying concept or goal), the initial velocity (the current publication rate and breadth of professional organizations promoting CHPtD), and the environmental conditions (the engineering design task and process, the construction task, and the structure of the EPC industry), we can better predict how CHPtD may evolve as it is diffused within the industry.
- Another implication of the growth of CHPtD is that design professionals will need to become better information gatherers and communicators on project-related information that they currently do not sufficiently address. This change matches well with the vision of civil engineers as “master innovators and integrators” in the Vision 2025, which was recently communicated by the American Society of 2025 (ASCE 2007). Project information needs includes site utility data from owners and municipalities, technical data on prefabricated components, and trade-specific safety input from contractors. For example, designers will need to establish procedures for communicating with prefabricators before projects are awarded in order to ensure their designs lend themselves to prefabrication whenever possible. These necessary capabilities point at the need for designers to embrace and invest in innovation, particularly information technologies. Owner clients will need to play a role in facilitating this project collaboration by allowing alternative delivery methods that are more conducive to collaboration than is the traditional design-bid-build method. Contractors on design-bid-build projects are typically not chosen until well after design is completed, which is why the needed communication about hazards between designers and builders cannot occur. Owner clients also need to facilitate collaboration by budgeting for project information technology infrastructures that promote efficient collaboration and integration.