The presentation is about the Hazardous waste and its disposal methods and its treatment options and safety measures, types and sources of the hazardous waste and characteristics of HW and transportation of HW and storage of HW and TSDFs and types of landfill site selection and types of secure landfill, etc...

1. HAZARDOUS
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

2. Contents -
◦ Introduction
◦ Sources of hazardous waste
◦ Characteristics
◦ Transportation Hazardous waste
◦ Storage of Hazardous waste
◦ Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)
◦ Types of hazardous waste
◦ Treatment of hazardous waste
◦ Disposal Methods
◦ Secure landfill
◦ Types of liner system in landfills
◦ Effects of Hazardous waste
◦ Conclusion

3. What is Hazardous waste
A solid or liquid waste, because of its quantity, concentration,
physical, chemical and biological or infectious characteristics,
which pose a substantial potential hazard to human health or
environment when improperly treated, stored, transported or
disposed…

4. Sources of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste sources include –
◦ Industry
◦ Institutional establishments
◦ Household wastes
◦ Research laboratories
◦ Mining sites
◦ Mineral processing sites
◦ Agricultural facilities

5. Characteristics Of Hazardous Waste
These are some of the important
characteristics of the Hazardous waste

6. ◦ Ignitability
◦ Liquids with a flash point–the lowest temperature at which fumes above waste ignite–of
60 degrees
◦ Corrosivity
◦ Corrosive substances have the ability to eat through containers which can cause
cause leakage of harmful materials. A corrosive liquid has a pH of less than or equal
equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, or has the ability to corrode steel. Some
Some examples of corrosive materials includes hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

7. ◦ Reactivity
◦ Explosion risk
◦ Unstable, and routinely experiences violent change without detonating
◦ Potential for explosive mixture or violent reaction when combined with water
◦ Toxicity
◦ Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed, eg -(Lead, mercury etc)

8. Listed Wastes
◦ F-listed wastes are from non specific sources
◦ K-listed wastes are from specific sources
◦ U-listed wastes are toxic wastes
◦ P-listed wastes are acutely hazardous wastes

10. Transportation of Hazardous waste
◦ Hazardous waste is generally transported by truck over public
highways. Only a very small amount is transported by rail, and
almost none is moved by air or inland waterway. Highway
shipment is the most common because road vehicles can gain
access to most industrial sites and approved TSDFs.
◦ Note – TSDFs - Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF)

12. ◦ While transportation of the Hazardous waste the waste bags or the containers must be labelled
with the respective characteristics of the waste which is being transported in the vehicle or railway
cars.
◦ You must register with your environmental regulator as a waste carrier if you transport:
◦ construction and demolition waste produced by your own business
◦ any waste produced by another business.
◦ The hazardous waste must be separated by other wastes

13. Storage Of Hazardous Waste
◦ Hazardous waste is commonly stored prior to treatment or disposal, and must
be stored in containers, tanks, containment buildings, drip pads, waste piles, or
surface impoundments that comply with the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.
◦ It is a temporary storage area which is then sent for treatment & disposal

14. ◦ Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills
◦ A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and
leachate collection systems.
◦ Storage is permitted for a certain period, unless SPCB exceeding the time
period of storage in the facility
◦ It should be monitored 24/7 for leakages, to prevent pollution
◦ Landfills are excavated or Engineered sites where non-liquid hazardous waste
is deposited for final disposal and covered. These units are selected and
designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardous waste into the
environment.

15. ◦ Land treatment units use naturally occurring soil microbes and sunlight to
treat hazardous waste
◦ Workers must wear PPE kits to ensure direct exposure of the vapours from
the waste

16. TSDF

17. Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities
(TSDFs)
◦ Treatment facilities use various processes (such as incineration or oxidation) to alter the
character or composition of hazardous wastes
◦ Some treatment processes enable waste to be recovered and reused in manufacturing settings,
while other treatment processes dramatically reduce the amount of hazardous waste.
◦ Storage facilities temporarily hold hazardous wastes until they are treated or disposed off
◦ Disposal facilities permanently contain hazardous wastes.
◦ The most common type of disposal facility is a landfill, where hazardous wastes are disposed
off in carefully constructed units designed to protect groundwater and surface-water
resources.

18. Types Of Hazardous Waste
1. Nuclear waste
2. Industrial waste
3. Universal waste
4. Medical waste
5. Household waste
6. Construction waste
7. Electronic waste

19. Treatment Of Hazardous Waste
There are 5 types in which hazardous waste can be treated –
1. Physical Treatment
2. Chemical Treatment
3. Biological Treatment
4. Thermal Treatment
5. Disposal Method

20. Physical Treatment
◦ Involves variety of separation techniques
◦ Whenever a waste containing liquid & solid must be treated
◦ Physical processes includes –
◦ Screening
◦ Sedimentation
◦ Centrifugation
◦ Flotation
◦ Adsorption
◦ Stripping
◦ RO

21. Chemical Treatment
◦ Chemical methods include –
◦ Chemical precipitation
◦ Chemical oxidation and reduction
◦ Neutralization
◦ To reduce the hazard of a particular waste chemical method is applied.
◦ To make the complete breakdown of hazardous waste into Non-toxic form.
◦ Chemical treatment transforms waste into less hazardous substances using such techniques
as pH neutralization, oxidation or reduction, and precipitation. These procedures involve
the use of chemical reactions with the help of various chemicals to convert hazardous
waste into less hazardous substances.

22. Solidification and stabilization
1. Solidification is the process in which certain materials are added that leads to
the production of solids
2. Stabilization is the process by which a waste is converted to more chemically
stable form. It involves the chemical reaction which transforms the toxic
component to a new non-toxic compound

23. Thermal Treatment
◦ It involves 2 processes
◦ Incineration – it is a term commonly used to describe all systems of burning
carried out in a multi chambered incinerator
◦ Temperature of secondary chamber – 1100 C and residence time is 1to 2 seconds
◦ Pyrolysis – it is the chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating
in the absence of oxygen
◦ Temperature – 425-760 C

24. Biological Treatment
1. Composting
2. Anaerobic and aerobic treatment
◦ Composting – Recycling of waste into organic fertilizers

25. ◦ Aerobic Treatment – under proper condition micro organisms grow, they need carbon and
energy source, nutrients such as, nitrogen, phosphorous, and a source of oxygen.
◦ Temperature and PH must be controlled
◦ Toxic substances should be removed
◦ Anaerobic treatment - Anaerobic treatment is a proven and energy-efficient method for
treating industrial wastewater. It uses anaerobic bacteria (biomass) to convert organic
pollutants or COD (chemical oxygen demand) into biogas in an oxygen-free environment.
◦ Different types of microorganisms are used for degradation of specific compounds of
hazardous waste
◦ some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge have been tested in the degradation of organic
chemicals

26. Disposal Methods
◦ The options for disposal includes land disposal, underground disposal and deep well injection
◦ Choice of disposal method should be based on evaluation of the economics and potential
pollution.
◦ To prevent Environmental pollution from landfill, its essential that site selection are take into
account
◦ Hazardous wastes that are not destroyed by incineration or other chemical processes need to
be disposed of properly. For most such wastes, land disposal is the ultimate destination

28. Secure landfill
◦ Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide at least 3
metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and
the underlying bedrock or groundwater table.
◦ A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate collection
systems.
◦ The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above
each liner.
◦ The upper system prevents the accumulation of leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower
serves as a backup.
◦ Collected leachate is pumped to a treatment plant. In order to reduce the amount of leachate
in the fill and minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover
is placed over a finished landfill.

29. Disposal facility
Inside the underground
disposal facility

30. Types of liner system in landfills
Liners may be described as -
◦ Single (also referred to as simple)
◦ Composite,
◦ Double liners.

31. ◦ A Single liners consist of a clay liner, a geosynthetic clay liner, or a geomembrane (specialized plastic
sheeting).
◦ Single liners are sometimes used in landfills designed to hold construction and demolition debris
◦ A Composite liner consists of a geomembrane in combination with a clay liner
◦ Composite-liner systems are more effective at limiting leachate migration into the subsoil than either a
clay liner or a single geomembrane layer
◦ Composite liners are required in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills.
◦ A double liner consists of either two single liners, two composite liners, or a single and a composite
liner
◦ The upper (primary) liner usually functions to collect the leachate, while the lower (secondary) liner acts
as a leak-detection system and backup to the primary liner
◦ Double-liner systems are used in some municipal solid waste landfills and in all hazardous waste
landfills.

32. Effects of hazardous waste on human health
◦ Headache
◦ Skins burns
◦ Respiratory problem
◦ Heart diseases
◦ Cancer
◦ Genetic mutation, etc

33. Effects of hazardous waste on Environment
◦ Global warming
◦ Air pollution
◦ Water pollution
◦ Contamination pollution
◦ Soil pollution, etc

34. Conclusion
◦ On the basis of the study, it is recommended that hazardous waste
should be produced as in little quantitates as possible.
◦ The laws and regulation formulated for the treatment and disposal of
hazardous waste should be strictly implemented and followed.
◦ They should be recycled or treated properly and if they are non
biodegradable then disposed in a way that they do not cause any
damage to our health and environment.

36. Sources -
◦ https://axil-is.com/effects-of-hazardous-
waste/#:~:text=The%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%20in,Difficulty%20breathing
◦ http://ce561.ce.metu.edu.tr/files/2013/11/liner-1.pdf
◦ https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/tsdf05.pdf
◦ https://www.britannica.com/technology/hazardous-waste-management#ref72398
◦ http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/tsdf.html
◦ https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/18488
◦ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262536356_Solid_and_Hazardous_Waste_Management
◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmLhY7f8WxQ
◦ Google images and other references…

37. Thank you for your patience
◦ Made by :-
◦ Manideep Reddy - 210190113501
◦ Trupti Thakre H - 210190113508
◦ Shivani sengar - 210190113507
◦ Suhasi Patel - 210910113510
◦ Dipali Patel R – 21090113503
◦ Aashvi Patel - 210190113502