Chapter 7 "Audio"

1. Chapter 7

2. The vision must be followed
by venture. It is not enough
to stare up the stairs. We
must step up the stairs.
Vance Havner

3. I. Microphones
A. Frequency and Amplitude
1. Frequency
a. Hertz (Hz)
b. cycles per second
2. Amplitude

4. B. Pickup Patterns
1. Omnidirectional
2. Unidirectional*
a. cardioid
b. bidirectional
c. highly directional*

5. 3. Miking arrangements*
a. monaural
b. stereo
c. cross-pair
d. mid-side
e. surround sound (5.1*)

7. C. Construction
1. Dynamic
2. Ribbon*
3. Condenser
a. battery
b. phantom power

8. D. Positioning Possibilities
1. Lavaliere/lapel*
2. Hand mics
3. Table/floor
4. Boom mics
a. perambulator

9. b. giraffe
c. fishpole
5. Boundary mic (PZM)
6. Shotgun mic
(parabolic reflector*)
7. Headsets

10. II. Outboard Equipment
A. Recording*
1. Signal-to-noise ratio
2. Sampling
B. Digital Equipment
1. Servers, hard drives, and
external hard drives

11. 2. MP3 devices
3. CD players
4. DAR and DAT
5. Digital audio workstations
(DAWs)

12. C. Analog Equipment
1. Turntables
2. Cartridge recorder

13. III. Cables And Connectors
A. Types of Cables
1. Fiber optics
2. Balanced cables
3. Unbalanced cables

14. B. Types of Connectors
1. XLR connectors
2. BNC connectors
3. Phone connector (TRS)
4. Mini-phone connector
5. RCA connector

15. 6. USB connectors
7. HDMI connectors*
8. CAT-5 connectors*
C. Patch Bays and Routers
D. Care of Cables and
Connectors

16. IV. Audio Consoles
A. Types of Consoles
1. Analog
2. Digital
B. The Basic Console

17. C. Board Functions
1. Powering
2. Inputting
a. mic feed
b. line feed
c. trim/gain*

18. 3. Shaping
a. equalization
b. filter
c. pan knob
d. compressor
e. limiter
f. digital delay

19. 4. Mixing
5. Isolating
a. solo
b. mute
c. cue/audition

20. 6. Outputting
a. master fader
b. submaster faders
c. auxiliary sends
7. Monitoring
a. volume unit (VU) meter

21. b. light-emitting diodes
(LED)
c. peak
i. decibel (dbs)
ii. distortion
iii. clips

22. V. Speakers
A. Program Monitor
B. Air Monitor

23. VI. Recording Quality Sound
A. Choose the Right Mic
1. Pop filter
2. Proximity effect
B. Position It Properly: Know
and Use the Inverse Square
Law

24. C. Check and Recheck
D. Provide Presence and
Perspective
1. Presence (off-mike/
off-axis*)
2. Perspective

25. E. Be Ready to Troubleshoot:
Phasing (Three-to-One
Rule)
F. Adjust to Achieve the
Right Balance
G. Pay Close Attention

27. Excellence is the gradual
result of always striving
to do better.
Pat Riley
Basketball Coach