Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma webinar progressive horticulture 8.7.2020 copy

Hortalk – 22
(Progressive Horticulture Webinar)
Dr. M. K. Verma
Principal Scientist (Fruit Science)
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology,
ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi -110012
Temperate Fruits :
Challenges & Opportunities
8th July, 2020

Temperate Fruits :
Challenges and Opportunities
Dr M. K. Verma, ARS (1995), FIAHS, FISNS, FISHRD, FSHRD
Principal Scientist (Fruit Science)
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology
ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi -110012

• Produce higher biomass than field crops per unit area resulting
in efficient utilization of natural resources,
• Highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus
eliminate poverty level,
• Have potential for development of wastelands through planned
strategies,
• Need comparatively less water than food crops,
• Provide higher employment opportunity,
• Important for nutritional security,
• Environment-friendly,
• High value crops with high potential of value-addition,
• Have high potential for foreign exchange earnings and
Why Temperate Fruits????

Important Temperate Fruit Crops

Global scenario and India’s share in area and production in
major temperate fruit crops
Fruit
crop
Area (000’ha)
%
share
Production (000’ha)
% shareWorld India World India
Almond 2071.88 11.00 0.53 3182.90 14.00 0.44
Apple 4904.30 301.00 6.14 86142.19 2327.00 2.70
Apricot 548.73 5.62 1.02 3838.52 20.45 0.53
Blueberry 109.27 0.00 0.00 682.79 0.00 0.00
Cherries 432.31 3.54 0.82 2547.94 10.95 0.43
Cherry Sour 215.00 0.00 0.00 1529.00 0.00 0.00
Chest nut 612.87 0.00 0.00 2353.82 0.00 0.00
Grapes 7157.65 139.00 1.94 79125.98 2920.00 3.69
Hazel nut 966.19 0.00 0.00 863.88 0.00 0.00
Kiwi fruit 247.10 4.00 1.62 4022.65 12.00 0.30
Olives 10513.32 0.05 0.00 21066.06 0.10 0.01
Peach 1712.42 19.00 1.11 24453.42 121.00 0.49
Pear 1381.92 43.00 3.11 23733.77 306.00 1.29
Pistachio nuts 1167.35 0.00 0.00 1375.77 0.00 0.00
Plum 2649.03 24.00 0.91 12608.67 89.00 0.71
Quince 82.94 0.00 0.00 688.66 0.00 0.00
Strawberry 372.36 1.00 0.27 8337.09 5.00 0.06
Walnut 1159.48 113.00 9.75 3662.51 317.00 8.66
Total - - 10.56 - - 11.36
Almond, 11.00
Apple, 301.00
Apricot, 5.62
Blueberry, 0.00 Cherries, 3.54Cherry Sour, 0.00
Chest nut, 0.00
Grapes, 139.00Hazel nut, 0.00
Kiwi fruit, 4.00
Olives, 0.05
Peach , 19.00
Pear, 43.00
Pistachio nuts,
0.00
Plum, 24.00
Quince, 0.00
Strawberry, 1.00
Walnut, 113.00
India'sshare in global area ofmajor temperate fruitcrops
Almond, 0.44
Apple, 2.71
Apricot, 0.53
Blueberry, 0
Cherries, 0.43
CherrySour, 0
Chest nut, 0
Grapes, 3.7
Hazel nut, 0
Kiwi fruit, 0.3
Olives, 0.0005
Peach , 0.5
Pear,
1.29
Pistachionuts, 0
Plum, 0.71
Quince, 0
Strawberry, 0.06
Walnut, 8.66
India’s sharein globalproduction ofmajortemperate fruit
crops

Present Scenario of
Total Fruit Production (FAO, 2020)
World
• Area : 68.05 m Ha
• Production : 867.77 m MT
• Productivity : 12.75 t/ha
India
• Area : 7.21 m Ha
• Production : 98.72 m MT
• Productivity : 13.69 t/ha
India’s Share
• 10.56% area
• 11.38% production
• 7.37% higher over world (aggregate)
Temperate Fruits (Major fruits and nuts)
Area : 448.78 (000’ ha) – 6.25% share in India’s fruit production area
Production : 3178.78 (000’ MT) – 3.18% share in India’s fruit production
Yield : 5.55 t/ha (Maximum in plum 8.37 & apple 7.73; minimum in apricot & cherry)
: 1.07 t/ha (dry nuts)

• Present temperate fruit production - 31.8 lakh tones (4.49 lakh ha)
• Total demand - 50 lakh tones
• Deficit of temperate fruits and nuts in the country -18 lakh tones.
• The demand of temperate fruits and nuts by 2025 – 60 lakh tones.
1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Uttarakhand
4. Arunachal Pradesh and
other North Eastern
States
Major Temperate Areas in India
1
2
3
4

Wide gap in the productivity levels…Challenge?
India India Global
average
yield
(t/ha)
Advanced
Country (s)
average
yield (t/ha)
Prospects
(scope to
increase
yield by)
Fruit
crops
Area
(000 ha)
Production
(000' MT)
%
share*
Yield
(t/ha)
Almond 10.00 11.00 0.35 1.10 1.53 4.24 (USA) 4- times
Apple 301.00 2327.00 75.06 7.73 17.56 39.48 (USA) 5- times
Apricot 5.62 15.95 0.51 2.83 6.99 12.76 (Italy) 6- times
Cherry 3.54 10.95 0.35 3.09 5.89 9.08 (USA) 3- times
Grapes* 139.00 2958.00 NA 21.28 11.05 21.28 (India) NA
Kiwi fruit 4.00 13.00 0.42 3.25 16.27 35.78 (NZL) 10- times
Peach 19.00 121.00 3.91 6.37 14.28 19.55 (USA) 3- times
Pear 44.00 318.00 10.26 7.22 17.17 38.99 (USA) 5- times
Plum 30.03 251.38 8.10 8.37 4.75 14.13 (USA) 2- times
Walnut 31.55 32.50 1.05 1.03 3.15 4.32 (USA) 4- times
Source: FAO, 2020
* Not included
• Apple 75% production
• 97% from 4- fruits : apple, pear, peach, plum

Growth in fruit crops during last 6 decades (1961-2018)
in India
Fruit crop Area
(000' ha)
Production
(000' MT)
Productivity
(t/ha)
1961 2018 1961 2018 1961 2018
Apple
445.00 301.00 185.0 2327.0 4.15 7.73
Apricot
2.90 5.62 2.75 15.96 8.00 5.62
Cherry
1.20 3.54 2.50 10.95 3.00 3.09
Grape
4.40 139.00 70.00 2920.00 15.90 21.00
Peach
10.00 38.55 43.00 278.41 4.30 7.22
Pear
54.09 44.00 6.97 318.00 3.30 7.22
Plum
3.00 30.03 11.00 251.39 3.66 8.38
Walnut
14.00 31.55 12.00 32.50 0.85 1.03
-1000.00 0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Grape
Peach
Pear
Plum
Walnut
% change area
0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Grape
Peach
Pear
Plum
Walnut
% change production

Almond
441.12
657.77
186.25
156.82
57.98 42.19 36.94 20.05 11.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
Area (000' ha)
1872.50
339.02
117.27139.0379.80100.0069.88 34.41 14.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
2000.00
Production (000’ MT)

Apple
2071.67
117.84 161.79 174.69 140.28
55.06
301
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
China USA Poland Turkey Iran Italy India
Area (000' ha)
39235.01
4652.51 3999.52 3625.96 2519.25 2414.92 2327
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
18.94
39.48
24.72
20.75
17.95
43.86
7.73
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Productivity (t/ha)

Apricot
125.76
38.69
57.97
35.50
17.81
5.62
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Turkey Uzbekistan Iran Algeria Italy India
Area (000' ha)
750.00
493.84
342.49
242.24 229.02
15.95
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
Turkey Uzbekistan Iran Algeria Italy India
5.96
12.76
5.91
6.82
12.85
2.83
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Productivity (t/ha)

Sweet Cherry
155.93
90.29
10.95
137.26114.79106.58
639.56
312.43
172.03
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
30.17
16.21
3.54
17.02
29.15 27.36
84.08
34.39
12.16
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Area (000' ha)
5.16 5.57
3.09
8.06
3.93 3.89
7.60
9.08
14.14
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Productivity (t/ha)

Grapes
China,
13494.81
Italy, 8513.64
USA,
6890.97
Spain,
6673.48France,
6198.23
Turkey,
3933.00
India, 2920.00
Argentina,
2573.31
Chile, 2500.00
Iran, 2032.03 S. Africa,
1901.73
Australia,
1663.55

Olive
Spain, 9819.56
Italy, 1877.72
Morocco,
1561.46
Turkey, 1500.46
Greece, 1079.08
Algeria, 860.78
Tunisia, 825.46
Egypt, 768.17
Syria, 400.00
USA, 138.59

Peaches and nectarines
826.32
38.54
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Area (000' ha)
Area (000'ha)
China Italy Greece Spain USA Iran India Brazil Canada

Plum
6801.17
251.38
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
China Romania Serbia USA Iran Turkey India Italy Spain

Balance of Trade (BOT) or Trade deficit related to temperate fruits
Fruit crop Export
(1000 $)
Import
(1000 $ )
BoT (Trade deficit)
Almond 3,085 800,889 -797,804 (I)
Apple 3,684 307,663 -303,979 (II)
Apple processed 99 9,278 -9,179
Apricot 136 118 18
Apricot dry 147 24,840 -24,693
Sweet 15 980 -965
Cherry sour 0 359 -359
Chest nut 2 0 2
Craneberries 3 4 -1
Currants 175 0 175
Fig 448 0 448
Fig dry 337 101,277 -100,940 (V)
Grape 275,887 10,957 264,930 (III)
Grape juice 54 1,179 -1,125
Grape Raisin 33,807 76,362 -42,555
Grape wine 8,721 24,093 -15,372
Hazel nuts 8 686 -678
Kiwi fruit 1 34,317 -34,316
Olive 5 0 5
Olive preserve 71 5,481 -5,410
Olive oil 90 53,642 -53,552
Peach 0 398 -398
Pear 4 1,8459 -18,455
Pistachios 0 135,091 -135,091 (IV)
Plum 8 5,147 -5,139
Quince 38 0 38
Strawberries 7 88 -81
Walnut 14,946 61,230 -46,284
• Total value of export: 3,41,778 (000$)
• Total value of import: 16,72,538 (000$)
• Negative trade deficit: 13, 30, 760 (000 $)
• Imports are 5- times more than export.
• Maximum imported item, almonds
followed by apple, pistachios, fig, raisins,
walnut, olive, kiwi fruit, grape wine and
dry apricots.
• Maximum exported items, grapes
followed by raisins, walnut, grape wine,
apple and almonds.
• Prospects to increase the exports in
grapes and its products, apple,
walnut, apricot, kiwi fruit, pear, peach,
plum, sour cherry, chest nut and
quince.

Concerns of Temperate Fruits ???
• Small Production • Low Productivity
Total Prodn
can be
enhanced
through
Horizontal
expansion
Prodty can
be
improved
through
Vertical
expansion

Challenges Facing Temperate Fruit Industry
 Limited land and water resources
 Monoculture of old and traditional
cultivars,
 Limited varietal spectrum
 Non adoption of high density orcharding.
 Lack of certified quality planting
material raised on clonal or true to type
uniform seedling rootstocks.
 Less use of clonal rootstocks
 Lack of systematic plantation of nut
crops because of non availability of
planting material.
 Inadequate proportion of pollinizers, and
lack of pollinator population,
 Senile orchards,
 Lack of adoption of Good Horticultural
Practices (GHP),
 Poor mechanization
 Lack of integrated approaches for pre and
post harvest disease and insect
management,
 Inefficient post harvest handling and
packaging infrastructure;
 Lack of proper storage and transportation
facilities and infrastructure,
 Lack of orchard protection strategies
from climate change and other inclement
weather conditions,
 Competition from imported apple,
almond, kiwi and other fruits and nuts.
 Poor global marketing network through
internet.
 Scarcity of skilled manpower

Opportunities related to Temperate Fruits
• Higher productivity and farm income
• Huge market demand (domestic and international) : 138 crore population, Negative trade
deficit: 13, 30, 760 (000 $).
• Increasing awareness about nutritional value of fruits created round the year demand in every
house hold.
• Fast increasing economy improved the purchasing power.
• Diversification and optimum utilization of resources/ regions.
• Opportunities for small holders
• Waste land utilization
• Resilience to climate change and carbon sequestration.
• Scope of processing, packing, storage, value addition and transportation are the sectors to
provide employment.
• Export and import of the of temperate fruits is a high income generating sector.
• Employment generator : Need more skilled manpower
• Huge potential in nursery business

Name of the State Locations Approximate range
of elevation (amls)
Fruit crops that can be
successfully tried
Arunachal
Pradesh
Kameng, Siang, Trirap
and Lohit
District
900-4000 m Apple, Peach, Plum, Pear
Apricot, Walnut, Chestnut,
Cherry.
Meghalaya Central plateau-Khasi and
Jaintia
hills districts.
950-1900 m Plum, Pear, Peach, Apricot,
Persimmon.
Manipur Sekmai, Maram, Tadubi,
Mao,
Ukhrul, Tengnoupal.
900-2000 m Peach, Plum. Pear, Apricot,
Persimmon.
Nagaland Mokokchung, Wokha
Tuensang,
Kohima. Phek districts.
1000-3000 m Peach, Plum, Pear, Apricot.
Sikkim West, East and North
Districts
1000-4000 m Apple, Pear, Kiwi
Prospects of growing temperate fruits in in different states of
North Eastern India.

31
Young
Plantations
of Apple in
Dirang
under North
East Council

32
Young Kiwi Plantations in Tawang, West Kameng and Ziro Districts under
NEHTM

• Use of high yielding varieties: productivity can further be increased from 5.55 t/ha to 11 t/ha.
• Diversification in fruit crops (Minor and unutilized fruits)
• Adoption of high density orcharding on clonal rootstocks in HDP. – 5-10 fold increase
• Pollination management (apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, walnut).
• Use of efficient irrigation including fertigation technologies. – inc. 30-40%
• Integrated nutrient management with focus on organic farming/biofertilizer application for
eco-friendly nutrition as long term strategy.
• Integrated pest management with focus on biological control & use of biopesticides
• Harvest management practices & post harvest handling, processing, value addition and
scientific storage.
• Production of true to type/certified quality planting material.
• Establishment of bud banks of superior genotypes
• Adoption of modern market management practices
Strategies for increasing temperate fruit production

Yield (t/ha) advantage
Crop (variety) Traditional HDP % advantage
Apple (Jonathan) 30 (5x5m) 68.75 (3x0.75m) 129.17
Apricot (Tyrinthos) 13-20 (6x6m) 64.40 (4.5x1.5m) 290.30
Cherry (Van) 6-9 (8x5m) 16.0 (4x2m) 28.45
Kiwifruit (Hayward) 25 (5x5m) 37 (4.5x1.5m) 80
Almond (Tuono) 3.0 (5.0x5.0m) 5-10 (5x2.5m) 150
Walnut (Tulare) 3 (10x10m) 7.8 (6.1x3m) 160
Singh, 2006

Apple
Variety Root-stock Training system Spacing
(m)
Density
(trees/ha)
Yield (t/ha) Reference (Country)
Empire M-26 Y-trellis 2.1 x 3.7 1283 275.0 Robinson et al. 1991
COE Red
Fuji
M.26 Vertical axis 0.75x1.
5
8889 135.30 (5th
Yr)
CITH, 2013-14
Mollies Delicious M-9 Head and spread 0.75 x 1.5 8889 126.33 (5th Yr) CITH, 2012-13
Red Delicious M-26 Y-trellis 2.4 x 4.3 961 122.0 Robinson et al. 1991
Mollies Delicious M-9 Modified leader 0.75 x 1.5 8889 108.33 (5th Yr) CITH, 2012-13 (India)
COE Red Fuji M-9 Espalier 1.5 x 3.0 2222 95.36 (5th Yr) CITH, 2012-13 (India)
COE Red Fuji M-9 Vertical Axis 0.75 x 1.5 8889 93.82 (5th Yr) CITH, 2012-13 (India)
Royal Delicious MM 106 Modified leader 2.5 x 3.5 1143 67.73 (10th Yr) CITH, 2012-13 (India)
Marshal McIntosh M-9 Slender spindle 1.7 x 4.0 1429 60.0 Wunsche and Lasko 2000 (USA)
Golden Delicious M-9 Central leader 1.5 x 3.0 2222 47.4 (8th yr) CITH, 2010 (India)
Red Spur Standard Modified Leader 4.0 x 4.0 52.5 CITH, 2012-13 (India)
Vista Bella M-9 Central leader 1.5 x 3.0 2222 42.5 (8th yr) CITH Annual Report, 2010
Golden Delicious MM-106 Central leader 2.5 x 3.5 1143 39.5 (8th yr) CITH, 2010 (India)
Mollies Delicious M-9 Central leader 1.5 x 3.0 2222 35.5 (8th yr) CITH, 2010 (India)
Red Fuji EMLA-111 Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 16.9 (9th Yr) Bhatia & Kumar, 2009 (India)
Scarlet Gala EMLA-111 Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 15.6 (9th yr) Bhatia & Kumar, 2009 (India)
Oregon Spur MM-106 Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 13.2 (7th yr) Verma, 2009 (Unpublished) (India)
Red Chief & Silver Spur MM-106 Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 12.6
(7th Yr)
Verma, 2009 (Unpublished) (India)

High density plantation under drip irrigation at CITH, Srinagar
Starkrimson Silver Spur

Productivity potential of some indigenously
developed apple cultivars
Cultivar Year of release Av. Yield
(kgs/tree)
Yeild
(Mt/ha)
Lal Ambri 1973-74 150-160 35-40
Sunheri 1973-74 64-72 16-18
Akbar 2000-01 160-170 40-45
Firdous 1995 50-60 12-15
Shireen 1995 50-60 12-15
Gulshan 2001-02 119-120 29-30

Superior apple cultivars and rootstocks identified
S. No. Type Varieties
1 Spur type and
semi spur
Red Chief, Red Spur, Ruby Red, Hardi Spur, Sturdee Spur,
WellSpur, Super Red Chief, Stark Spur Red, Spur Type Red
Delicious, Bright-n-Early, Oregon Spur, Starkrimson.
2 Colour strains Top Red, Hi Red, Vance Delicious, Hardeman
3 Low chilling Tropical Beauty, Schlomith Michal, Maayan. Vered, Tamar, Anna,
Naomi
4 Scab resistant Priscilla, Sir Prize, Macfree, Freedom, Coop 12 and Coop 13,
Firdous and Shireen are indigenously developed scab resistant
cultivars
5 Varieties of
promise
Fuji, Red Fuji, Gala, Scarlet Gala, Gala Mast, Granny Smith,
Breaburn, Jonagold, Empire, Criterion.
6 Processing
cultivars
Delicious, Granny Smith, Liberty, Rome Beauty, York Imperial,
Stayman Winesap, Northern Spy, Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prise,
Freedom, Redfree, Summer Red, McIntosh, Maharaji, Prima.
7 Indigenously
developed
varieties
Lal Ambri, Sunhari, Firdous, Shireen, Akbar, Chaubatia Princess,
Chaubattia Anupam, Chaubattia Agrim, Chaubattia Swarniam,
Chaubattia Alanker, Chaubattia Anurag, Ambred, Ambrich,
Ambroyal, Ambstarking
8 Root stocks M-7, M-9, M-26, M-27, MM-106, MM-109, MM-111 and EMLA-
106.

Future requirement
Development of designer trees/model plants
with balanced shoot and root growth for
maximizing productivity
Golden ScentinelScarlet Scentinel

Pear
Variety RS Training
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield (t/ha) Reference
Abbe Fetel Quince
clone (MC)
V-shape 3.6 x 0.50 5555 262.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Musacchi et al. 2005
(Italy)
Abbe Fetel Quince
clone (MC)
Vertical
axis
3.6 x 0.50 5555 257.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Conference Quince
clone (MC)
V-shape 3.6 x 0.50 5555 181.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Doyenné du
Comice
Quince
clone (MC)
Vertical
axis
3.6 x 0.35 7936 132.0 After
7th year
cumm.
Conference Quince-A Y-trellis 4.0 x 1.50 1666 47.5 -

Peach
Variety Rootstock Training system Spacing
(m)
Density
Tree/ha
Royal Giant Nema
guard
V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 353.0 USA
Flavour Crest Nema guard V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 206.0 USA
Baby Gold-5 Nema guard V-shape 2.0 x 5.5 909 169.0 USA
Cresthaven Nemaguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 47.26 (6th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Glohaven Nemguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 42.99 (6th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Red Globe Nemaguard Tatura trellis 2.5 x 2.5 1600 41.12 CITH, Annual Report, 2013-14
Glowhaven Standard V-Shape 3.0 x 3.0 1111 40.08 (5th Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2012-13
Fantasia Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 20.6 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Red Globe Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 16.86 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Red Globe Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 15.77 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Cresthaven Standard Modified leader 2.5 x 2.5 1600 13.8 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Glohaven Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 13.22 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Fantasia Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 12.12 (3rd Yr) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)
Cresthaven Standard Modified leader 3.0 x 3.0 1111 10.89 (3rd Year) CITH, Annual Report, 2010 (India)

Plum
Variety Rootstock Training
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Reference
(Country)
Simca Nemaguard Central
Leader
2.0 x 5.5 909 169.8 -
Mallard St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 95.1 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Opal St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 77.6 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Elda St. Julian A Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 53.0 Meland, 2005
(Norwey)
Mariposa Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 27.26
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15
AU-Cherry Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 23.99
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15
Tarrol Standard Modified
leader
5. 0 x 5.0 625 23.40
(9th leaf)
CITH Annual
Report, 2014-15

Apricot
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Reference
CITH-AP-3 Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 23.64
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
leader
5 x 5 625 23.02
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
leader
5 x 5 625 19.06
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
Harcot Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 18.20
(10th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15
Rival Standard Modified
leader
5 x 5 625 17.51
(7th Yr)
CITH, 2014-15

CITH Apricot-1 CITH Apricot-3
CITH Apricot-2

Sweet cherry
system
Spacing
(m)
Density
(Trees/ha)
Bing Gisela-6 Palmette 2.6 x 4.9 864 27.1 (9 yr) Whiting et al. 2005 (USA)
Bing Gisela-6 Central
leader
2.6 x 4.9 864 25.8 (9 yr ) Whiting et al. 2005 (USA)
Bing Gisela-6 Y-trellis 2.6 x 4.9 864 23.9 (9 yr ) Whiting et al. 2005 (USA)
Van Damil Y-trellis 0.5 x 4.0 5000 14.5 Meland, 1998 (Norway)
Summit Tabel
Edabriz
V-shape 0.7 x 3.8 3759 19.3 (6th yr) Radunic et al. 2011 (Croatia)
CITH-Cherry-07 Colt Modified
centre
3.0 x 3.0 1111 14 (12 yr) CITH Annual Report 2014-
15 (India)
CITH-Cherry-09 Colt Modified
centre
3.0 x 3.0 1111 13 (12th yr) CITH Annual Report 2014-
15 (India)
CITH-01 Colt Modified
centre
3.0 x 3.0 1111 12.5 (12th yr) CITH Annual Report 2010
(India)
CITH-02 Colt Modified
centre
3.0 x 3.0 1111 11.0 (12th yr) CITH Annual Report 2010
(India)

Cherry varietal variability
Bing
Stella Van
ReginaRanierLapin
Lapinus CITH-Cherry-21
CITH-Cherry-19
CITH-Cherry-1 CITH-Cherry-2 CITH-Cherry-5

Almond
Variety Rootstock Training system Spacing
(m)
Density
(trees/ha)
Supernova Seedling V-shape 2.5 x 5.0 800 24.5 (cummu.
Yield 10 yrs)
Monastra et al. 1998
Ferragnus Seedling V-shape 2.5 x 5.0 800 23.5(cummu.
Yield 10 yrs)
Monastra et al. 1998
Waris Seedling Modified leader 3.5 x 3.5 816 3.24 (12th Yr) CITH, 2012-13
Non Pariel Nemaguard Standard 3.0 x 6.6 500 3.28 Duncan R., Univ.
California (USA)
Non Pariel Hensin Standard 3.0 x 6.0 500 3.63 Duncan R., Univ.
California (USA)
Pranyaj Seedling Modified leader 4.0 x 4.0 625 3.07 (12th Yr) CITH, 2012-13
Non Pariel Price Hedge row 2.2 x 6.7 667 2.45 Duncan R., Univ.
California (USA)
Pranyaj Seedling Modified Leader 4.0 x 4.0 625 2.94 (10th yr) CITH Annual Report
2010 (India)
Waris Seedling Modified Leader 4.0 x 4.0 625 2.78 (10th yr) CITH Annual Report
2010 (India)
IXL Seedling Modified Leader 4.0 x 4.0 625 2.58 (10th yr) CITH Annual Report
2010 (India)
Shalimar Seedling Modified Leader 4.0 x 4.0 625 2.37 (10th yr) CITH Annual Report
2010 (India)

Merced Waris Pranyaj Makhdoom
California Paper shell Non Pareil IXL Shalimar
Almond varietal variability

Medium density plantation
Spacing 4 x 4 m
Density – 625 trees/ha

Medium high density plantation
Spacing - 3.5x 3.5 m
Density – 816 trees/ha

High density plantation
Spacing - 3.0x 3.0 m
Density –1111 trees/ha

High density plantation
Spacing – 2.5 x 2.5 m
Density –1600 trees /ha
Year of planting- 2005

Low Chilling Temperate Fruits
• Apple
• Pear
• Peach
• Plum

• Dorsett Golden (250), Anna (300), Tropic Mac (300), Tropic
Sweet (300), 88-20 (375), Ein Scheimer (400), 60-39 (400),
Tamma, Neomi, Tropic Beauty, Gallia Beauty, Winter Banana,
Tame, Vered
Anna (300), Dorsett Golden (250),
Tropic Sweet (300),
Tropic Beauty, Winter Banana,
Low chilling Apple

Pear (Pyrus communis & P. pyrifolia)
• Patharnakh, Gola, Leconte, Keiffer, Smith, Baghugosha, China
Pear, Pineapple, Baldwin, Tenn, Flordahome, Ayers Hood, Orient,
Carnea, Tsu Li, Ya Li, P. calleryana (rootstock requires 400
chilling hours)
Flordahome,
Keiffer,
Ayers Hood,

Low Chilling peaches
Chilling Hours
(Hrs)
Cultivars
Less than 100 Okinawa (50), Red Ceylon (50),
100-150 UF Sun (100), FlordaGrande (100), Flordabelle
(110), Flordared (110), Flordawon (110),
FlordaPrince (150), FlordaGlo (150), Tropic Beauty
(150)
>150-200 UF Beauty (200)
>200-250 Sunred (210), Flordabest (250), UFO (250)
>250-300 UF 2000 (300), UF Blaze (300), Flordadawn (300),
Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325),
FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking (350),
Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)
>300-350 Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325),
FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking (350),
Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)

Chilling
Hours (Hrs)
Cultivars
>350-400 Gulfcrimson (400), Gulfprince (400), Sun Ripe (400),
Florda Home (400), La Festival (400), La Pecker (400), Rio
Grande (400)
>400-450 Tejan (420), Rechan (450), Tex Star (450)
>450-500 Whiterobin (500), Bonita (500), Sunfire (500), Ventura
(500), May Gold Su (500)
>500-550 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>550-600 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>600-650 Springtime (650), June Gold (650)
>650-700 Maygold (660), Junegold (660), Springtime (660), Armgold
(660), Suwannee (660),
Others Tropic Snow, Parbhat, Pratap, Khurmani, Sharbati,
Safeda Early Cream, Saharanpur Prabhat, Shan-i-Punjab,
Shaharanpur No. 6, Ranjit Bagh Early, Safeda (LR
Brothers), Shaharanpur Hybrid 3, China Flat, Babcock

Early Grande: introduced
variety, performs very well
under Punjab conditions.
• . 100 Chilling hrs.
Flordaprince: introduced,
suits to the Punjab
conditions.
• 150 chilling hrs
•'Red Ceylon
•Requires 50 hours of chilling,
•well-established in southern Florida
Tropic Beauty Tropic Snow

'Saharanpur‘–An early ripening, white-fleshed peach
hybrid was released from Saharanpur.
'Sharbati‘: selection released in 1950, chilling requirement
of 30 to 40 hours.
Shan-e-Punjab: is most popular cultivar due to larger
size, potential variety to grow under Ludhiana
conditions gave yield 8.5 t/ha.
Pant Peach-1: chance seedling from cv. Sharbati.
Pratap: selected for subtropical conditions in Punjab.
Fruit matures one week earlier (3rd week of April) than
that of Flordasun.

Babcock Bonita
Babcock:- Considered
the best all-around white peach,
low chill requirements of 350-400
hours.
It bears small to medium
freestone peaches, with light
pinkish skin, little fuzz, and white
flesh turning red near pit that
ripens in late June or early July.
Sweet with some tang,
Bonita: medium
to large peach with
light yellow skin that
has a deep red blush;
firm, yellow flesh with
good flavor; freestone.
Midseason harvest.

GULF KING Large clingstone
peach with small pits. Red
over gold skin and yellow
flesh. Firm, sweet flesh that
can ripen longer on the tree.
Ripens early May. Self-
pollinating. 350-400 chill
hours.
JUNEGOLD Late bloomer good
for frost pockets. Large freestone
peach with beautiful, red- blushed
skin and golden-yellow flesh.
Great for canning. Ripens in June.
Self-pollinating. 650 chill hours.

Nectarine (P. persica var.
nucipersica)
• Sunbest (225),
• Sunraycer (250),
• UF Royal (250),
• UF Queen (250),
• Sunmast (275),
• Sundollar, (350),
• Suncoat (375),
• Sunred
Sunraycer (250)
Sunmist (275) Sunred

Plum (Prunus salicina)
• Satluj Purple,
• Kala Amritsari,
• Jamuni Meeruti,
• Aloo Bokhara Peshawari
• Titron,
• Alucha Black,
• Titron Howe,
• Gulfruby,
• Gulfbeauty,
• Gulfblaze,
• Gulfrose
•Plum is also one of the potential fruit crop suitable to grow under
subtropical conditions.

‘Alu Bokhara: Under Amritsar (Punjab)
conditions the selection named as ‘Alu Bokhara
Peshawari’ showed its promise by producing.
Kala Amritsari: most popular cultivar in Punjab.
This is self-fruitful but yield improves if pollinated
with Titron..
Pant Plum-1: selection from the seedling
population It can be a dwarfing rootstock for
plum cultivars.
Satluj Purple: Tree is self-incompatible and must
be inter-planted with ‘Kala Amritsari’ as
pollinizder.

'Gulfbeauty' was released in
1998 from University of
Florida.
'Gulfblaze' released by the
University of Florida.
Gulfrose‘ 'Gulfruby'

Almond (Prunus dulcis)
• Achak (266),
• Desmayo Largueta (309), Ramillete (326),
• Marcona (435), Marta (478),
• Antoneta (514), Ferragnes (558)
• California Papershell, Hybrid 15, Pathick.s Wonder,
JKS-55, H-98,
California Papershell Marcona (435) Ferragnes

Strawberry
Ephedra fruits
Hipophae
tibetana
Podophyllum
fruits
Physallis fruits
Hipophae rhamnoides
PlumRose Hips
Caper Bush
fruits
Ribes fruits
Crop Diversification

: Best pickling but
used as double purpose 30-40%
Kalamata: Best variety for
table
Picual: Best variety for pickle
Coratina: Main oil producing
cultivar
Frontoio: Main oil producing
cultivar Coronaiki: Best variety for
oil

Scarcity of QPM
Produce and make available the
quality planting material
is the
…..challenge
……opportunity

• Jammu & Kashmir (20.0 - 25 lakh),
• Himachal Pradesh (15.0 -20 lakh),
• Uttarakhand (10.0- 12 lakh),
• North Eastern States (5.0 – 8.0 lakh).
• Total 50 – 65 lakhs
State wise planting material requirement of
temperate fruits
(only 40-50 % is met available in India)

Challenges faced in quality planting material
production
1. Lack of soil and irrigation facility
2. No budwood mother orchard/bank
3. No pedigree records
4. No rootstock banks
5. Plant protection measures
6. Skilled manpower
7. Lack of infrastructure
8. Improper implementation of nursery registration act

Use of promising rootstocks for mitigating abiotic stress and improving
productivity of high quality fruits
S.N
o
Crop Rootstocks Salient features
1 Apple EMLA 111/ MM 111 Suit to drought prone areas
EMLA.7/ M-7 Suit to sloppy, virgin lands, semi vigorous
EMLA.106/MM.106 Suit to sloppy, and less clay soils, semi
vigorous
EMLA 9/M9 For high density planting with assured
irrigation and deep fertile soils, very dwarf
M 779 For hilly areas of Uttarakhand and H.P.
2 Pear Quince-A Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
BA .29C Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
Quince - C Very dwarf
Quince - B Semi vigorous
3 Apricot Apricot seedling Vigorous, drought tolerant and compatible
Peach seedling Suitable for dry and light soils
4 Peach Peach seedling Vigorous and compatible
Gf-557 & gf-677 Drought tolerance
Siberarian-C * Rubia Dwarf

5 Plum Wild peach × Apricot seedling Seedling are vigorous
Myrobalan-B, Myrobalan-29C,
Myrobalan-GF-31, Marigona-
2621, GF-8/1
Clonal and semi vigorous, compatible
rootstocks
Pixy × st. Julian. K Dwarfing rootstocks
Peach ×Apricot seedlings Semi vigorous
6 Cherry Colt Semi dwarf
F-12/1 Vigorous
Mazzard and Mahales Vigorous
7 Almond Apricot, peach and almond
seedlings
Vigorous
Peach and almond hybrids GF-
557×GF-677
Semi dwarfing, good for high density
8 Walnut Walnut seedlings Vigorous

Important Exotic Collections of Pome and Stone Fruits
Fruits True temperate zone Mid to high altitute Mid hill to moderat
Apple Red Fuji, Red Co- Fuji,
Ambri, Red Delicious,
Golden Delicious, Oregon
Spur, Rich-a-Red,
Starkrimson, Red Chief,
Gala Spartan, Top Red,
Vance Delicious, Gold Spur,
Silver Spur, Royal Delicious,
Vista Bella, Gala Mast, Early
Red One, Scarlet Spur,
Scarlet Gala
Tydeman’s Early,
Mollies Delicious,
Starkrimson, Starking
Delicious, Red Delicious,
Rich-a-red, Granny-
Smith, Top Red, Red
Chief, Oregon Spur,
Golden Spur, Gold Spur,
Silver Spur, Vance
Delicious, Royal
Delicious,
Early Shanburry,
Chaubattia
Princess, Fanny
Benoni, Red
Delicious, Starking
Delicious, Oregon
Spur, Rich-a-Red,
Starkrimson, Red
Chief, Well Spur
Pear William, Kashmir Nakh,
Bagugosha, Beurre Hardy,
Max Red Bartlett, Red
Bartlett, Flemish Beauty,
Conference, Doyenne-du-
Comice, Anjou, Fertility.
China, Bartlett, Max
Red Bartlett, Flemish
Beauty,
Doyene du Comice,
William’s Bartlett,
Beurre Hardy,
Flemish Beauty

Raising of seedling and clonal rootstocks of apple Raising of seedling and clonal rootstocks of cherry
Grafted and budded plants ready for sale

Apricot Charmagz, Halman,
Rachkaikarpo, Nari,
Shakarpara, CITH-
Apricot-1 CITH-Apricot-
2 CITH-Apricot-3,
Harcot, Errani, Turkey,
Rival, Tilton,
Kaisha, Nugget, Castle,
Saffeida, Charmagz
Charmagz, Kaisha,
Moorpark, Turkey,
St. Ambrose
Plum Satsuma, Santa Rosa,
Burbank, Grand Duke,
President, Early Italian,
Frontier, Diurret, Friar,
Kelsey, Santa Rosa,
Titron, Satsuma,
Mariposa
Jamuni, Kelsey,
Santa Rosa, Titron
Peach July Elberta, Elberta,
Flordasun, Snowqueen,
Fantasia Nectarine,
Gloheaven, Red Globe,
Crest Heaven,
July Elberta, JH
Hale, Sharbati, Shan-
e-Punjab, Burbank,
Paradelux
Sharbati Safeida,
Flordasun, Shan-e-
Punjab

Sweet
Cherry
Black Heart, Bigarreau Noir
Grossa (Misri), Guigne Pour
Pora Pecoce (Awal), Bigarreau
Napoleon (double), Guigne
Pourpeara Prece, Bigarreau
Noir Grosse, Stella, Compact
Stella, Van and Bing
Black Tartarian,
Napoleon,
Lambert, Bing
Black
Heart,
Bedford
Prolific,
Black
Heart,
Almond Drake, Ne-Plus-Ultra,
Shalimar, Makhdoom,
California Paper shell, IXL,
Primorskij, Non Pareil,
Drake, IXL,
Mission, Ne-
Plus-Ultra
-
Walnut Suliman, Hamdan, CITH-W-1,
CITH-W-2, CITH-W-3, CITH-
W-4, CITH-W-5, CITH-W-6,
CITH-W-7, CITH-W-8, CITH-
W-9, CITH-W-10
Hartley,
Howard,
Chandler,
Blackmore
Local
Selection

Promising rootstocks and their characteristics identified for higher and
quality fruit production
S.N
o
Crop Rootstocks Salient features
1 Apple EMLA 111/ MM 111 Suit to drought prone areas
EMLA.7/ M-7 Suit to sloppy, virgin lands, semi vigorous
EMLA.106/MM.106 Suit to sloppy, and less clay soils, semi
vigorous
EMLA 9/M9 For high density planting with assured
irrigation and deep fertile soils, very dwarf
M 779 For hilly areas of Uttarakhand and H.P.
2 Pear Quince-A Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
BA .29C Standard rootstocks ,semi vigorous
Quince - C Very dwarf
Quince - B Semi vigorous
3 Apricot Apricot seedling Vigorous, drought tolerant and compatible
Peach seedling Suitable for dry and light soils
4 Peach Peach seedling Vigorous and compatible
Gf-557 & gf-677 Drought tolerance
Siberarian-C * Rubia Dwarf

Walnut propagation under low cost polyhouses

Hot Cable Callusing in walnut
• Advantages
– High success percentage (60-70%)
• Disadvantages:
– Temperature and humidity need to be maintained continuously

Walnut propagation under low cost polyhouse

Propagation under poly-house condition

Walnut bud-wood production under polyhouses

Bud wood bank of apple
Bud wood bank of almond
Bud wood bank of walnut

Disease Diagnosis (Molecular disease diagnosis)
• Early detection of disease
• More accuracy
• Virus elimination at early stage
• Prognosis of infection

Micro-propagation
• For production of large no. of disease free identical
plants
Micro-propagation protocols have been developed in number of
temperate horticultural crops like
 Apple
 Pear
 Peach
 Plum
 Cherry
 Walnut*
 Strawberry
 Apricot
* Refinement of protocols and hardening is under progress

• Effecting fruit production & productivity
• Need proper augmentation in desired proportion (11-33%)
• Bloom and colour synchronization between main varieties and
pollinizers is essential
• Pollinizers should be self fruit full
• Reciprocally cross compatible
• High bloom density
• Extended flowering
• Resistant to pests and diseases
• Must have commercial value.
Inadequate pollinizers and pollinating
insects (honey bees)

Early Bloomer: McIntosh, Black Ben Davis, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Manchurian,
Everest, Malus floribunda.
Mid Bloomer: Winter Banana, King of Pippin, Rus Pippin, Lord Lambourne, Yellow
Newton, Summer Queen, Snow Drift, Gloster, Red Gold, Red Flesh, Chestnut, Gala,
Spartan, Commercial, Dolgo, Cox orange Pippin, Yellow Transparent, York Imperial,
Jonathan, Winter Banana, Lodi.
Late Bloomer: Golden Delicious, Gold Spur, Rome Beauty, Granny Smith, Worcester
Pearmain, Golden Hornet, Starkspur Golden.
Crab apples as pollinizers: Crab apples are regular in flowering with high bloom index,
bears flowers on spurs as well as on one year shoots and have a long flowering duration,
bloom first on spurs followed by flowering on shoots. In India Manchurian crab,
Snowdrift, Golden Hornet and Japanese crab have been recommended as pollinizers.
Recommended pollinizer varieties

Placement of bee hives in orchard (A. cerana; A. mellifera) found to
increase fruit set and yield by 12-15 percent.
1. Orchards with <15% pollinizers = 8 hives
2. Orchards with >30% pollinizers = 2-3 hives
3. High density orchards = 5-8 hives(requires more numbers of
hives because of more plant density per unit area and higher
bloom density of spur type cultivars)
Management of pollinating insects (honey bees)

• Principle objective is to develop management
system i.e,
 Economically viable
 Productive
 Take care & safe gourds against all ill effects on ecology and
human health
 Follows integrated orchard management practices (IOMP) and
address all the orchard management aspects including
pomological, pathological and entomological problems.
Good Horticultural Practices (GHP)

• Orchard nutrition management
• Orchard floor management
• Orchard irrigation management
• Canopy management
• System approach for cost reduction
• Precision farming
• Organic farming
• Insect pests and disease management
• Orchard protection strategies
• Pre and post harvest practices
Components of GHP:

a. Orchard nutrition management
• Involves orchard hygiene,
• soil aeration,
• soil moisture conservation,
• weed growth restriction,
• soil drainage,
• Facilitate better interaction among soil micro organisms, nutrient
pool and organic matter.
b. Orchard floor management
• INM is important involving need based OM/composts, inorganic
fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, inter crops etc.
• Dose and application should be based on leaf and soil analysis
& age of the tree

• India has the largest irrigation system in the world but its water use
efficiency is not more than 40 percent.
• Water in the temperate region is a main limiting factor provides irrigation
only to 15-20% of the fruit area resulting in very low productivity
• Water harvesting and micro irrigation (drip/sprinkler) techniques and
mulching can save 40-70% of water and increase yields by 10-100%.
• Conventional system requires 3,840 litres/tree while drip system requires
1695 l/tree. On an average 90 litres/tree per irrigation by drip is required.
• Fertigation with water soluble fertilizers like ammonium nitrate, calcium
nitrate; urea, potassium chloride; potassium nitrate; potassium sulfate has
become important as it saves lot of nutrients;
c. Orchard irrigation management

• Proper canopy management leads to better light interception and
distribution at tree as well as orchard level
• Generally 70% light is intercepted by tree canopy and rest 30% strikes
orchard floor.
• More than 30% full radiation is beneficial for spur development and
flower initiation,
• 50-70% radiation exposure is good for fruit size and colour.
• Orchard with less than 30% light interception is low in productivity in
comparison to an orchard with 50-70% light interception.
• Traditionally modified and open centre training systems are practiced.
• High density plantation systems involves skill and therefore specialized
training system has to be adopted
d. Canopy management

1. Horticulture is a labour intensive farming
2. Production costs is going very high and the availability of labour during peak
operations has also become limited.
3. To reduce input and operational costs efficient input management through
drip irrigation, fertigation, ultra low volume power sprays, precision farming
and mechanization of all operations from planting till marketing are
important under intensive production system.
 Land preparation
 Nursery bed preparation
 Pit making
 Pruning
 Harvesting
 Plant protection
 Propagation:
 Cultural operations
 Drip irrigation and Fertigation
 Post harvest machinery and equipments
System approach for cost reduction

• High density planting,
• Proper training
• Canopy management,
• Precise application of water and nutrients through drip irrigation
increases productivity and fruit quality; shortens juvenile phase
and gives high early returns.
Precision farming
Traditional orchard system has larger plant spacing vigorous trees
Improper training and pruning have lead to wastage of manpower,
insecticides/pesticides and irrigation water.
High precision technologies make efficient use of land, light, water
and nutrients and facilitates ease of harvest

1. Health and other environmental problems, increasing day by day.
2. Demand for organically produced products is increasing
3. System emphasizes use of biological materials in combination with
agronomic methods for sustainable production by avoiding the use of
synthetic materials.
4. Organic farming restores our natural resources and safe guards our
environment and biodiversity.
5. Components of organic farming include maintenance and enhancement
of soil fertility through biological means; addition of organic manures;
use of soil micro organisms and utilization of biomass and crop residues;
management of pests and diseases through use of botanicals; biological
control agents; cultivation of inter crops; use of crop rotations; use of
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhyza (VAM) and Trichoderma etc. and other
methods of biological control of pests and diseases.
Organic farming:

6. Global trade in organic farming has crossed 30 billion US$
7. India could be a bigger beneficiary of this boom.
8. The rainfed natural farming and use very low chemical inputs in raising apples in India provide
great scope and can be considered under organic farming regime for earning higher income
and export promotion.
9. In certain high altitude areas of J & K, H.P. and Uttarakhand apples are grown with minimum
application of synthetic chemicals.
10. Advantages of natural farming need to be propagated and popularized in the region for taking
advantages of international markets for which Identification of potential varieties of apple for
organic farming is required.
11. Guidelines for organic product/processing as per IFOAM (International Federation of Organic
Agriculture Movement) and NPOP (National Program for Organic Production) and
development of package of practices involving various components needs to be worked for
promoting organic culture.
12. Uttarakhand has taken a lead and promoting organic farming in a large way by introducing
various schemes and subsidies.
13. The other hill states too having greater advantage can exploit the opportunity on scientific line
to take advantage of export market.

• Causing 30-40% losses in yield.
• Impairing quality
• Effective eco-friendly management is most essential for increasing
production and productivity
Insect, pests and diseases and their management
Insect and pests Diseases
Sanjose scale Scab
Aphids Powdery mildew
Woolly aphid Leaf spot
Peach leaf curling aphids Brown rot
Stem and root borer Gummosis
Tent cater pillar Canker
Codling moth
European red mite
White grub

• Integrated approach
Cultural, biological and
chemical control
Most appropriate for
producing residue free fruits
and their value added
products
 Predict appearance for insect pests and diseases
 Effective control possible as and when needed.
 Possible to provide timely advise to farmers for taking appropriate measures.
 VENTEM (Scab warning system) PODEM (apple powdery mildew warning system)
are available
• Weather based forecasting models

Impact of climate – Inclement
weather conditions and
temperate fruits

Impact of climate change in Himalayan states
(Erratic climate/ climate change)
 Variation in temperature
rise is visible (1980-2009)
 Early melting of glaciers
and floods
 Change in cropping
pattern/systems
 Warmer and extended
winters – erratic changes
 Erratic and reduced
winter precipitation and
snowfall
 Depletion of ground
water and water scarcity
0
1
2
J&K
UA
HP
1.89
1.51
1.37
Riseinannualmean
temperatureby(oC)
This formerly
paddy land has
been
converted into
an orchard in
Khan Sahib

Shift in apple cultivation
towards higher altitude
and cold arid areas
 Shift in ecological zones
 Majority of the apple
orchards in UK have
become unproductive
over the year – low
chilling (?)
 Incidence and
resurgence of insect and
diseases of horticultural
crops
Apple production in Ladakh
(Future potential area)
Unproductive orchards
in lower altitudes in
U.K.
Fruit bearing
peach trees in
U.K.

 Mechanical damage
during active growing
stage directly
responsible for canker &
gummosis
Hail storms and low
temperature during
spring – common
phenomenon now.
Crop failure in high
chill fruit crops under
low altitutes
 Dry spell during late
spring and early
summers
Early blooming of fruit blossoms and
flowers due to warmer temperatures
during February and March in Kashmir has
been damaging fruit produce as sudden
late snows in February and March
devastate blossoms

Effect on flowering
 Bud burst is advanced
and the onset of growth
occurs earlier as in apple
where most of the trees
sprout 2-3 weeks earlier
than normal sprouting (
mid April )
 Due to change in bud
opening in March, they
may become Susceptible
to frost damage
Occurrence of late snowfall- causes heavy
damage to almonds- coincided with full bloom
Apricot in bloom-coincided with late
winter snow fall

 Apples fails to attain their
characteristic deep red
color if night temperature
are high (11.5 & 21)
 High temperature and
moisture stress increases
sunburn & cracking in
apples, apricot, cherry,
pomegranate etc.
Effect on fruit quality

 Wetter, warmer winters favours incidence
of diseases like Phytophthora,
Fusarium etc.
 Drier, warmer summers favours diseases
such as Alternaria, powdery mildew,
sooty bark diseases (under moisture
stress)
 Warm and humid temperature favours
apple scab
 Very dry summers results in increase in
population of red spider mite and aphids
--- more problem of attacks on apple
(Orson, 1999)
Effect of climate change on diseases and insects
Powdery mildew of apple
at dry and warmer
summers
Apple scab in warm
and humid
temperature
Mite attack on apple
Apple aphid in dry summer
Flea beetle in warm and
humid climate
Woolly aphis

 Proper drought management, moisture conservation, critical
irrigation, water harvesting)
 Anti hail nets/ guns-prevent damage to some extent.
 Foggy and cloudy weather-leads to russeting and fly speck - early
genotypes and early harvest prevent damage.
 Insufficient chilling –low chilling cultivars like Schlomit, Anna and
Micheal are good for such conditions.
 Weather forecasting-helps in taking advance measures in a changing
scenario for predicting crop growth, yield, and insect pests resurgence
• Strategies to overcome climate change and other
environmental vagaries

• Causing heavy losses/ gluts/ inferior quality
• Lower price and lesser income/ inflow of imported apples etc.
Inadequate pre and post harvest practices
Crop regulation and pre-harvest management
Improving fruit set : (3% Dormex, 1 % boric acid, Miraculan
0.75 ml/l; biozyme 2 ml/l)
Thinning : (Hand thinning upto 2-3 fruit lets ; NAA 10
ppm at petal fall)
Fruit drop:
- Early drop- Poor pollination / fertilization, hail, drought
- June drop- Moisture stress, competition for growth and food
- Pre-harvest drop- Physiological imbalance or any disorder
* App of NAA 10 ppm a week before fruit drop or 20-25 days before
harvest can check the drop.

• Rise in temperature early in the season leads to poor colour
development
• Physico-chemical changes essential for quality produce does not
takes place properly in marginal areas below 1828.8 m mean sea
level which fetch poor market price.
• Fruits at higher altitude areas get sufficient maturity duration
accompanied by day time strong solar radiation and cooler night
which favours better colour and quality.
• Application of 250-500 ppm 2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid (Ethrel,
CEPA or Ethephon) about 20 days before harvest improves colour
of fruit substantially but impairs shelf-life.
Fruit colour and maturity and pre harvest treatments

Pre harvest treatments for extension of shelf life of fruits:
• Apples can be stored under ambient conditions
Upper belts-90 days
Lower belts- 60 days
• Three pre-harvest sprays of 0.5 % CaCl2 from second week of July at
2 weeks interval and addition of carbendazim (0.05%) extends shelf
life, reduces blue mould etc.

Maturity indices and harvesting
• Maturity indices/harvesting stage determine the quality of fruits
and its shelf life.
• Maturity standards in apple have been calculated and standardized
based on days to harvest from full bloom and TSS.
Maturity Indices for Commercial Cultivars of Apple for H.P.
Cultivars DAFB Firmness (kg) TSS (0Brix)
Starkrimson 103 + 3 8.2 + 0.20 12.5-13.5
Royal Del 120 + 5 8.2 + 0.40 12.0-13.5
Rich-a-red 128 + 3 8.6 + 0.25 12.0-13.0
Red Delicious 134 + 5 8.4 + 0.40 10.0-14.0
Mclntosh 135 + 4 6.8 + 0.25 11.5-13.5
Golden Del 148 + 6 8.4 + 0.40 12.0-14.5
Granny Smith 180 + 5 8.7 + 0.30 11.5-13.0

Physiological: Attainment of final stage of development.
Defining maturity
Horticultural: Developmental state of fruit on the tree, which will result in a satisfactory
product after harvest
1. Dessert maturity
2. Shipping maturity
3. Processing maturity
4. Culinary maturity

Codex and quality standards:
• Before import export, declaration and phytosanitary certifications are
required and have to be followed strictly under international marketing.
• Apple shipment must be free from insect-pests and diseases
The apple shipment must be free from insect-pests and diseases like
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), codling moth (Cydia pomonella),
light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), scarlet mealy bug
(Pseudococcus calceolariae), comstock mealy bug (Pseudococcus comstocki)
and apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) and fire blight (Erwinia
amylovora).
1. Phytosanitary certifications :
At 0 0C or 0.55 0C or below for 10 days before shipment or 1.1 0C for 12 days in
transit refrigeration is must for export as per international standards.
2. Cold treatment

1. Grading of fruits before packaging is an important post
harvest operation as it determines price of the fruit.
2. Fruits are generally graded for size and quality.
3. In India fruits are generally graded manually but
mechanical grading should be preferred as it enhances
efficiency.
4. Automatic and mechanical graders which are common
in western countries are rare in India
Post harvest management

Apple grades followed in India
Grade
Minimum fruit
diameter
(± 2.5 mm)
Conventional method
of measurement
Super large 85 4 finger and thumbs
Extra large 80 Over 4 fingers
Large 75 3-4 fingers
Medium 70 2-3 fingers
Small 65 1-2 fingers
Extra small 60 0-1 finger
Pittoo 55 No space

Grade A :
Typical in shape and colour of variety, sufficient mature, clean free from
injuries, bleminess, disease spot, bruises etc
Grade B :
Fruit with slight abnormal shape and even with less than 50% colour
characterestics of the variety, may have up to 3 healed spot (>0.5 cm in
size)
Grade C :
Not graded in A and B
Quality grading

Proposed grades as per codex standards
Size code
Diameter (mm) Weight (g)
A or 1 >80 >240
B or 2 71-80 191-240
C or 3 66-70 151-190
D or 4 61-65 121-150

• Top icing
• Room cooling
• Forced air cooling
• Hydro-cooling
• Vacuum cooling
Pre cooling:
Methods of pre-cooling
Forced air cooling or hydro-cooling conditions of -1 to 0 0C as preferable temperature, RH 90-
95%, freezing temperature around -1.70C suitable for maximum of 8 month storage.

• An important component essential to protect the fruits.
• There are two levels of packaging
* Consumer package
* Package that contains consumer packs (for storage and
transport/ shipment)
Packaging:
• Must have sufficient mechanical strength,
• Material of construction must not contain chemicals,
• Must meet the handling and marketing requirement in terms of weight, size and shape,
• Allow rapid cooling of the content,
• The mechanical strength should unaffected by its moisture content when wet or at high
humidity,
• Security of package or its ease of opening and closing,
• The package should identify its contents
Requirement for Packaging

Wooden box packing:
Generally two types of wooden boxes are preferred, one is of 45.7 x 30.5 cm internal dimension
with height of and 25.4 to 30.5 cm to accommodate 18-20 kg apple and other is of 41.5 x 18.5 x
16.5 cm dimension to accommodate 10 kg apple
Corrugated fiber board carton:
CFB weighs around 1.25 kg with very negligible bruising loss (3.5%) over wooden boxes with 4.0
kg in weight and loss as high as 32%.
Plastic crates:
Collapsible or non collapsible plastic crates are also in use for apple collection from harvesting
site to packing house or for stacking in cold storage and for local market transport.

• Individual fruits are wrapped after quality grading for packing
in the boxes.
• Wrapping materials may be newspaper, tissue paper,
polyethylene liner/bags, wax coating and paper mounted
trays.
• Wax coating is a good post harvest practice for extending shelf
life of apple.
• Policies about waxing of apple is not clear in India.
• USA and Australia exports waxed apples.
• China and New Zealand export unwaxed apples.
Wrapping material:

1. There are different systems of storage such as low temperature
storage, evaporative cooler, zero energy cool chamber, controlled
atmosphere storage, hypobaric storage etc.
2. Cold and CA storage facilities at strategic locations i.e. at Udhampur
or Jammu for J&K; Parwano and Pathankote for H.P and Kathgodam
and Dehradun for Uttarakhand.
3. Possible to regulate supply of produce during off season from cold
or CA storage to compete import invasion.
4. Produce should be transported under refrigerated conditions (vans,
containers etc.)
5. Total cool chain system required from production site till it reaches
the consumers.
Storage and transport of fruits:

1. Global apple processing is about 20% of the produce.
2. Major processing countries are Malaysia (83%), South Africa (80%), Philippines
(78%), Brazil (70%) and USA (65%).
3. In India only 0.5% apples are processed.
4. Major proportion of apple processing is done as apple juice concentrate. USA and
Germany are major importers of apple juice concentrate. China, Poland, Hungary,
USA, Chile, Argentina, Italy, South Africa, Germany, New Zealand and Spain are the
some leading processors of apple into juice concentrate.
5. China holds 50% of apple juice world export. World apple juice production is
estimated to be 1.4 million metric ton
Processing and apple marketing status:

Processing status in India
• Processing of apple in large scale in India is concentrated only in Himachal Pradesh and J&K.
In Uttarakhand also many small scale units have been established for processing.
• Apart from private processing unites, World Bank aided processing units like HPMC
(Himachal Pradesh) and JKHPMC (J&K) have limited infrastructure for apple processing.
• Apples are processed into mainly apple juice, concentrate, sauce, butter, candy, jam, jelly,
apple ginger appetizer, freeze dried apple beverage, juice blends, butter, creamed apple,
apple preserves, toffees, pickles, slices and canned. Fermented beverage products are cider,
cider vinegar, sparkling cider, wine, vermouth and brandy.
• The waste material from apple like peel, core and pomace can be utilized for making of
pectin and other by products. In J&K, 4 new processing units are being established at
different sites with the capacity of 50,000 MT per annum for proper utilization of apple for
processing.
• More infrastructure for processing is urgently required to
convert huge quality of C grade apples into value added
processed products.

1. State-wise and altitude wise harvesting scheduling for supply over an
extended period,
2. Proper road linkage and rope way networking to access remotely
located orchards,
3. Supply of packaging materials in time,
4. Transportation risk management policies,
5. Internet marketing,
6. Proper quantification for demand vs. supply in the peak season and
off season and accordingly storage of surplus quality graded fruits,
7. Proper procurement policies for culled, damaged and c-graded fruits
for better utilization for processing purpose,
8. Cold chain facilities like refrigerated vehicles for transportation from
cold storage during summer and hot weather period,
Marketing strategies

Immediate Post-Harvest Management requirements for
regulating production to over come imports
• Packing house (sorting, grading, packing etc.)
• Pre-cooling unit
• Refrigerated/ specialized transport system
• Retail outlets (with refrigerated facilities)
• Aseptic packaging etc.
• Any other infrastructure having direct/ indirect bearing on
reduction of post-harvest losses

Conclusion
• Challenges are unlimited
• At the same time Potential is huge and rather
greater than challenges
• But there is Needs adoption of recommended
strategies for achieving the goals.
Thank you

00-91-9013885259
Email: mahenicar10@gmail.com
mkverma@iari.res.in
www.iari.res.in

Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma webinar progressive horticulture 8.7.2020 copy

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma webinar progressive horticulture 8.7.2020 copy

Similar to Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma webinar progressive horticulture 8.7.2020 copy (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Temperate fruits challenges and opportunities mk verma webinar progressive horticulture 8.7.2020 copy