computer history and basics

1. Computer Basics
Information and Communication
Technology

2. Introduction
3000 B.C. Abacus
16th century
• Pascaline
• Napier bones
• Leibniz Theorm
18th century
Charles Babbage
• Analytic Engine
• Difference Engine
19th century
Digital Machine
• Electro mechanical
computational machine called
Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC)- Mark I)
• ENIAC (1947)
19-20th century
Digital computer Generations
• 1st Gen: Vacuum tubes 1944
• 2nd Gen: Transistors
• 3rd Gen: Integrated Circuits
• 4th Gen: Microprocessors -1970
• 5th Gen: VLSI / Nano tech/ AI

3. Introduction
1st Generation : Low
level language
0/1
2nd Generation:
Assembly language
(mneomonics)
3rd Generation:
High Level language
(C/C+PP)
4th Generation:
High level : Non-procedural
language
5th Generation:
Artificial language/ Natural
language

4. win
Win
10
2015

6. ANDROID
Andi ver.
8.0

8. ON

10. COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

11. COMPUTER HARDWARE
11

12. COMPUTER HARDWARE
Generally Computer looks like :
Input
Devices
Output Devices
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13. COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Inside the BOX
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14. COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Main Board / System Board / Logic Board : The main chip
which controls all the peripheral devices and CPU.
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15. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs
arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit
(CU), which extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them
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16. 16
5th Gen

17. 17

18. COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
A random-access device allows stored data to be
accessed directly in any random order.
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19. COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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20. COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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21. 21
TYPES OF COMPUTER

22. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SUPER COMPUTER:
APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE IMMENSE AMOUNTS OF MATHEMATICAL
CALCULATIONS
22
Nuclear Energy
Calculations,

23. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
MAINFRAME COMPUTER:
VERY LARGE AND EXPENSIVE COMPUTER CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING
HUNDREDS, OR EVEN THOUSANDS, OF USERS SIMULTANEOUSLY
23

24. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
MINI COMPUTER:
MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEM CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING FROM UP TO
200 USERS SIMULTANEOUSLY
24

25. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
MICRO COMPUTERS
25

26. OPERATING WINDOWS
26

27. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
As system is switched-on :
• Welcome screen appears
•Desktop
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28. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Components :
• Task Bar
Start Menu
Quick Start
Applications Notification area:
eg: Date and Time
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29. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Components :
• Icons
Icons
(shortcuts to
Application)
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30. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Components :
• Icons
Background /
Wallpaper
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31. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Components :
• Window / Start Button
•Press Window key
•OR
•Click on button
( In latest Windows
Operating System we have
a search option in the
bottom. Other we use
Win + R or RUN.) HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 31

32. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Components :
• Window / Start Button
• Accessories
(Different tools & app available for
Operations or maintenance
of the system)
Like :
Calculator
Notepad (for text)
Wordpad (for text with formatting)
Window Explorer
System Tools (for maintenance)
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33. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
• Creating Files & Folders .
• Window Explorer
• Arrange Items by (Group by)
• Searching
•Chkdsk /f
•Defragmentation
•Desktop Background / Wallpaper
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34. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
• Open an application (wordpad)
• Recover data from recycle bin
• Scan pendrive/HDD using antivirus scanner
• Read and write CD/DVD/Flash drives
•Ejecting removable drives
•Managing printers
•Printing and scanning
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35. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
•Download zip/rar software using web browser
•Installing zip/rar software
•Creating shortcuts
•Compress data using zip/rar files
•Extracting zip/rar files
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36. WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
• Managing music library
•Check window updates
•Hardware devices on the network
•IP configuration
•Switch on Wifi port
•Disable network adapter
•Accessing remote system over the internet and intranet
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37. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 37
CONTROL PANEL IN CATEGORY
VIEW
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38. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 38
CONTROL PANEL CATEGORIES
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39. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 39
ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS
Special interface features for the visual-, audio-, or movement-
impaired user
Keyboard tab
Sound tab
Display tab
Mouse tab
General tab
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40. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 40
ADD HARDWARE
System polls the entire computer for new devices
Attempts to identify them
Installs drivers automatically or prompts for alternative source path
Add Hardware Wizard
 Used for manual configuration
Device manager
 Used to manage, configure, and remove installed hardware devices
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

41. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 41
ADD OR REMOVE PROGRAMS
Three tools in one:
 Change or Remove Programs
 Add New Programs
 Add/Remove Windows Components Wizard
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

42. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 42
ACTIVITY 3-1: ADD/REMOVE
APPLICATIONS
Objective: Review the Windows components that can be added or
removed using the Add/Remove Programs Wizard
Follow instructions to explore Add/Remove Programs Wizard
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

43. Things to know…
Installation font :
1. Download font
2. Copy and paste the font in font
folder available at control panel.
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44. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 44
ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS
Shortcut to Administrative Tools option in Start menu
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45. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 45
DATE AND TIME
Used to set the calendar date, clock time, and time zone
Clock is set directly in the system’s BIOS
Time Zone tab
 World map
 Pull-down list of time zones
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46. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 46
ACTIVITY 3-2: SETTING THE TIME
Objective: Configure the date, time, and time zone for your computer
Set the correct date and time using the Date and Time Applet
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

47. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 47
DISPLAY
Used to make interface changes
Can also be accessed from desktop:
 Right click, select Properties from popup menu
Themes tab
 Overall visual styling
Desktop tab
 Set wallpaper
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48. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 48
DISPLAY (CONTINUED)
Screen Saver tab
Appearance tab
 Window and button scheme, color scheme, and font size
Settings tab
 Screen resolution and color quality
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

49. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 49
ADVANCED DISPLAY SETTINGS
Accessed by:
 Pressing Advanced button on Settings tab of Display
Manage DPI
Video card information
Screen refresh rate
Dualview
 Use multiple display devices (monitors)
 Supported by XP
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50. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 50
ACTIVITY 3-3: TO ADD ADDITIONAL
MONITORS TO YOUR
CONFIGURATION
Objective: Add monitors to your configuration
Use Settings to add monitors to display
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51. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 51
FOLDER OPTIONS
Used to set the functional and visual parameters of the folders on the
system
Associate file extensions with applications
Rt clk -> folder -> Folder Name.
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

52. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
52
FONTS
Lists all currently installed fonts
Add and remove fonts
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53. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 53
GAME CONTROLLERS
Install and configure
 Joysticks
 Other gaming controls
Device-specific properties and troubleshooting aid
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

54. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 54
INTERNET OPTIONS
Define settings for Internet Explorer
Settings for general Internet access
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55. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 55
KEYBOARD AND MOUSE
Keyboard applet
 Modify keyboard functions
Mouse applet
 Modify mouse settings
 Switch left and right buttons
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

56. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 56
NETWORK CONNECTIONS
Manage all network connections
Includes:
 LAN
 WAN
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57. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 57
PHONE AND MODEM OPTIONS
Define dialing locations
Install and configure modems
Configure Remote Access Service (RAS) and Telephony API (TAPI)
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58. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 58
POWER OPTIONS
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59. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 59
ACTIVITY 3-5: CONFIGURING
POWER OPTIONS
Objective: Learn how to configure power options
Follow instructions to create a power scheme
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

60. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 60
PRINTERS AND FAXES
Install, share, and configure many types of output devices
Not just for physical print devices:
 Film printers
 Slide printers
 Faxes
Manage print queue
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

61. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 61
REGIONAL AND LANGUAGE
OPTIONS
Regional Options tab
 Define location-specific uses or requirements for:
 Numbers
 Currency
 Time and dates
Languages tab
 Configure default input language
Input locale
 Combination language and keyboard layout
 Used to define how data is entered into computer
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62. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 62
SCANNERS AND CAMERAS
Install drivers
Configure digital cameras and optical scanners
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63. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 63
SCHEDULED TASKS
Automate starting and running various tasks
Add Scheduled Task Wizard
 Step-by-step scheduling
Can be moved from system to system
 Define administrative actions or batch files on single computer
 Place on client systems
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64. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 64
ACTIVITY 3-6: SCHEDULING TASKS
Objective: Use Scheduled Tasks to automatically start an application
(Calc.exe) at a specified time
Use Scheduled Tasks Wizard to launch application at scheduled time
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65. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 65
SOUNDS AND AUDIO DEVICES
Customize the sound scheme
Set master volume
Configure speakers
Set audio device preferences
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

66. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 66
ACTIVITY 3-7: CUSTOM SOUND
Objective: Customize the sounds for different events on the computer
Follow instructions to configure sound on system shutdown
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

67. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 67
SPEECH
Text-to-speech capability reads document text
Microsoft’s Speech API (SAPI)
Distinct from the Narrator Accessibility Accessory
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68. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 68
SYSTEM
Most important Control Panel applet
Driver signing
 Identifies drivers that have passed the Microsoft Windows Hardware Quality Labs
evaluation and tests
Device Manager
 Lists all installed and known devices
 Indicates device status
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69. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 69
ACTIVITY 3-8: MANAGING DEVICES
Objective: Verify that there are no problems with the CD-ROM drive
using Device Manager
Follow instructions to export Device Manager
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70. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 70
ACTIVITY 3-9: HARDWARE
RESOURCE CONFIGURATION
Objective: Use Device Manager to verify and configure the resources
for hardware
Follow instructions to set manual configuration for a device
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71. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 71
ACTIVITY 3-10: MULTIPLE
HARDWARE CONFIGURATIONS
Objective: Use hardware profiles to set up different hardware
configurations for a workstation
Follow instructions to create a new hardware profile
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72. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 72
ACTIVITY 3-11: THE MOBILE
COMPUTER
Objective: Create a hardware profile that does not use a NIC
Create a new hardware profile that does not access a network via a
NIC
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

73. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 73
TASKBAR AND START MENU
Controls taskbar appearance
Controls Notification Area settings
 Display clock
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74. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 74
USER ACCOUNTS
Create and manage
 Local user accounts
 Passwords
 .NET passports
Access the Local Users and Groups tool
Specify whether Ctrl+Alt+Delete is required to log on
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75. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 75
MICROSOFT MANAGEMENT
CONSOLE OVERVIEW
Provides structured environment for consoles, snap-ins, and
extensions
Provides consistent interface for all management tools
Settings and layout options can be stored as an .msc file
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76. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 76
THE MMC CONSOLE
Like a document window
Console tree
 Left pane
 Loaded snap-ins and extensions are listed
Details pane
 Right pane
 Details associated with the active item from the console tree
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

77. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 77
SNAP-INS
Adds control mechanisms to the MMC console for specific service or
object
Standalone snap-ins:
 Provide main functions for system administration and control
Extension snap-ins
 Add functionality to standalone snap-ins
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78. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 78
USING THE MMC
MMC tools found mainly in Administrative Tools
Can also be used to create your own custom consoles
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79. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 79
ACTIVITY 3-12: MICROSOFT
MANAGEMENT CONSOLE
Objective: Create an MMC for managing the local computer
Follow instructions to create an MMC
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80. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 80
ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS
Component Services
Data Sources (ODBC)
Event Viewer
Local Security Policy
Performance
Services
Computer Management.
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81. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 81
PCMCIA OR PC CARDS
Credit card-sized devices
Can be:
 Memory expansions
 SCSI cards
 NICs
 Modems
Automatically handled by Windows XP
Three types of PCMCIA card
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82. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected
together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and
transmission media
 Local area network
 Wide area network
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83. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
•The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions
of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals
–Internet service provider (ISP)
 Online service provider (OSP)
 Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
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84. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
The World Wide Web contains billions of documents called Web pages
 Web page
 Web site
 Web browser
 Web address
 Hypertext transfer protocol
Himachal State Institute of Rural
Development
84

85. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
When you conduct business activities online, you are participating in
electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce
 Business to consumer (B2C)
 Consumer to consumer (C2C)
 Business to business (B2B)
 Govt to Govt (G2G)
 Govt to Business (G2B)
 Govt to citizen (G2C)
Himachal State Institute of Rural
Development
85
Ppt :
Schemes
of
Himachal
under e-
Governanc
e

86. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SEARCHING THE WEB
Himachal State Institute of Rural
Development
86
Ppt : How to
Google…?

87. • A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is designed
to copy itself into other programs stored in your computer, and
then spread itself from one computer to another.
• Virus programs are written by computer programmers or
hackers--usually with malicious intent--and are typically
spread through shared documents, spreadsheets, executable
files, software programs, or floppy disks.
• Viruses can do anything from displaying random messages or
sounds, to damaging data, to wiping out the contents of your
hard disk.
What is a virus?
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88. Virus Scan
•Anti-virus programs scan your computer storage disks to
detect viruses on your system
•It is important to scan for viruses frequently, because you can
become infected at any time.
•Virus scanning software is not a guarantee that you will not
get a virus. Each week there are more than 250++ new
viruses. Virus scanning software cannot detect a virus, if it
doesn’t know about
•It is important if you have a computer at home to purchase
virus scanning software, and regularly update it to detect new
viruses.
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 88

89. Virus Scan
•Anti-virus programs scan your computer storage disks to
detect viruses on your system
•It is important to scan for viruses frequently, because you can
become infected at any time.
•Virus scanning software is not a guarantee that you will not
get a virus. Each week there are more than 250++ new
viruses. Virus scanning software cannot detect a virus, if it
doesn’t know about
•It is important if you have a computer at home to purchase
virus scanning software, and regularly update it to detect new
viruses.
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 89

90. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
COMPUTER VIRUSES
AND OTHER MALWARE
•Virus
•Worm
•Trojan horse
•Rootkit
•Malware
90HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

91. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
TIPS
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 91

92. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
ETHICS
What is legal?
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93. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SOFTWARE PIRACY
Making illegal copies of copyrighted software
Why the fuss?
 Very easy to duplicate software vs. a text book
 Software company may lose hundreds of dollars per
pirated copy
Prosecution
 Yes: Small-medium sized business who purchase a
few copies and distribute to many users
 No: Individual users who probably would not have
purchased software on their own anyway
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94. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
COUNTERFEITING
Package duplicates the original
Sold in flea markets or small stores
Cheaper price
Occurs more overseas
"counterfeit" describes fake goods.
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95. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
COPYING SOFTWARE
Legitimate reasons (conforming to the law or to rules)
 Backup copy
 Copy to hard disk
Illegitimate reasons
 Obtain software without paying for it
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 95

96. Technical skills to be acquired…
• Graphic Design: Adobe Photoshop CS3, Illustrator CS3
• Multimedia Applications: Adobe Flash, Premier; Final Cut Express
• Web Designing
• Design Applications: AutoCAD, Matlab, Maple, Solid Edge, ANSYS,
Algor, MAGMA
• Programming Languages: C++, C, Perl, Java
• Manufacturing Skills: TIG welding, manual milling machine, lathe, CNC
programming, MIG welding
• Network Administrator
• Database Administrator
• Programmer ;ASP.NET / ASP / ASP.NET MVC / Javascript / JAVA / PHP
HIMACHAL STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 96