Postmodern Historiografiction In Literature

Example Of Historiografiction In Literature
One of the noticeable themes of postmodernism is the distorting of lines between fiction and nonfiction. In the hands of a talented writers, "making it
up" and "telling the truth" can exist simultaneously and comfortably beside one another. Writers of this genre know that it is obvious to the reader that
they are lying to tell the truth. More exactly, these writers lie openly to tell the truth so that their moral position as storytellers exists in their ability to
lie openly and cleverly. A term historiografiction– meaning postmodern mixture of the words historiography and fiction – means the literary treatment
of persons or events from the past. Historiografiction is mainly disturbed with character and theme; in contrast, historical fiction is started by plot,
setting, details or lifestyle. A traditional historical expectations and neutrality is an important element in the postmodern questioning, and it issues
authors to investigate the possibilities of previously immersed character and points of view in real events from the past.
Sarcastic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orwell most probably chose the form essay to express and analyze his feelings about the imperial arrogance of his home country. However, due to the
story structure of the text – it has a plot and characters – it seems more like a fictional story (a short story in fact) rather than an essay. Nevertheless, it
can be seen as an essay since it has a free form. This free form then in turn supports the ideas of freedom from oppression be it an aggressive
oppression. In the case of the elephant and the colonization or a more implicit one as in the case of the narrator's oppression by the crowd which he
has to endure in order to keep the respect of the crowds. However, due to the form we can approach the text with both a literal as well as socio–scientific
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The Importance Of Writing In The Colonial Language
Additionally, it can be used to communicate with other indigenous people who speak different languages, but understand the same issues of
colonialism. "In the specific case of some African states, such as Achebe's Nigeria, the English language became the lingua franca of the national
bourgeoisie representative of the various national ethnicities, on the one hand, and the forces of colonialism and transnational capital, on the other."
Indeed, postcolonial literature in the colonial language is a double–edged sword. Without its use, the writing may never reach a wide audience, as it is
impossible to translate every work into each different indigenous language. Furthermore, those who have experienced a diaspora after colonization,
such as the Africans who were transported to colonial lands, lost their indigenous language. Their ancestors grew up with the colonial language, and
unless they learn their indigenous language, they have no choice to write in the colonial language. Yet, writing in the colonial language furthermore
reflects the power that colonists still exert today, that their language must be used to describe the aftereffects of their subjugation of another country.
"The colonial language becomes culturally more powerful, devaluing the native language as it is brought into its domain, domesticated, and
accommodated." Ultimately, the writers must take into consideration the positives and negatives of each approach. They have the choice to write in
either language,

Postcolonial Literature In Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
Postcolonial literature was written during the time period when European countries began colonizing Africa on the premise that the Africans were
savages and needed help to become more civilized. The Europeans believed that they would achieve this by setting up governments similar to their own,
ignoring the ones the African tribes already had set up, and forcefully converting them to Christianity, much to the Africans dismay. In response, the
Africans could not do much to dispel the white people from their lands, so some wrote postcolonial literature to display their grievances against the
whites. Chinua Achebe's, Things Fall Apart, is a great example. Within this postcolonial literature there are numerous reasons as to why it is so, like
decolonization struggles, appropriation of colonial language, and colonization. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe gives multiple examples of
decolonization struggles, or when the Igbo people fought against the white colonization. An early example in the book would be when contact with
Europeans first occurred. In the village of Abame, a white man came riding on a bicycle (a never before seen object to the Africans). The people of
Abame consulted their gods on what to do with this strange man, and given the answer that he and his kind would cause destruction, they killed him.
Unfortunately, this little act of resistance was tiny compared to the wrath of the Europeans. After his murder, other white men and their loyal Africans
came to the

Heart Of Darkness Critical Analysis
The Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad , is a very interesting and intriguing novel . It was originally published in 1899 . A great deal of the
criticisms focused on racial tension and imperialism, which were very important topics that stuck out in reading the Heart of Darkness . Many literary
criticisms praise the novel and the entertainment it brings to the audience . Although the Heart of Darkness receives a lot of praise, many critics
negatively criticize the novel for various reasons . Joseph Conrad was huge on attacking the topic of racism , which was a problem associated with this
novel during this time period . Shockingly, racism was mostly looked over by other critics. This was due to how racism was interpreted and defined
as in 1902 . The meaning of racism has changed over time . During this time period, racism, the word itself, wasn't in existence . However, that does
not mean that racism didn't occur during that time . In fact , racial tensions were so common that the actual word racism wasn't used because it wasn't
necessary. Chinua Achebe writes a strong critique explaining his opposing thoughts against the Heart of Darkness and proving that point. Achebe
believes that Joseph Conrad was in fact a racist, and he also believes that a novel that depersonalizes the human race shouldn't even be in the running to
be called a great novel . He states that the simple truth should not be overlooked in other criticisms. Achebe explains

Similarities Between Colonialism And Feminism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical and theoretical dimensions of colonial and
postcolonial studies. National fantasies are they colonial, anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice, marginalization, and the relation between politics
and literature. Given that both critical projections employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as national mother stems from a wider association of
nation with the family. The topic offeminism and postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality ... Show more content on
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It analyses range across representations of women in once–colonized countries and in western locations. Some critics have concentrated on the
constructions of gender difference during the colonial period, in both colonial and anti–colonial discourses; while others have concerned themselves
with the representations of women in postcolonial discourses with particular reference to the work of women writers. At the level of theory,
postcolonial feminist critics have raised a number of conceptual, methodological and political problems involved in the study of representations of
gender. These problems are at once specific to feminist concerns, such as the possibility of finding and international, cross– culture sisterhood between '
First world' and 'Third world' women, as well as more general problems concerning who has the right to speak for whom, and the relationship between
the critic and their object of

Native Peoples of Canada Essay
Native Peoples of Canada
The Indian does not exist. It is an imaginary figure, according to Daniel Francis (The Imaginary Indian), invented by Europeans that originated in
Columbus's mistake, as he believed he had landed in the East Indies, and developed into fantasy. "Through the prism of white hopes, fears and
prejudices, indigenous Americans would be seen to have lost contact with reality and to have become 'Indians'; that is anything non–Natives wanted
them to be," (5). Thus they were attributed a wide range of conflicting characteristics, simultaneously seen as noble savages, full of stoicism, the last
representatives of a dying race and blood–thirsty warriors, void of emotion and dull–witted, reflecting European ... Show more content on
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Yet there is evidence in memoirs of travellers and missionaries at this time, that some existing qualities were perceived. While these so called
'documenters' were often more concerned with providing the world with desired images of the warrior dressed in extravagant battle regalia than
with accurate representations, evident in the work for example of celebrated painter Paul Kane, they did discern a power of speech and eloquence
which they found surprising in what they deemed to be a 'heathen' race without knowledge of basic 'civilising' tools such as the wheel and writing.
Indeed rhetoric was a symbol of great power and command since, as Penny Petrone states "chiefs were leaders only insofar as they were able to
persuade their kinsmen to follow them," (Native Literature in Canada, 25). In addition to such social structuring, oratory had a didactic function as
tribal history, incorporating story telling, would be recited at length, while stories were passed from generation to generation describing the world,
nature and man's position in relation, often using allegory and fable with figures such as Coyote the trickster who appears time and again in various
forms. The power of spoken language was also recognised in terms of medicinal purposes and communicating with spirits, "words did not merely
represent meaning. They possessed the power to change reality

Spivak's Can The Subaltern Speak
The Postcolonial insights of Spivak's "Can the Subaltern Speak?"
Malak El Saghir Mahmoud Hijazi
38651
Post colonialism
Dr. Lutfi Hmadi
2016–2017
Abstract In literature, post colonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to notice the effects of colonization on people or the
extension power into other nations. In post–colonial theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power of
the colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence. The present research aims at analyzing Spivak's essay "Can the
Subaltern Speak?" in the light of her question whether or not the possibility exists for any recovery of a subaltern ... Show more content on
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If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow (287).
Conclusion
SpivakвЂџs essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" became a real voice of some women. Spivak differentiates between "speak" and "talk" and show how
women of the third world may talk but speaking is more active in which two people try to communicate things face to face.
Since its publication "Can the Subaltern Speak" a lot of citation, imitation, and critics has been related to it. This essay is like phenomena that
contextualized within postcolonial studies and the quest for human rights. Many describe Spivak's essay as the most argumentative postcolonial critic.
Rosalinda C. Horris, a professor of anthropology, describes Spivak in an afterword that "Can the Subaltern Speak?" for her is considered past
interpretation, future incarnations, questions and histories that remain secreted in the original

Alinsky Idea Of Silence
Alinsky states: "Large parts of the middle class, the "silent majority," must be activated; action and articulation are one, as are silence and surrender. "
In my view, the idea of silence constitutes an array or responses that include but are not limited doing something that does not help the situation, doing
the same thing that has previously not effected desirable change for the same problem or living life as though nothing is happening. In other words,
silence can take many forms. To illustrate, from Nerve Gas to Mountain Meadows to the killings of Palestinian children in refugee camps to Trump's
presidency, someone who could have done something chose inaction or actions to perpetuate injustice. This is my perspective is the reticence

Effects Of Post Colonial Literature
Colonialism has shaped the lives of about three quarter people in this present day world. Post colonialism refers to the impact that imperial process has
caused to the entire culture from the moment of colonialization till today. All through the history the continuation of colonising the minds through
imperial rule by the Europeans is the cause of this. The effect of this European imperial domination has spread its impacts on the contemporary
literature as well and it is therefore a major concern for the world today. The literature of Canada, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Malta, Sri lanka, the South Pacific, the Caribbean and African countries, comes in the ambit of post–colonial literatures. One characteristic that can be
found in common to all these literature despite of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even after getting Independence from the European colonial rule, the European bourgeoisies still continues to decolonise the minds of people
in post– colonial countries through language. One of the main features of imperial oppression is control over language. The imperial education system
installs a 'standard' version of the metropolitan language as the norm, and marginalizes all 'variants' as impurities. As a character in Mrs Campbell
Praed's nineteenth–century Australian novel Policy and Passion puts it, 'To be colonial is to talk Australian slang; to be ... everything that is abominable'.
Language becomes the medium through which a hierarchical structure of power is perpetuated, and the medium through which conceptions of 'truth',
'order', and 'reality' becomes established. Such power is rejected in the emergence of an effective post–colonial voice. Ngugi wa Thiong'o in his book,
decolonising the mind portrays this lamentable condition of post colonies through the example of Africa. He believed that literature and politics are

Examples Of Colonialism In The Kite Runner
Khaled Hussein's novel The Kite Runner is totally based on postcolonial theory. In the text, the resistance of the native afghans against the coloniser
quite matches with the resistance of the native black people against the colonizers in the Chinua Achebe's novel things fall apart. Here in the article I
summed up and compared the resistance of the native against the colonizers and along with that I also compared the diasporic elements which exists in
both texts. Apart from these two elements here in the research article I also compared the two minor and child characters Sohrab and Ezinma with each
other. Basically, the article states and defines the three comparative elements of both texts with each other. Here in the article I define and
... Show more
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It depicts how Khaled Hosseini deals with diasporic life in the United States and reflects it through the main character in his novel. There are four
problems to discuss in this study. Firstly, the discussion draws attention to Khaled Hosseini's memory of childhood reflected on the character of
Amir. Secondly, it focuses on Khaled Hosseini's reason coming to the United States expressed to Amir. Next, it examines Khaled Hosseini's life in
the United States reflected by Amir's character. Lastly, it discusses the development of Khaled Hosseini's diasporic life portrayed in his novel. The
problems are analysed by using the expressive theory by Abrams. Expressive theory is used in this study to analyse the data related to the problems
of the reflection of the author's diasporic life in the novel. The result of this study proves that Khaled Hosseini has a diasporic life and depicts it
through the character of Amir in The Kite

Analysis of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and...
Transitions of place, time, and character are key to the storytelling in Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children" and Virginia Woolfe's "Mrs.
Dalloway". Rushdie explores the History, Nationalism and Hybridism of the nation of India after they became independent of Great Britain. Woolfe
comments heavily on English society more through her description of her characters, and the weaving of time and place is an effective way to
telling the stories of her characters as we follow them through a single day. This essay will compare in three passages from "Midnight's Children" the
effectiveness of transitioning from place and time to the way Woolfe did so in "Mrs. Dalloway". Furthermore, it will explore why each passage is a
good demonstration of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This parallels the narrative structure of the novel as being circular, discontinuous and digressive. The same can easily be said for Mrs Dalloway as the
novel almost jarringly weaves through many points of view. This fragmentation appropriates the concept of history in "Midnight's Children", which
was developed by colonizers. History works for a particular class of ideology, and therefore it will be contaminated, oblique and subjective. In Mrs.
Dalloway the characters themselves are subjective commentaries on English society, and they have been subjectively contaminated by Woolfe's
opinions of who they represent.
The functionality of history is grounded in the simple assumption that life is shaped like a story. Whereas Woolfe admittedly wrote in an
experimental style that was more of a slice of life than a traditionally shaped story with a beginning, middle, and end. For Saleem, who is "buffeted
by too much history", it is his memory which creates his own history. The same is true of everyone in "Mrs. Dalloway". "Memory, as well as fruit,
is being saved from the corruption of the clocks". This quote could have easily been in Mrs. Dalloway, particularly when Clarissa reacted to the
suicide of Septimus and seemed to fear the aging brought on by ticking clocks. Yet, for Rushdie, it is not based on the universal empty time that has
been conceptualized by the colonizers. Notions of time and space are integrated into both novels.
The novel critiques

Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical and theoretical dimensions of colonial and
postcolonial studies. National fantasies, be they colonial, anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice, marginalization, and the relation between politics
and literature. Given that both critical projections employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as national mother stems from a wider association of
nation with the family. The topic offeminism and postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality and its concerns with the
critical reading and interpretation of colonial and postcolonial texts.
Introduction:
It is fair say that beginning postcolonialism is an especially challenging procedure because it is particularly difficult to answer those questions with
which we started. Such is the variety of activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak confesses in A Critique of Postcolonial Reason that contemplation of "this failure of communication" had "so unnerved" her that, in her initial
discussions of Bhaduri's suicide she had been let to write, "in the accent of passions lament the subaltern cannot

Essay about Writers and Intellectuals in Exile
Writers and Intellectuals in Exile "It may be that writers in my position, exiles... are haunted by some sense of loss, some urge to reclaim, to look
back, even at the risk of being mutated into pillars of salt"1 said Salman Rushdie. The loss and love of home is not what constitutes an exilic
existence; what actually and in true sense constitutes it is the chasm between carrying forth and leaving behind and straddling the two different
cultures from two different positions. In my paper, I propose to look at the two sides of an exilic existence– the negative that which has the horrors
and trauma with reference to Adorno and Said; and the positive, that which provides the intellectuals and writers a critical and reflective insight, and
here I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exile in itself is a traumatic experience and becomes more aggravated owing to the formation of strong opinionated groups based on the political
affiliations or the social construct. Both Adorno and Said enunciate this predicament of the exiles where isolation becomes so worse that exiled groups
start suspecting their own members. The moment the formation of politically directed groups begin to take shape, the suspicion and hostility towards
"those branded as the members of others" (Adorno, 33) too simultaneously commences. Adorno says, "The moment when you hope for the slightest
sigh of the same solidarity from them, or even mere sympathy for your own share of the social product of suffering, they show you the cold shoulder"
(Adorno, 51–52). The displacements may in many ways be a calamity and a catastrophe for many. But, there is another side to it too. It is a peculiar
and also quite a compelling point to note that many writers and intellectuals tend to outshine in their displaced existence. It seems as if the changed
environment, the one outside the country of residence acts as a stimulant for them. The exile becomes a kind of rejuvenation so to say, for Victor
Hugo fairly did experience this change in his fifteen year exile on the island of Guernsey, where he penned some his famous works. Such writings in the

Victimization In Surfacing Atwood
In the canon of postcolonial writers, Atwood is a troublesome figure. Despite her notable search for an understanding of Canada that is not first
mediated by an English or American aesthetic. Atwood's novels are examined in a cultural context in this study, which explores the victimization of
women. Victimization includes anything that affects women's survival, specifically, victimization through physical, psychological, and economic
manipulation. Atwood's novels show how society sustains victimization by holding power over women. The protagonists of Atwood's novels are not
satisfied with their lives, and as they explore the reasons for their discontent, come to realize that they are victims of social, economic, and political
discrimination.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Cat's Eye, she recalled the anglophile that dominated Canadian schooling in the 1950s. Elaine ponders 'Rule Britannia':
Because we're Britons, we will never be slaves. But we aren't real Britons, because we are also Canadians. This isn't quite as good. (80)
Here, the postcolonial reality is experienced as a mild but insistent inferiority complex, a sense of internalised alienation. However, in Surfacing
Atwood addressed the pressures of America's cultural colonisation of Canada, and in an interview she expanded: "it's impossible to talk about Canadian
literature without also talking about the fact that Canada's an economic and cultural colony". This broader view of colonialism encompasses various
manifestations of national domination and suppression, and for Atwood, Canada's marginal position in terms of political and economic power places
her, as its citizen, as a marginal, colonial, and postcolonial subject.
Atwood postcolonial voice has a power, largely connected to its white, First World status, which undermines the connection with other postcolonial
speaking

What Is The Relationship Between Prospero And Caliban
Abstract: Samuel Selvon is one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed contemporary postcolonial Caribbean writers. He is placed apart
by the sheer range and variety of his published works, which include ten novels and a collection of short stories (Ways of Sunlight), a great number
of short stories, poems and essays to newspapers and magazines and several plays for radio and television. He is also renowned because he became
one of the founding fathers of the Caribbean literacy renaissance of the 1950s. As a postcolonial writer, Selvon seeks to illustrate the relationship
between the colonizer and the colonized. Homi K Bhabha, a contemporary postcolonial critic, employs some postcolonial notions like 'hybridity,'
'unhomeliness,' 'creolization,'... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From their writings and from the real experience of the 'New World' they created their own paradigms. Many writers from the region challenge
Shakespeare's depiction of Caliban as bestial and brutal, and reclaim his image as an icon of Caribbean self–assertion although Shakespeare did not
explicitly state that the setting of The Tempest is the Caribbean. The power relations between Prospero and Caliban are suggestive of the master–slave
relationship found on the plantation. In this context, the Caliban–Prospero relationship leads to the larger issue of language. Caliban is Prospero's
slave. Prospero also claims that Caliban did not know the use of language until he was taught by his master. Thus, the only way Caliban can
express himself is within the parameters of his master's tongue. Miranda obviously believes it to be a great honour and reminds Caliban how she
"took pains to make thee [him] speak" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) and dismisses Caliban's previous way of speaking as sheer 'gabble'.
However, Caliban himself obviously takes a very different view and in a memorable quote that is often cited by anti–colonialist critics he tells them:
"You taught me language; and my profit on't is I know how to curse" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16). He goes on further to wish "the red plague
rid you for teaching me your language!" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) clearly not sharing Miranda's view that she has done him a great
service. George Lamming, in his collection of essays The Pleasures of Exile (1960), argues for this reason that Caliban is imprisoned in Prospero's
language: "There is no escape from the prison of Prospero's gift. This is the first important achievement of the colonizing process" (The Pleasures of
Exile, 109). He

Effects Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism
The term 'postcolonialism' has become so diverse and unorganized that it is somehow impossible to define it clearly or describe what its study may
imply.
Postcolonialism often means anti–colonialism and is synonymous with post–independence. This word has variable implications and may refer to a
collection of studies which are always changing. Loomba (1998) said that "it is a vague condition for people anytime and anywhere all over the
world". The dependence of this theory on the literary, cultural and post structural theories makes it even vaguer (p. 17).
Post–colonialism may then refer in part to the period after colonialism, but the question arise: after whose colonialism? After the end of which colonial
empire? Isn't it unacceptably ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He claims that this implication covers the fact that this word belongs to the political theory and that it is also assigned to the period after
decolonization (16).
The implications of 'post' in postcolonialism have always been a matter of discussion. Most critics claim that the word postcolonialism concerns the
processes, effects of and reactions to colonialism from the sixteenth century up to the neo–colonialism of the present day.
Loomba (1998) believes that the 'post' in postcolonialism has two implications. The first one is temporal and indicates that post colonialism is the
aftermath of colonialism; the second one is a substitution for the first one and is a matter of discussion among critics. It somehow indicates that a
country can be both postcolonial which is formally independent and neo–colonial which is culturally and economically dependent (p. 7).
Childs & Williams (1997) declared that one meaning of post in post–colonialism can be related to those theories which are not chronological but
consider this word conceptually. In this sense it relates to every text which its concept transcends or goes beyond the colonialism (p.

postcolonial literature
1) Below are a number of terms that you have been introduced to in this course. Choosing one of them, develop an essay of 1600 words by applying
it to two of the texts studied in this course. (Remember to analyse the evidence present in the texts and to develop the main idea generated by the
chosen term to its logical conclusion. In other words, these terms should be a starting point for the analysis, or the organising principle, in your essay):
The term indigenous proves problematic once examined under close analysis. Like a prism it reflects multiple lights, and the outcome is solely
dependent upon the angle it is studied. In addition to its complexity of viewpoints, other words have been considered similar, if not used in the same ...
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The indigenous ethnicity depicted in Things Fall Apart is more concrete and can be defined simply as the Igbo culture. The text asserts this culture
through the recollection and reinforcement of its history. Achebe strips the style and language of symbolism and metaphor, presenting the everyday
ordinariness of the Igbo people. Things Fall Apart 'unites humanity.'' Unlike in King Solomon's Mines these Africans are not detached and are relatable.
This adoption of 'scientific objectivity' 5does not change in the text; the style remains constant (to the extent that there is no change in approach
between pre–colonial and post–colonial Africa, portraying the transition as unremarkable). We as the reader trust the narrative being created for us,
and therefore favour it over the alternative narrative of the District Commissioner, ironically titled The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the
Lower Niger (Pg 152). Consequently, the novel can be seen as not only an accurate historical account of Igbo culture, but also a compassionate
delineation of its collapse.
The idea of preservation and resistance6 is expressed powerfully through the protagonist Okonkwo. "The drums beat and the flutes sang and the
spectators held their breath" (Pg3). This extract isolated from the text denotes war with its beating of the drums and the suspension of breath. We are
stirred by the idea of action and bloodshed, anticipated and conjured in our imaginations. This extract is in fact about

Difference Between Postcolonialism And Post-Colonialism
Introduction
In the 1990s, when other fields failed to predict some major events of the twentieth century, including the struggle to decolonise, post–colonialism
entered the field of International Relations. Postcolonialism can be surmised as the theory of International Relations which uses the effect of colonialism
to describe the conditions of countries today, with a focus on personal information from its peoples. 'Post–colonial' refers to the analysis of colonialism
and anti–colonialism. 'Postcolonial' is used to indicate the analysing of the current era of International Relations as the postcolonial era. The relevance
of postcolonial theory for the study of International Relations will be discussed and analysed.
The increasing relevance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its theories have been shaped through many academic disciplines, including literary studies, social history, French philosophy, and psychoanalysis.
Great powers held colonies, but those colonies were not studied unless they caused difficulties for individual great powers. The histories, peoples, and
cultures in Third World countries were ignored by International Relations until the 1980s. Post–colonial/postcolonial studies improved International
Relations knowledge. It has been joined by feminist analysis and movements of peoples that reverse the usual direction taken during the colonial

Soyinka 's Ngugi Wa Thiong ' O : An Anthology Of Recent...
Mala Pandurang's Ngugi Wa Thiong 'o: An Anthology of Recent Criticism (2008) is a brilliant specimen of archival research on Ngugi criticism. She
wrote another important book on the postcolonial African fiction, entitled Post–colonial African Fiction: The Crisis of Consciousness (1997). Oliver
Lovesey in The Postcolonial Intellectual: Ngugi wa Thiong'o in Context (2016) has pointed out the multifarious cultural identities of Ngugi. The
biographical reading of Ngugi's life from a Marxist vantage point is the core theme of the text.
It is interesting to note that the spatial concerns in Ngugi's novels have often been undermined by critics. Geography plays an important role in the
postcolonial studies because postcolonialism is closely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms of both external and internal experience are based on man's pure intuition:
Space then is a necessary representation of a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external intuitions. We never can imagine or make a
representation to ourselves of the nonв€’existence of space, though we may easily enough think that no objects are found in it. It must, therefore, be
considered as the condition of the possibility of phenomena, and by no means as a determination dependent on them, and is a representation a priori,
which necessarily supplies the basis for external phenomena (Kant 26).
As a matter of fact, the period between Kant's work and the mid twentieth century, observes Upstone, space was cenceptualised as being subsumed by
time. The theorization of a 'linear narrative history' (Upstone 2) dominated the Western philosophy for more than two centuries till the postmodernist
theorists such as Michael Foucault, Edward Soja and Henri Lefebvre liberated space from the subservience to time: 'putting phenomena in a temporal
sequence ... somehow came to be seen as more significant and critically revealing than putting them beside or next to each other in a spatial
configuration' (Soja 168).
In the second half of the twentieth century the study of spatiality gained a prioritized status. In "Of Other Spaces" Foucault declared candidly that 'the
present epoch will perhaps be above all

Postcolonial Literature (Persepolis & Things Fall Apart)
There are many different critical approaches to studying literature. With reference of both texts you have studied, show what you believe the value to
be in using a particular critical approach.
'Things Fall Apart' by Chinua Achebe and 'Persepolis' by Marjane Satrapi follow a postcolonial critical approach. Both books take place in a country
considered politically inferior through western perspective and both texts, even though reinforce colonialists' oppressive ideology, don't stand
completely against the colonialists and fault their own culture. They present the themes of dislocation on how western influences changes, religious,
social and economical aspects in the Igbo and the Iranian society. 'Things fall Apart' presents an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statement is one of the most significant to understand the postcolonial view of the novel, by referencing its title with the imagery of a knife
breaking things apart expresses not only the cruel overpowering intentions of the colonialists but also the vulnerability of the Igbo culture. And lastly,
as the book ends with Okonkwo's suicidal tragic death it represents the futility and inefficiency in over fighting colonizing forces and the downfall of
the protagonist is the final indication of the Igbo culture falling apart. Similarly, in Persepolis the protagonist Marji, also experiences the frustration of
western overpowering influence on her culture. There are innumerous moments in Marjane's childhood in which she suffers from prejudgments due to
the Iranian stereotypes. For example, when she is travelling outside the country for the first time she realizes that "as soon as they learn our nationality,
they go through everything, as though we were all terrorists. They treat us as though we have the plague." This simile comparing being Iranian with
having a disease victimizes the Iranian people, as it equates racism to an irrational and condemning repugnance. By sharing a young Iranian naГЇve
girl's experience, westernized readers are presented with another perception and hopefully are able to overcome their own preconceptions. However
Satrapi also condemns her conservative government by revealing the hypocrisy of the teachers as they ask the children to "tear

Essay on Post-colonial Encounters in the Early 20th Century
Alfred Noyes wrote The Empire Builders at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the time at which it was written in, there are various post–colonial
themes regarding the hierarchy of difference. The tone of the poem is pessimistic which is understandable since Noyes is writing during the
Naturalist period of English literature. Noyes is speaking to the middle class of England; those who "fulfill their duties as they come" (Noyes, 45). He
uses the first person plural article to create a unification between the readers and the narrator. Noyes, in his poem, addresses two postcolonial themes of
Christianity as a vehicle of colonization, and the fallacies of European philosophy. In this essay, I argue that the themes and structure that... Show more
Since the empire– builder has more lines of description, he is situated in a higher category of social stratification.
Another instrument that allows the empire–builder to situate himself in higher categories of hierarchy is Christianity. Noyes gives Christianity a large
amount of agency in the discourse of colonialism. Christianity was composite in producing Africa as backward. Christianity has two roles: firstly, it is a
method by which the white man created an inferiority complex amongst the natives and secondly it created a clear distinction between colonizer and
native. At the beginning of the poem, he mentions the superiority of the white man and describes them as the "Lord God of battles..." (Noyes, 5). By
saying this, he is not only amplifying the inequality between the white man and the native but also introducing Christianity as a method of creating the
divide. On line thirty– six, there is a description of the empire– builder as having a "shadowy crown of thorn" (Noyes, 36). At this point in the poem,
Noyes is slightly empathizing with the empire– builder since he has to carry all the burden of the country on his back. Furthermore, by saying that he
has a "crown of thorns," Noyes is comparing the status of the empire– builder to that of Jesus Christ, which is establishing the former as the highest
authority in societal hierarchy. Towards the end of the poem, Noyes makes the distinction between heaven and home. This is

Identity In The 19th Century
IDENTITY CRISIS IN SELECT NOVELS OF SALMAN RUSHDIE The question of identity is the most controversial issue in postcolonial time and
literature and it can be regarded the most important because of its crisis exist in all postcolonial communities. Due to the circumstances of post colonial
era and the problematic conditions that faced newly freed nations and countries in their search and formation of self identity the crisis floated on the
surface. In the following of World War II, the act of decolonization and libration of nations under colonial rule provoked a noteworthy move in the
direction of recreating social and individual identities. The period also marked by the struggle of decolonization in all the levels of life, culture, ... Show
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Since the identity is not a stable and fixed notion as Hall confirms вЂ•Identity emerges as a kind of unsettled space or an unresolved question in that
space, between a number of intersecting discourses and the impact of colonial legacy was multi dimensional besides there was a different
consequences of colonialism in different locations, the issue of identity appeared in different shapes and forms. Collective and individual identities also
differ physically and psychologically. The resistance of decolonization process took various outlines due to countries, societies and individuals.
Therefore, identity is not simply imposed. It is also chosen, and actively used, albeit within particular social contexts and constraints. Against dominant
representations of others there is resistance. Within structures of dominance, there is agency.
Identity crisis is the major suffering of the many people in the present day world. It is quite natural every one thinks of their own identity to grow
themselves with self respect. Afro–American, British and Indian every writer nowadays focused their writings keeping in the mind the sense of
identity. There is no exception to the writer like Salman Rushdie. His novels also reflect the question of identity and explore the philosophical
significance of ideals and concepts.

Resistance And Resistance In The Poetry Of Darwish
Darwish found the force of words at an early stage and composed fierce poems of resistance and love of land. Darwish's poem "Identity Card" 1964
has an exceptional hold back "write down, I am an Arab!" This reiteration frames a cry that takes shape, from one perspective, the association between
the Palestinian identity and land, and then again, the Palestinian resistance against Israeli endeavors to delete the Palestinian identity in the occupied
land. The Palestinian identity has dependably been at the heart of the Israel–Palestine struggle not just on the grounds that it inseparably connects
Palestinians with their country but since it is additionally a method for resistance. It is a steady indication of what was detracted from the Palestinians
and an image of the continuous clash with Israel for their privilege of presence.
Darwish contributes authoritatively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a theoretical mixing of eco–criticism and post–colonialism as another expository focal point for perusing Darwish's poems of resistance. Besides,
the current theoretical structure depends on the introduce that the post–colonial researchers have been steadily mindful to the relations amongst
colonized and colonizers and address topics, for example, the development of personality of colonized individuals, giving careful consideration to the
common habitat that has an immediate connection with the human character. Similarly, the researchers of eco–criticism have tended to concentrate on
the relations amongst nature and culture, ignoring the parts of post imperialism that help shape the people's collaboration and interrelations with their
common habitat. In this way, the eco–postcolonial focal point is expected to serve as a scaffold amongst eco–criticism and post–colonialism and
utilized as another logical focal point for perusing Darwish's

Words Against Tyrants
Words against Tyrants: A Defense of Literature Silence is golden; yet with the controlling nature of censorship and the ignorance that comes with it,
this simple saying falls short. This tyranny relates to the ideas presented in Salman Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea of Stories, Robert Fulford's article
"The heritage of storytelling", and the theory of archetypes outlined by Carl Jung. These texts demonstrate the importance of stories by analyzing the
role of narratives or by presenting literature's struggle as a story. It is necessary to defend literature against tyranny because it is a responsible for the
operation of society, is a biological imperative, and provides a reason for being. Protecting stories from oppression allows communities ... Show more
This is highly evident in the work of psychologist Carl Jung, who developed the theory of archetypes. "The fundamental quality of the archetype, as
Jung conceived it, is that it is primordial, a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature [...] The archetype is universal; it is generated
by man's psyche regardless of time or place" ("Archetypal Criticism" 46). Jung's archetypes (repeating emblems in stories) are based on the biological
instinct of human beings. He attributes an important and universal part of literature to an expression of innate needs wired into the minds of all. The
patterns of storytelling entails that it is a necessary portrayal of wide–reaching psychological

Postcolonial Literature: Uncovering Western Myths Essay
Africa has been the embodiment of european perspectives before and after the Colonialism; these perspectives have attempted to provide insights on
the facts behind it. In those terms, Africa has been reduced an atmosphere of concepts such as deep darkness, mystery, and madness, a place in
which attrocities arise at any time of the day, and people are savages and chaotic. From that colonialist viewpoint, Africa was a place that needed help
and control urgently in order to save it form itself and civilize it; therefore, white European men felt the need of accomplishing this mission and bring
civilization to black men, which only meant to do thing as Europeans did. In Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1993), these European visions are portraited to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have rituals in specific times of the year, and they even measure time in market days. Achebe gives life to the main character Okonkwo in such
a way that is perceived by the reader as an everyday man; a man with moral, character, suffering, and caring although cold on the outside. The
community is strickly patriarchal, nor very different from anywhere in the world in those times. However, the author explores women's world with
the same importance he explores men's world in the novel, and in several ocassions he refers to the women's role as paramount for the tribe and of
equal importance than men's role, eventhough within the tribe the awareness of this is not general. All of the above shows us that the natives were not
that different from the rest of the world, they were not primitive people in chaos, just simple people with different customs. They had a strong social
structure and a system of rules that allowed people to live in community, harmony and peace for they solved the problems they had with justice and
measures –Judgments with the seven Spirits and paying money when commited a fault). At some point, this system had more sense than that of the
white man; people who accidentally or premeditatedly killed someone of the tribe would have to spend seven years of exile outside the community; on

Post Colonialism Essay
Introduction Post–colonialism is a period of time following colonialism, and postcolonial literature is typically characterized by its opposition to the
colonial. Postcolonial literature often targets on race relations and the outcome of racism along with generally implies white and/or colonial societies.
Simon During, in his essay discussing the nature and boundaries of post–colonialism, argues for a more inclusive definition, calling it "the need, in
nations, or groups which have been victims of imperialism to achieve an identity uncontaminated by universalist or Eurocentric concepts or images."
Works of literature that are defined as postcolonial often recordracism or a history of genocide– including slavery, apartheid, and the mass extinction of
people, such as the Aborigines in Australia. Post–colonialism includes a vast array of writers and subjects. In fact, the very different geographical,
historical, social, religious, and economic concerns of the different ex–colonies dictate a wide variety in the nature and subject of most postcolonial
writings. In this regard some women colonial writers sketch a relationship among post–colonialism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sexism is just the stress put together by ideological complexities of male dominance above their female counterparts. Within direct correlation with
the traditional literary canon, the site with the female writer offers regularly already been questioned. Works by women of color are also greatly
scrutinized if they have a tendency to represent men in the negative light. Hence it is logical that works written by women of color reference the
female struggle versus sexism. After all, the writers themselves have lived and witnessed these experiences. To begin a discussion of the dilemmas of
Afro– American female writers it is not only easy but important to begin with the first African to have his or her works published in America: Phillis

Bewitched Accurateness In Midnight's Accouchement By...
Salman Rushdie is one of the biographer , who emerged in eighties with a new affectionate of announcement and abstruse innovation. His 'Booking
abettor Prize' win atypical Midnight 's Accouchement is generally associated with adapted categories of arcane allegory , which cover postmodern
fiction, postcolonial novel, absolute novel, and, a lot of importantly, bewitched accurateness . Assorted characters in the adventure are able with
bewitched big agent , and the a lot of important of them is the narrator Saleem Sinai. In this novel, both the bewitched and the astute humankind abide
accompanying and advance a allocation admixture angle of accurateness and annual apropos to the accessible , political, cultural, and armed casework
histories of India and Pakistan, and in this paying absorption bewitched accurateness helps to accomplish the amusing ... Show more content on
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In the starting of the novel, the access which deals with Saleem's grandfathering in Kashmir is a admirable archetype of aggregate the bewitched and
the complete elements. In one bounce of 1915, Saleem's grandfathering Aadam Aziz hits the arena while praying and three drops of claret abatement
from his adenoids and about–face into rubies; his tears become solid like diamonds. In a bewitched realist text, we acquisition the battle amid the apple
of fantasy and the reality, and anniversary apple works for creating a fabulous apple from the other; in Midnight's Accouchement through the magical,
the astute creates its articulation and makes it heard. Rushdie has acclimated bewitched realist elements by bond the complete and the fantastic, agee
time, and by including allegory and folklore. His abracadabra accurateness has its agent added in the close and cerebral worlds, close conflicts, moment
of uncertainty, the actualization of storytelling of the capricious narrator, and beneath in the beliefs, rituals and illusions of humans as a

Billy Collins Silence Essay
In "Silence", author Billy Collins uses a motif of silence, a dark and serious tone, and an enjambment in order to reveal that the tension of unspoken
words often lead to the disruption in peace. To begin, throughout the poem, a motif of silence recurs an overwhelming amount of times: The silence
when I hold you to my chest, The silence of the window above us, And the silence when you rise and turn away. And there is a silence of this morning
Which I have broken with my pen, (12–16) By repeatedly using this motif, it deepens readers understanding of the tension of unspoken words. A
peaceful tone remains as the narrator lies in bed and the breaking of silence takes place while tension increases as the character rises and turns away.
Although... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the narrator wakes up in the silence of the morning, a peaceful tone arises yet again until broken by the build up of unsaid words. The author uses
the word "broken" specifically to demonstrate the destruction and disruption. In addition to this, the usage of words the author puts into the poem
portrays a dark and serious tone. "And there is a silence of this morning / Which I have broken with my pen, / A silence that had piled up all night"
(14–16). In order to reveal the tension of the overall silence, a serious and dark tone become a necessity. Readers experience the negative effects of
silence on life. By using words like "broken" and "piled" it seems as if the unspoken words cause more destruction than wanted. Also, the lack of
humor throughout the poem portrays that the scenarios described provoke readers to think, making the examples given come off more dark than
anything. The peace at times becomes disrupted because of the involvement of such a dark and serious tone in order to emphasize clearly that the
tension of these words built up over time, and left a more troublesome situation. The author also uses structural elements such as an enjambment. "The
silence of the falling vase / Before it strikes the floor;" (13–14). By

Magic Realism In Salman Rushdie
fantastic, the mysterious, or the marvellous, and subsequently it is not surprising that some critics have chosen to discard the term in general.
In Salman Rushdie's hands, political satire and caricature easily administer with fairy–tale fights of imagination that merge a fine diaphanous model of
restrained allusions, impulse and humour. The magic realism popularized by Salman Rushdie inclined a large number of Indian novels. According to
Anita Desai, Rushdie showed English language novelists in India a way to be "postcolonial". There is an entire cohort of novelists who experience the
weight of Rushdie's influence as enabling their own talents. Quite apart from his distinctive characters, he showed Indians how the English language
could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rushdie's use of magic realism as a narrative technique is very pertinent as he portrays the postcolonial life in his novel. The Magic realism can
therefore be seen as a contrivance binding Indian culture of the past to the contemporary multicultural interface. Rushdie used fantasy as a method of
producing intensified images of reality. He uses this "intensified images of reality" in Midnight's Children so as to represent the happenings preceding
and following India's independence. The desperate materials pertaining to those times of political disruption, popular upsurge, growing sanguinity, and
confused developments that often bordered on the fantastic could not have been woven together by any other means but that of

Postcolonial Writing In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is a modern example of postcolonial literature and is one of the most influential pieces of its genre. Postcolonial
writing presents important themes and lessons of justice, equality, and freedom that can be applied to present times. It reminds us of how important our
freedoms are and why we need to protect them. The colonized write about their exploitation and show how there is persecution in their colonized
society. Postcolonial authors use specific methods to undermine their colonizers and reveal their backward logic. Things Fall Apart has various
examples of meta–narrative, decolonization struggles, and colonial discourse worked in throughout the novel. Chinua Achebe's writing styles showcase
these techniques to subvert his European colonizers.
Meta–narrative is an important method that postcolonial authors use to show the colonizer's intolerance in the way they structure their stories. These
authors point out these strategic ways that colonizers write so you can more easily see their bias and prejudice when addressing the colonized. Things
Fall Apart has many instances of meta–narrative, both big and small.
One clear meta–narrative example that Chinua Achebe writes:"The story of this man who had killed a messenger and hanged himself would make
interesting reading. One could almost write a whole chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate. There was so
much else to include, and one must be firm in

Essay on Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures
Theory and Practice in Post–Colonial Literatures Introduction More than three–quarters of the people living in the world today have had their lives
shaped by the experience of colonialism. It is easy to see how important this has been in the political and economic spheres, but its general influence on
the perceptual frameworks of contemporary peoples is often less evident. Literature offers one of the most important ways in which these new
perceptions are expressed and it is in their writing, and through other arts such as painting, sculpture, music, and dance that the day–to–day realities
experienced by colonized peoples have been most powerfully encoded and so profoundly influential. What are post–colonial... Show more content on
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This is because there is a continuity of preoccupations throughout the historical process initiated by European imperial aggression. We also suggest that
it is most appropriate as the term for the new cross–cultural criticism which has emerged in recent years and for the discourse through which this is
constituted. In this sense this book is concerned with the world as it exists during and after the period of European imperial domination and the effects
of this on contemporary literatures. So the literatures of African countries, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Caribbean countries, India, Malaysia, Malta,
New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Pacific Island countries, and Sri Lanka are all post–colonial literatures. The literature or the USA should also
be placed in this category. Perhaps because of its current position of power, and the neo–colonizing role it has played, its post–colonial nature has not
been generally recognized. But its relationship with the metropolitan centre as it evolved over the last two centuries has been paradigmatic for
post–colonial literatures everywhere. What each of these literatures has in common beyond their special and distinctive regional characteristics is that
they emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power,
and by emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. It is this

Examples Of Colonialism In Midnight's Children
Midnight's Children (1981) is a novel linking India's transition from British colonialism to independence to its protagonist, Saleem Sinai – a boy with
telepathic powers who is able to organize the 1001 other children of special abilities born within an hour of Indian independence (which took place at
midnight on the 15th of August, 1947, hence the title). It is considered a seminal example of both postcolonial literature and magical realism. In fact, it
was used early on in postcolonial studies as a definitive piece of postcolonial literature – that is, Midnight's Children helped postcolonial theorists
create a definition of postcolonialism. Consequently, Midnight's Children – at least the postcolonial interpretation of it – has long been ... Show more
Why is it important that Midnight's Children is interpreted in just this way – and what does this emphasis reveal? On the one hand, this is likely in
response to criticism that Rushdie is not representing India at all, because of his use of the English language or his assimilation into western culture.
This issue, which troubled Rushdie as well, continues to receive sensitive treatment. In Teverson's biography of Rushdie (according to Christopher
Rollason's review in the Atlantis

Orientalism In Heat And Dust
Heat and Dust, published in 1975 is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala which won the Booker Prize in 1975. The novel was made into a film in 1983
by Merchant Ivory Productions. The initial stages of the novel are told in the first person, from the narrative voice of a woman who travels to India, to
find out more about her step–grandmother, Olivia. She has various letters written by Olivia, and through reading these, and learning from her own
experiences in India, she uncovers the truth about Olivia and her life during the British Raj in the 1920s.
Heat and Dust is really two stories, or one story told twice. The action takes place the first time in 1923 between February, when the dry season starts,
and the beginning of the monsoon in September; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heat and Dust tells two parallel stories about two ladies different time spans and their adventures in India. Olivia Rivers is a young lady from
London who has accompanied her husband Douglas to British colonial India and the narrator is the other lady in the novel who knows Olivia as the
first wife of her grandfather Douglas. She has come to India in order to find out more about Olivia. It is a touching portrayal of an interaction of two
different people coming from different cultures, world views, civilizations, motives and power

Exposing the Real Jasmine Essay examples
The prominent characteristic of postcolonial writing is the incorporation of writing back or rewriting history into the narrative from the point of view
of the colonized. Postcolonial narratives speak out and attempt to expose the injustices of dominant culture often within their own cultural system.
Within this framework, many female authors give agency to the once silenced female voice of the colonized. By employing their own narratives, many
postcolonial female authors demystify the prescribed ideologies thrust upon them by a patriarchal culture while at the same time expressing their own
sense of loss of cultural identity. Therefore, postcolonial literature applies a counterdiscourse that depicts the realities and struggles of ... Show more
In Hindu culture, the sex of a baby is more significant than in western cultures. In eastern countries, boys are revered and cherished while girls are
considered "curses" since being born a girl brought to the father the burden of paying a dowry. This type of gender hierarchy is exemplified in
Mukherjee's novel by Jasmine's statement, "I had a ruby–red choker of a bruise around my neck and a sapphire fingerprints on my collarbone after my
birth. When I revealed this to Taylor's wife, [...] she missed the point and shrieked at my 'foremothers' [...]. My mother was a sniper. She wanted to
spare me the pain of a dowryless bride" (Mukherjee 40). Mukherjee utilizes Jasmine's nonchalant description of her near death experience coupled
with her rationalization to show that the brutal treatment of baby girls is a common occurrence in her culture. Conversely, the reaction of Taylor's
wife is a metaphor for the western perception that the conduct of Jasmine's mother is a form of barbarism. By using Jasmine's birth, Mukherjee
exposes the realties of a male patriarchal society in which girls bring considered dilemmas to families.
Many postcolonial writers include how the natives' land was overtaken by force and as a result, the natives had to change their identity to conform to
the colonial power. While Jasmine relates her story about living in the native village Hasnapur, she tells the reader that she is married at the age of
fourteen

The Post Colonialism Theory : Opinions And Opposing View...
The Post Colonialism Theory: Opinions & Opposing View Points The postcolonialism theory is a theory that has brought many controversies and
opposing viewpoints across the world of literature. In, –this theory, a set of lost identities, use of language in writing, and the questioning of the real
definition of this theory are some of the characteristics highlighted in this concept. On the other hand, conflicting opinions, multiple perspectives, and
authors not agreeing on the definition of this theory are some of the problems that bring powerful discussions and arguments in the world of literature.
To begin with, the theory of post colonialism has been a very complicated concept to define. Many authors and theorists that have responded and ...
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Important European thinkers only wrote about their own identities and experiences setting other cultural backgrounds aside.
Another important example of a characteristic of post colonialism is the lost identities of women writers who others often look at as not being part of
the culture or country they choose to focus and write about. Carole Boyce Davis, author of "An Introduction to Post– Colonial Theory," pointed out that
women who contribute to African literature were very displeased to be considered only a woman writer instead of an African American Woman Writer
(Davis Boyce, Carole in Peter Childs and R.J Patrick William "An Introduction to Post– Colonial" 1997, p.15). With this example in mind, it is clear
that her identity as an African American woman was hidden and not well respected. Furthermore, this postcolonial theory leads to conflicting and
multiple ideas about identities which cause a problem and debate among writers and theory experts who choose to write representing the theory. One
of the biggest controversies that make post colonialism debatable is those writers who write negative texts about countries and cultures different from
their own. One example of this is Joseph Conrad's opinion towards African culture under Heart of Darkness. The words that Conrad used to describe
the culture of African Americans did not represent Africans well in his writing

Analysis Of Pablo Neruda
In most cases, texts that are translated lose meaning, as sometimes words from a native language cannot be translated exactly into a desired language,
or they lose context. World literature translations also lead to the 'dangers of a single story' where you only get to read one side of the story (the one of
the author) without having a perspective of the natives about the story that was written. To understand, how language is used in world literature, and
how text translations change our understanding and meaning of the text, we need to be able to understand the culture, have historical understanding of
the time the literary work was written, and factors that might affect society in which the author had written. When one wants to study world literature,
they need to consider that translations of the text smooths out not only linguistics richness but also the original and political force a work can have in
its original context. World literature needs to be studied with close attention to the original language and context, including works that have new
meaning and take new dimensions abroad. There is a shift that unfolds on the internal logic of the work itself, but often come as complex dynamic of
cultural change and contestation. For a work to be considered a valuable piece in world literature it must be read first as literature, and secondly
circulate into a broader world beyond linguistic and cultural point of origins. Pablo Neruda's poems are post–colonial responses to

Analysis Of ' S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism
Faniyi 15
Kayode Faniyi
129013097
Dr. Solomon Azumurana
ENG 894
REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE'S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST
–COLONIAL PRISM
1. Introduction
Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of "third world literature" as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an
assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77–82).
But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad's very valid misgivings and take a bird's eye view of Jameson's assertion: read in reaction to the
phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of dominated peoples is the literature of self–assertion, however blind to Jameson's national
allegorical (or anticolonial) imperative, and however "hybrid". That last expression might as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But first, I must situate Americanah in its post–colonial moment.
2. Situating Americanah in the Post–Colonial Moment
Since it is published in 2013, the material reality of Americanah is conditioned, however distantly it seems now, by the phenomenon ofcolonialism–it is
written in English, for instance. Although published in 2013, the temporality and spatiality of Americanah's narrative extends backwards to the late 70s
when its major protagonist, Ifemelu, was born. As a child, she witnesses the death by firing squad of that famous robbery kingpin, Lawrence Anini
(148), and lives through coups, coups attempts, strikes and the usual brand of public dysfunction that still haunts Nigeria, therefore linking its
post–coloniality with that decidedly African brand of introverted, introspective post–independence post–coloniality of disillusionment exemplified by
novels such as Ayi Kwei Armah's The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the Savannah, and soon
enough with the post–coloniality of globalization (and the neoliberal ideology that has hijacked it). As we see in the novel, this disillusionment is the
animus of her exile. Ifemelu arrives America in 1997, the year in which Kudirat Abiola, activist wife of M.K.O Abiola, was killed (116). Here,
Americanah's post–coloniality takes a new turn. This new turn, inaugurated by Ifemelu's (voluntary

Effects Of Africanization In This Side Jordan By Margret
Effects of Africanization in This Side Jordan by Margret Laurence
Post–colonial Literary Theory came in to challenge and scrutinize the European theories which were the false perception that they had the universal
culture despite the fact that their culture was not able to handle the complexities in the divergent cultures as depicted in the in the postcolonial writings.
Therefore, there was the emergence of the indigenous culture developed specifically to accommodate the extremes of the two cultures, that is the
traditional and the modern culture. European started the expansion of the political sovereignty. During this time, the political strategies of the
European were aimed at eroding the culture of the communities they expressed their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The imperialists suppressed the culture of the countries they colonized through the use of conquest, enslavement and finally the alienation of language
to make their language superior to the language of the original inhibitors of the land they conquered. Different writers, Margaret Laurence in her book
"The side Jordan" to be accurate have come up with the efforts of transforming the language to the extent that it could capture the socio–cultural aspects
of the geographical locations of the nation 's Ghana and British. Among the futures that the users employ are the capability to examine and subvert the
formation of the culture of the imperialists. Therefore, her use of English literature responded to this quest by making an attempt to develop the usage
of the language that handled the sense of otherness.
In Canada, Margret Laura makes the effort of reconstructing the lost identity of the cultural groups that add up in making of the society in Canada
through the use of her literary work. Some of the key issues that the novel handles in the quest to of reconstructing the lost identity include the strive
towards the social recognition, the rebel against the brutality inflicted on the communities by the colonial masters and the experience the communities
encountered in the amongst the ethnic groups. In this connection, therefore, Laurence crafted her work in the manner that it focusses on the identity
whereby, the people

Postmodern Historiografiction In Literature

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