1. 7
CH,ll ', Ugr,,tQ &,rte&sry1_* e_!
tlcu qel
Ef{tl"n..{ ( e) = ulhul
kihqF qur hrrct ta P'1
lte orger co.t/r errerXq^losses t.., g Bqere-rv1, S" looer ils e0-fiuen,rt
RCuchc,is
fhe
co*e" '{rom L d|,l'Ferenf sc..*r.-eE:
I ProcesS Lim ilahbns:
tn*gl osses due lo practra.l eekus .:F c^n' energl +r*as Formr,Ston fcrcSS
-
D fundcrrneilf&l U rnifc-fionS'.
6^erq.a toSSeS ct-v^e-d.-r-e t?r ph.lstc-cJ lct-r-,--:s Fhcr,t c-c^-rvno4- be c;^c*,/
Tf.l-Sd result d,'F{-,tu"tq <>F hzrnqQ.irrrnis
Q-ron--t FLe- l-f.,e-rrnqr-
*e.1q r,nto ot'{.-q*- forrrr'S oF e-nertq,
' Wc,,<rn3 up c. 9i3rl+ o* sz.rrs, ,-tout f nc-ne.crSe qor,r.f bodrl's 13 bV o.lmt)l lf(nT
' Bo+ qi * u- tcoe1 crse.d a-.[rc{ts -1 2r)oX oF eu"r-r.{.1 Fo cinaf -FL.a. sk..j r 3
lnc-re.crs<- in ut - "b.-lr-,.-F q.r.^ oF' , -IzooJ our b" r.'a€.s= "&Jh"..h r4.ouharJtdu
4 = (tool o, ZS = Zb.L process '1to1u'
eQQ'c-l'erc1 is TLool= -tLeu. e-|_Fr'c-ter.1 due lD '
'I--rrrvrl'-1=*1'lrr-r=
tr,it".l bI loioc,V.orntshcr,l of F"ocl diTtbn r hiome-cjnco-vri"-s o! ho* .tctu rvrove
Nlol Cr. F.,ndcrnne-rrrFcr" Ltr*iF btc proc-e-ss c-oud r"q w.c-r-clq rv"r<;re- e-FQtc-,,e-nt-
, vsed d..i5 rnuSts o<- %n*1"d
tre.c.lrrrccr- e-rne.rX1 Fro""r olhet Sol-r.rc.e-g,
tltucr-g cherntccr enerXtl G .r.^J or o{^q.r Cossi eues
. E*r"n', Conve-rhe.d h 6*t to
1 butrnfnS , cta:v,), {-{"!- rr€utt5 Er-v, converte.cl
{L 6a.-*v''"'-
e-: # = 3 sr -
rnxer.1 due- tu cr Rrndarnnenkr, Lirnikrhbrt
Ea^ CcunOt be- h''rcrnsGrrr^-.- ha oH".e.-r €trrng O0 *""1t r^l [Oti'/- e-0hUeyrg.l
k 35'/"e t's ctose ltr h'{"c{rrejn<.c- ntc>a.t'rnuvn
6.erqr4 Ef&'a'enc"t Probbms
crS "urV**b L{...( ql-". this co.t<1 be- *ve- usek,.,
qeqq o-lFgu! oF c..rr', e-nXtne or procsSs or H^€- tlorl< +4^cttk clo"e- ,',. corhilole.-h'n1 <
n'U"hc"+,,1ou
PfO€. E('. U-)h!.n Llov Cimb c. Pl,'3nr .>& glcrirs, ?r-t'= AU3
.(A"Lunc* qc,u had tu eof " r^,:ill Eereru-lg be- the- stc^I e.ne-rg.{ t.?uts nc.edeel
fo o* entrne, ta6, 0r prcceS8 . A. i ulkn i1c,r.n r*n your c,,.l'. condihi.rne-r-
tAhoh qou F^ig" - e,ec-hricsl *.xxf fngrri
Sovel )or,,. lmr{ ned h do cdrliNc,lrc,- ii.,tc-*^tr^l'c}ns
-C-t)ffPUK Vc"uef iot t^fV,of t{y g^}" t "6hc.J-,r.!wpo-rd'' o B. sove- c,tl evrergt vr*tves
- CoVnpUte e = a hc"l- vp, ?*/ril.* .t* pcud t$"U,r**,.

2. 7
Pc-r--Z
-A Cr+r-3 brc^ve-;5 cio..15 c^- e-rzel v^o<C e^Jr
St€,€.*a!1 $S c.t (Offr* ?0%)
^ph
t-'.jhc*. q"{qq frarrilforrrrrh'on cefcl bvz"rrs.$brs ar-e- fs$(i^a p c.r-e.-?
Akr Ar,t1;A&h+ AE r.e"., = W tCL Conse.rvcuh'c,n o& E e1. ftr on open sqtRrn, fnctr.rcIE
.CC!. mov1.n3@ cocSfsrrtsgeec, n,raKl olttlg"S oF 6 {rJhigh rn,'ghf q{pt^.,t ta l'{.0.-c-c*r
'&rod tg ev<-, so no - F qrr iS rwrnr well,r i Se.nnp. r"r:ilt be c.ng1tl.{.b, no AE"."
6<l,.rn does chonctr<-, clerx-ecrinX aS &r.e. r's brrrnecl
AG.r."r, = frl rcl
U*q tD cl o u.ny!1 [t" oF Ctyir€ Go.co * *u d-rayuEftr E aS h4c.i- ,tz> F{^a- e.rwrnt
r A c(L( an a-
hc..t a d r""3 coegfitjenl oF 0,60 ', CLfet* of Hlr (fovrtr <ll t{o Cf,*r = [,trnz, WhCtts
t/nin. pou/e;. doe-s thts cry neeel b yv'royg o c,gteadq spee.cl o4 3ofr/s on kvel ftround I
'Cc* coing work blc of droq , Fshiry afrncnpcre *i) F = in mcrtn ihrJe tu d.o.q h-c,e- b:
.l-lnis is +.t 6.cu thcri's ao5 r-,..rortr on l4^g €lWrn*
D=icpAu. . P= Fv =(zfuN)ts"*ts) -gloor
b= L(o 3px.2*V*9(t.rr) [eo*ru; *2&os
-Tko c-orve-re-. ho* Fxlt'l ft r<*+<o] a+ zs rni(-o.s/guJtan o? go-s a* hr^6h,n*.7 sFecc)
fuhc.,fk fL" a Cav-va*<- clriw<,n 25 mite-s (ctctt<*.,) o,j- Sants?
"*{blen'1 o?
fa g.<ff6>n ,F tc.s cankr.,.r'ng 1."{xtor t aF c$sry1teel *ernq
aE*,., = PA! = P(+)
au7'/.trtotT =GroowXatrtr) lt.to*
=' irrtT
- -'t'& = o.ot 3 = 8. E"/,
O^ t. 6Z oF l-{^.- c-l,unfe*.| e-n.t-17 Froy", {-i.c gas f s use-d lz evucafte
dfclt. fl^-c- regt i6 ^'tc>sh-" crg h!c^-t- $" Y^R- qv;ran*qr{.
in t1rnle--licrr,l Enery.r' ln.,-td*S lvc.r6e otly -t13 _
af*dxlde wcrler
onc€-
bn erqq frui 'ft:or)
its =!rot-
ne-lo'ods
, Lte l"-"d.I -K i;I;;b..' v-4
tv('trlaurg Gd z-{, Lo,' (nt'+,o'
JZ.ipTiljr
6f"lri*ft"--t 1t.:--= S::1.1",brerjftuc.l fn"i k=,, .cr'*b,'n<s
o^Wx t-hcr-fS -1:t.jl,f^ {-r' prodvre " '
u f e1er9'
eJts|l cc-rgor1 clr'oy,icle, uth;ch r'S e-yhoJ<d; t^:e,ler r-Jhic4
cr-q be
uSe-c. ta1'l-he-_taa) *1
-.,,2' O s c,{aqy1iq^,, . uOxic.,tahbn oF ti oF ?"
.- +l eferc4t4 t'S Use.gr bq^
.
. 4:*+-q$Lgt,trtl
+ enen3Y fs useo 3[rrcoae-b. <rX ot{^r cc,rb
. eff",rOq r.l.lit reecrse ctPProA ' 17 <T oC en.ertt
r-- -,r.thr--rdR;;€du d-
r^a 0.,*t.1" a...-.-., fzroal r--. -- c- ^ - ^ tt --.-
- purnr'n3 L. -, 1-'-.ns6aq1f..{l-'-t -u
L-
fuut"t oF H.,e- TH"ffi;;"H* F*r*., lr>
o.s Q$6,rk* J,.o-^*t E;{."t*. . Jill'un c<rn bq e'o*tt3 w-rerr+r'rreel
cw * Q) E*..^ t tsucr.5 nnerrt,ur,recj r'h rn,:$ rt CalofreS(cg'f)
Ik.,a*t.j,..,$$ q4
^ ^r Cnwqq C{.)n€JI Oir tDoct S LrLrcr_t
{
i= tsr:lb .OO cs"on'e- a 11,11
outes
",t
quoted in Cciories Ccaf) u-ll c. cr.pibr^l_"c
iCc.u.ie (a-so "at..t o'"€r94 cr^ltt'ia")=
IOOO sr 1kcc.J . lF a, ccrndq. bar
..i'l n";6s " 1?dCn.l . fl U,,rnn{ :l uLc-tulll p rr> d,, ce
:c.rn#r-u'ns lSo C*t, i(-b -r nd, ;t f ;il4 nrr)
-
"".lo',es
Z*,bCS cc-l (r,r 9&2KT) irl E*".^.-t

3. 7
& ll.s; trt,erg{ tn Fxd _Pe.s -
- ft Z aZ .o]^' o( sodcr cohta-u'1rg eqprax. '/oj (v;+Lss i-h6, 7r cr^p)
"F 6ufr*,
a simple cc,,rd>hyolr.,-c-.), Hot^t fvrvch C)t!.mtccJ <nerql in .lstrles cl.:eS fhrs Scr{f,rf conta,r'n(
tb.- -"-nt cr^-lorr'e.S iS lhis ?
t g o( sf3c.r = t-T l<T 1- cat * L{, 1 jo,oes
u3 =68011T - &Eo,ooo1 = bzza c-c^l = GoCaJ in !* c-..--, -P socl,e.*
6""-fl Us-e o$ J-s4__
Reshhq pd!/er(Vi
()t'14c,..-n
.._-<-
oF 6g fi.i i",a.'
'bod'a ii a-[uc.qS Usinq (aeratL/ t ovex cr-h re.St- " Liv<--r- zQ
btrlo!,rn1 F repc^-irih3 hr'ssJ.re, d,3ue(.t-t.'3 F...a, q-.-td
jce-e-prn{ *.Lr"rr. il:", e.3/3-". c:,-,4 ipo-er (.n w-l-fs)
'Brc.a',^, I1
'Enet^n1 c'orwteS F-o'n-lt 6-^-"n tn gtaur L-olra't 6.!zre.St ' ' l'teay {- -l
d,.rtd ",-i t-r-lh^rrao-fel q ccrnwe-rlr-aa <.i^H-eJj t+ l-i"A-fmc.l € 'htne^1s LL
-h'c-h 13 i-rc<,nS{-t.d.4 cLS heaf- b H^e-
e)1vi.oY1rvreo1-
?
'A Spirarne'l-er me,.svreg hoc', rnuch 0z -he- bod,1 lffiff' r1
S tcr<t..o rrD + lleo.SLrre-s khe tacrclq's 'l-ot-c^f tcx)U
TakL d.tJoor.. En.,z1 Us. (fr"Frfr{1,),";[* to-r-,t
ge-h $c:7 rw'rt n3 oc+-,'"t
! )
'lf qnu elimb cL aet o€ 6{zdrs c,.l a c.on€fcrrrt specd
AUq :-A E11' * A C-.1..o,, = o (no ake)
'--.G
Whc,f L16u X*', t*1 :. 3 A.t
.J ,
bolh ;a.rgas5 (n) be.rn3
"sed t-)
1-.
Ail3: t6t<3{9.tmls) 1z'.1"..) = itoc:.5-
IAE = AUq o- A 6.n
Chevnr'ccrl ^"..eme-t"q.1 Fr"rd yuu.r bc,dl
iS ccrrrve-rted in'l-o^ po,l-ent,c;' eIeyt'({ 2. 1t1hc.t tqou hac) b pnl
The ..E+- is li^e
( He,3hr,is increa5l'-) and lhurna)
rle1(nc- 5 | l c-r €(-(a rEr I uI c4 { nJLf, I
1 I vrrekc.r.-)oo;c enetnl Fl,'o- b.,d| arsec{ i n
enerbl Lbcx i s s{' gll"ttq ..-:c.r.r,.e-r) corngl-h"1 Flr.{ r..s k . t c1.,.^"
x-fr,f W hf:" .o€ och'v;6pg congdered,h
-For
Y," fuf"tt:oaltciagt o-nA *f9c ere4 in
o€ och'vitts, 5-,".,.1 '-1ZpoT
cUyitq,el"o
-'":z:zoor ] o,::-:F!:,
!
flt. f Uu"1i3,
Fr*[Z lat;?ffi'EH:,N,";'H'#
ra4dp a( Zo- Sd z oW15'/"
EW ends up us t'f.-qrrncrl ,rrrl lncr€crciecl t^l
&.tlq, I*uw rnc^n1 H|flhrs
- lF u1". c-r,nELrrvlec c! Zo a c.,-n oF sodc(r h.r^ **.1 *ttXt"t5 of sh^r'rS coud art
C.tnno or' [,[i- 6-v.,.n" its c.onl-a^rhS3 f*ssuvv'te- .-. rvecrSS oF 6F {<} C-Lnc o. Fl,gtnt- tl
Sfotrs hc.s q- vev h'cg- he.rqh* .t z.-Inr .
I c-r^*-r sodo- = G86 lqS oV 6o^...., Sr'nsq flvtg = m't'Arl
'l. Ssurne- ?5'/. ls trc.rrrk,rrnecl h> Act= 4*a = 1,1'ttsT--
i,nrrpc.Serl t/,3 -tr,r,::ltq.t-r") ' *5
Aug =
l
Lts,esXf" trr r ros 6) A.{ =
ryla
A(g= [,]'l()sT 2,-1rn
: 1-t FiXhts of sk rrs
' h"q.i used f;er *.^cz:nd runnt= proporhonc.r.I F6 lcrurr speeal
u'funnt 2x o-s R^.ef takes ofet". Zx as muc-h
[rcru:€r, brlF cllso te"V4S 1w Zx ct0Lf
b"*Bq quu. ttse- bu run a- ecrkcrin chEkrncs.- doetn'l- depend on your apeeal)

4. 7
Co En Gn w ht-1,'Fh^ Rt,-tl
"A, we;XYrt-lrpl'er ,Pls q. 5o t.S bo.- P."..t lhe- Fo.rr lb a P"si}1a,n ov€1- h,S hce^d
ctn), bccc1( ks H"1a FL,r6r- qtcq-n O X in Successran. At- U^i- e" rrl oF fi,s eaerc{,s€
lJhc(F .41-n1 {-ra-nsFurrnc-honf hcuvt h;u-r p ) c..c-c-?
4 6lc-rn I ute-tVht'liFW * b-.t
Snvrninh c,tt.:e-S na QorR on k1^4- aLiSrca'v't A F.tot, "A C*r" = 4)
ot /ot"etu'l ,
(LSSurr"ve- H^r- Hrn€- t'6 Shcrrh eni'rXl-r <'a-c-r' #'"Vr^e- ---Lre- bc,-a ;3 rot^s.)
H". t- fio hr-cr.!r g5 r^e.r>s$c-rred Qr*, lht ^uSel'<-S t:se' E.t e-rr, . U (l-'r.-r.**-11, qJl at
t{.c- s1;*--t t-a) 'H^-e- e.llvvaq+f, {'h;s e^erX"l rS FraagQ'lntec| f., 5,-+"
B--r t'S re-brlrnecJ, +r> its s!c{-hr^ru3 Fosih<:n cl.rrc} iS rlod tuvtuial t So la<-re'S beet1-
no cVrqn* in .r kg
-A3
)e l*toSt e*eraiSeS in [-f{
t 1- ( 1;fhnt .-*th}, runnrh3 c)v1 a. frec^-Lvr,tl) invalo
ot-t Fl"e hcprrsfurpys;h'on oF E"-t-at--, + Er+-,
'A a.4c,l6t pe.cJc.ls 20 rniq a-v 6. 5;pe-ceJ og 15 l<*',1h.. Hau-s nL.eh rnejaba/ic q1gg11 tS
tor
" , re7u4
'l8O W esecJ in c*1cl in3 c'-f o- apeed a? t$ k-rnf hr 2<> mrx (*{) lr2-ac> 5
=
ffi be=?At AG= Llt'OW (r2oos) u-
Ae -sKoff
6ner.?1 Sh,rc, q(
'Boc)",1 cit,tg 6t"*.Jn frcr"n &rod, iF {"rts e.l.e{t1 isn't wEed, iF u,i be shured 4r
-A"-F : srvrcJl on-ertnf o( U"rvt/ ne-cded Qr. rmrnecl,'cr-te 0.6e
-G tlco2zn I cs-d glucose: c-r.a^r o.rwrvr,,h ?Htflsil-6cecl ir, rmrtsole hrtaerlt'v<t
'Ha-lhhq actull rna.k 5d-ares * LlooT aF l-/.aae "r
ec,rb'(a, h,#A rr-ro(e {-/T-1 cc:n$urwel ln 7 du1
-Tha bd stoFeS &bcx^n- YOOa .,F csrbolqa"^*a. Aggrax. hc-,r.^.r 0<*r- c-zruc.l u 68 t.3 run$€,
}rc.rr{ on Fhts s{-orecl qo7l 7
t1 t.T pu oF c<^rr"ox.aa,"^re. (rlooor)(.{oo3) = Q.tr loo T
I 5o W useJ i n runrricl c!t- l5<m[ l+r
e .yrr o& ,-
A8.r.."r.,=Pct At": A.6.,n'-.^/p :-boi_-: b'tt3.oq s = t.Gl Ftours
Ax= VAt
=(teKrn/*r)(t.t"U gt; Ax = L_1.ta <rn - 25lcrn
usa 4"nrf 6 ua)k bl. ol merhano'o,/ ine-F&z-;et'tcr es t n oL,-r ?u<'f.-
(tne-he €-ne,ri.1 'frrnott{1 t-raltSfu"w1aA intz: ffu+rna} *uffi t'rt qoutl n/ruseles r ShoeS
6dh-oecLr c.r-1 be- c)e-Si3ne.c[ +a r"'rinirniae lc,Ss oF e."er11
Lt A l{.e Scl€ ol {-he Shoe Ccu,r S-Dre polen'o- enert.{ ,uJhioh
"p",nq rn
CAi^l bd re-turnecl t-D <nerh'c, *."?Y dcr*-,n3 fL'-L MN+ stride.
(Spr,hq maJc< {-l.e- calli;fon cu/ lhe X-t'attnd ,nc'}e e"las'ne)
.J

5. 7
P6.5
lc-_- a
t
" ce,si u s
s -a/
'tre.lnre-nhe.il
tdeat 6crS
L'".tr*S do nol_ inferccc-t tl[ othe-r te-x.epF 6r collisfans:ec.SHc,tro no
er^c-l"r
is ost) , {he sqst<rn, haS no Va+enh.J **X1 (U{ , anll Kineh'c
"*rtt nh*"*t enerXl oF en ideo. gas = ir"J'hDki ki.,e-Vtc.-en"r11
*T?-r'e
SoBl o[* {-he o=turns {+c,=l rrLctke op f-h€- qc"-g
*,The ternperc"bure- oF cqf 'derd gcts. rg e.- rne-c+-€uy-€. o[- {tte avecctl-
(ineh'c <rre-rfl r$ H"e a,lrorns t-hc,!- rna)ca uF ++',L qa-s.
! z
kouS -- Z vrn.Vrrrs
n
c.tomtcmas" r-oot rrrecr-q SqUA*1.e. Spe-er)
nurnbe-r o$ qhornS
"15{Sf =2 N rnv.-*'
b
I
grn
E'
Tlwrgero.ture on tl.,e. Ke vin 6c<re (T=T. " 21 C
O K= Points o-h uJicj^ !L"a Ktne-hL
^uX1
crF aJzms i$ 'Ze;^o
-'24 lernperc.h-:res on Hne- <e,vin S<.c--e o{e Lr)
1-e*.n9e-rc.:tute- c>FcJt rc1ec.I gcx in S<-rrvrS aF f{^{-
_ .. Ka*r
<g dr,)er^c'ar- ktne-htc- e'nenxrl per a-tztnn
3 ku (fjottanrc.nn's conshanf) : t.3E x tO-tt %.
kc..r3 = 2 KeT
Y L
on l..r clerends on {he, lonl etv.lure, nots on fhe crC-om rncLrs
| lncrerrsinq x lrr c^ Scrctur oF cl
lncrerrsino Lr-r Scrclur
1,.rg-r^se-.d oF2-
1 "i - e-'c'btrs 3<e'T fi epeed is ProporFr'onc.l br> t'lne
rn { o$ vhe Ternpe.rce}ure.
I
1-nlT
,' *h,gher kmpesalare c<rrresponclS
i b ftrsfer alrcrnla or mr:leclrkrr epeecls
xA gc.s ,.ll l*th* cr.kornS r-r:i ho"ve- Qlster cr,hrrvrt,
ChcrSin3 X c.fz.cJa,,'ot {+an
On Crvercrsyq <>(
tcrS tll hecrvfer c.-FornS
C e-}atqts I b'{ 't C'IH)
S,r+"c oQ- {Z
Uacd'ar ots c-
&rcfor d*- rr'= otfumc rnqss r l,6Gx tt,^" 1<3
Ex l/.8iSpecd oF rrttr"gen w.'oec-u"eS
-l.liFroqrurr.,es (ti2-).
tj 2o". ohc:]r r:s -h!- rms speedjl_ilgw$bcgtes oG__qlqgi
(n="78^*]qb;lO.a?k3=T.2orL.l3V,*u=.F^@Vrr.ns:5(om/5
y.,r= Ll,&sr.ro-11Jg 1-= z-g3 tq - - -V L.Gb nlo'uus

6. -YGr.b
C-ort g*b 11ner n c,. Ene.c61
% x Therrnc- **t1 f s airac-l{.1
f1*.,= N'ko.,1 = t tq'Ke'lf g roportr'c,ncr. Q Te{Ylpe,{cr$ure
therrnal F6*X1 Jg c.^ icJec,. Xa,s oQ N a.rhurng A6,.^ = * U:ku'AT
, Tne E*. oF o. s ubskrncr- f s p ro porfr6,ra^J; t?, H,.e- humber oQ cr.irornS
A gcrs r-o m6re c^*orns hcrS rnore- 6*h Hac.n o, tci*s a.ts S-ne-
Sdn4 e- Te-r.perer-h:re- w I Fe.rre-. cttt>rrrs.
2. A A in Ternpe-rzlfure- cr*u8es c:. cropor{i''c,inc--L c-,1c,-ng,L I n {"1 4*
5 $V2EV<u cets Vllerrnc.l *15 .t A [arctr er tso,rvrporature cVrcuu.r-
;,
(rrr.r€e.s a l*tgr chc*n1e t n thcrmc.,{ areft1
O, t'
I,(a1 c
to o c-r|,13 oF c.-tsrnosphere- pre-Ssrre- ancl 2Lo c- c-ont-crjn: 2.5 * lott rnole<-tr;eg
81 ho.^t nnr-rc-[r 6[oe-S itsS $.l-rn..-l d'ea"rt- |{ r'{-s hq-+eol tzt %'c-?.
AT-= lo i<
^*1rt
AFr,.,
:i (2.5 r to'')[t .tr,tol,l*X ror.)
A 6*t =6, 5Z 5
r ena W"'r< o{e aimpy Z d,'FFcrerrf
+e.Ak rrrcr-L{-S oF {-ratrSf'.'etr rh3
enen1l bb or {..o"^ a, €lgFenn x
'Therrnc- ey.r3t1 fs trci-ns$<r-rec.t b [,^r cr sqel-e-rrn crtrd ?l-!- €-v1vt ran *-,enl
cLS cr C-oAseclue-rice o? a fer^np. ;1; p$<r<nce b l* Pt"-&1
''Whe*1 the fast - p,at-,e.c,ues in t4^e hoFler oblec-l- coicJ<- u,l lhe Src'ser
n,Tcrecr-re-S (n Vhe- r-aer obierrt-
NeJr Resol|l fi.ri1 k*n hoHer --> Coole.r o61<c-f
4rc-xr'tslerrq)
[{ ecr is Vhe- aer% .1 trc.ns$<-J- d, i o- tl^errnc.l q Fer-i:.c-t-rc 1 rr
^

7. 1'la1
Ffotn nrro'rr'nq
n bqJrr'er Ore.vc-nks IerlrprnSbwts sbrl o-Pou5 P_e'r.61
Wem Sqsk-rn tD 2.
( H^e.-rvr tu coicdg
stem.r
uz Tr tTi
fr- 'AtsurvrS in SqstelnL hc'ra o.--hiXh.e* kr'u3
Lr.,o n€-.- r's /as I r'n a* pere<c*11
,oJ"E a o
^uI
qtr'c e-o l ti-s icrn)
F-z^sl- Slow
Oa <-<)
Etc.s'Lr c
rolisioh
L-b.L6"6;s.{ GrCrrnS Enerqq
#'
h'crnS6erre-ct Fro"t {-he
-+ Therrrn.) e" e''rXLI s
(
n€''l- &-'q71 franS$e.r ; .$o-tt*- t^lov'^n c<-bpr-"-S 6n {-h. U)o-rrnq- E;lcj€
(as Hec^'r) .b ${-re, Sot-se-r-"fvrcrvr'rt3 o-tsornS o11 *he- asler St^c{e
)rZ Sqsferns pc^c-e.d
in thermc" eonrferc-l
LDi I Frc^yrs$er *fiernrc^l I tr Cotlt5;orn3 lrc.rtt&er eAe.tfqL,t Fr.or- l'[re u-Efmer
to-S
Sq're-/}1 +-?, H^-o- *-tu/ ,vno"e enetTe'li<
ene*tl t.l-nlil $.dr (k,)c.u3 (l<.)"."1
o-L*S osa Cn€rrCq tb eSS e-rrrerqeFl'q
&^*t ternperir*t^rcs a*Fzr rnS . Th i s .i4v trc'ns$er = [ 915-
O{e
Q,<o q; tr-) qrhen =." i=' h.*l*$.u..d
t{"0- Scrrn.Lf
^*XrI SpJ*
5qe,+errl
Q =(-) 6fierr enerXl iS hr-ounskrred
OUF ok c^ S.t6h€rn
F {ecr"t S Fra.ns€e-r'qg9
6carrs
€co"n hoF to cokix
T+ lTr u)1,e4 the Sqs+<-tvts hc-re H^0. -tc,!r.a
a-Ne-rcLc* tfc.n6lC--h^onc-l lcine,fi'c e1er1r1
o-y,d, f{r,.r.S Hne- sc}rne 1-crnpera}-iZ
Qz --l-Q, r llnd, e-o(l,Srbns sh'll tra-nsFere/^e-rqq t-"* L
Srcte fr.r {-{^n- ofu, 6ra J-l,,e-re,k n" fr*r err."E1
lrc.n s$cr )
themcJ k1vilibr,utt
lJn" ls* Lc.* oF thermodqncrFn'cs : [g*= VJ*Q
lZt sqstcrnS f n ^rhrcl^ on1 {-he- Fhe."'..t €-nefil chc-n3es, lh" %ny,
^
in fherr c- e-ne--n1 iS eluc^, +15 F{^e er1"t1 trc-.ns$err<d I'ata ar ouf't
YL-,e Sq6€i.n cLS tt)rk W ard/c,r herr-t- O
'sqslerns lL,crt cren't fnovinS Cno 6r) , Fhcrl_gun"n'9 q-hcst, cernicolrl(ca'-4, bul-
UhoSe. t€,,x pert'h-tre5 dcrn ohc{nx,e- -- the:rnaAlna-rnr'6
Wov( on Wclr< bt{
su st<rn'
Sqstern f,r) <O
w>o Srlsherrr
6ner3t1 ln AE+v,=W rCl EnerXl out
Q>o Q <c)
Hee* to Hec.l- &ro.n
6r.1S€rn
=c1arcrn

8. 7
PG.B
Conc-eo,.rc- Ex lt,3'. CompreSsinc a q4s
-|1pfrt" c( 3a-s is in a-n ins,rc.$eol conta,jner, so |l.rcr-t no hec.i enoty qJn escq.{>e.
tF
t pistan is used 4o arnyress *t^-o- g*s, uJha+ happe,',t /" l1- '|enp. oF t-/^o fq ?
"The pr'6fon cr"gg,eS s frrr.e f0 Frr.l- $s, r.',.td {'h€re ts o. d;Ebrnr.errt, ih,S
rns4rls thc* ,"n i< ts cLrne on .|il. qc,S bq {de pitton [Vrl to). No thervrar <.{eJ(tu
COn be evciluna+d ill the Qnvironriient, theHninq Q=O. Sincr. ane-rqqrS lrr,rrd.rl.,
inlo the.p,lt+r"^, h" tfu""""l qe"U? "P +4i-a- fas rnus*,'nr-ui^e. Th,s
tTlgatts t/v-'#tnf rhusl ncrerts€ a-5" cae.//.
&. Il.lct', Wortt ond hea-l in a 4 tde.a-l Gds
-Sup7ose u conVcrlner hods 5.or lOtt r"roec,*r€s oF ar1 rclec,.,{ flqs, 5oT oF q:orK
o.fe- done on &'1",e toS b'-1 o pislan fLwf @rnpreSses r'1. the. +<:vtp oF th" 9cia
Cha-rr,7cs by 3o'c- clurin3 *his proc-aes . Ilac': rnvc-h het* r^S *rans{<.rred Fa c..,-
$-."- t{.,e- '*uiron.-.-ri+7 AE*n=1 N'KB ar
n
Q=tr6+q -W
AE+r-, = ? (s.or. ro")(.38 r ro-'3 Y*)( 3o .) : 3tS- 5oT
e.rwtcc)'fvrn€.rr1-
,Yy, l;;:*' ilffii*
in Lhis procs*ss
En *J, - Tra.nsfrr Drrcrns
'h*V, Re-Ssrt o,'r-; c.-n a blec'V or a- 6tart aF the- envirarnmcrtrts so <,-r-1p
Hac--f ifs +emp. cl.oesn'f nohc-<.c.bt1 cJnc,nXe uhen hec^-|- ;s tra-ttSl<rr<d
bt^ lt" 61stsern c-nc, &he Y?ser14;v-
(Tu) -+Dt Re.gervoirl A re-servofr cr-F a higher +-e{1p. +{"&-"1 Vhe sysFcrn
(f") - CDd Re-Eervoir I A reserv6jr o-k c loc.rer hp. 1-{ru---n +{"- s,1s}-<-{v^r
.+[-{er-r.t e$eql is }ra-yrS$errect bl* q Eqsl-ern a*tcl a- reservo(r r'f
1+.e-1 hcve- dil(ere.n* *e-lrnp.eratrreS
0 * , o-rnoon! of he-c-+ t-rr-.r's&-rreci +o o( Som cr hot fe.s€rvoir
-^fr#au' Q c : &wroun| of hec-! Frcrns$e,rrect ho o- etov^ ct c-olc feServoir
;s
Hedr*
()l H lrc.nr Qc-
c.gP$-s t'|oL
Q&voir
reserlar'r
HoF reservott
.rr! --Cotd a-I- -fc
-
a-+ -----r Fre c-€
y^gclurYes
51shewr QH=Qc
.+o+ rese(/oir fs crtsc,.r-{s aF Fhe top (k53'f
'(Dd re,&rvo-ir cr,-rrarrs c.r.t Ts bo*owr
'-lhe sqslem tgFT"') b* 2 reservorr5
' Res"vuor.s c^vld alsratr 6,911aecfid b,t h;N" +W co^d t//f//-
**otrt/7
-"'- J't " I Lrr,-sE4r -*uf ,
)t Spnlarrrus hranskrs go rn 1 direc-hbn ont.1( *'
bt+couF,_
fuuVr{-TrcrrrsW Dr'a6ro.rn

9. 7
?csr
Cbncegfual 5, ll.'l Anut, t**tdku-< . ', r
: l'lno 8"O,
-)ldhy-in phlSr'cS &ercnS- r's i+ rylor<- tux;oj ort *he bou la ereretse tn "e*,/ hal
w e+^+rer?
Llor, fua1 cenhhuovsl7 c-ctnver*s Fohemo E*n, . E (q*r?r4zt"th a. cons'ic-n{r bocLq k-r,rtX"
Tourboel{ musi urnh'nrrl.zl1 {rransfu hr<* t- t1.*- ertv{rdftfte({1. Thts is ecLE.l fn c<,.t
tt'te-u.]-l*r : 'hrcol- ts Sponlclner*ts! t'rasrs|ered h tdt- €t-tvtn* , bu[- olkan l,l.a- o-t'.
l*af i: h,Xt^rr |hclrl l1cr* b..{i ts€rnp ,L{N" b"t1 ec*nnaf aol idset? l'h,s cr6ll/
rutd Muat ose olLt* rne.-hc"rlisrns *b fi-c.nsSe"r- this **Ajt Suc-h as fe.rspr'rrn5.
Tl.,nSe rher)-lc,'-rt6zraS r eTur're a.ctcl,'han -t ener7 elqr<,,no ih.lf<.
7
6nerto{ f5 e-xhc{ckd
ffiexq, s f
u'C,rwur,ua
ht ru{ l-l.re S.*
Woor =aR _ec_ 5ysfer4 'ie-,--u. bq f ru ""ST.-
6e41au& Evergl it'pul Fr.cess heal-
erlertl rs +tc.1s$<rrei deterrnined br dte
Hecrt ene{j1 is
Q r+
"6. into !he- cotd tpcrter Znd La-,^t eF 'n-d{ra&lc:
dha(
trcsrs$erle'l €rorn the c tZ
ho,t- r.^rqtler e-^ Worr - Qrr-e. e^oo= -T
a Qu e.o reh'cc.l ry"axl mum eFft C erc.t
" B lc er^c.x e I , ?. werr< done is o( o- h-e.^f e-n3ine-
o-u:crr{S e SS Y"c^rr^ {-L.r,e hec^} i vr p t-,r"t
(wo.,* . Q ")
So !her. b-^.uST ba hec-t Qc exhc^.rs<.l +" f{.re cod Te.servoir
q No hec+ enqfre- er.n corwqr
tci% o[- Lt-,y in&z rsefi]. r,oor-(
z-,b-r+ rg l-''g
enercM rs'usecJ
"^Yg1 l:,yi,
hloun d'#.i"f=ff-l 'h"nl flzr^ nac)a-r 7yr13;n tr4,o c.,(e ac e-
Stinu Worl< Nou+
uc-eqjr- rec-eh)r procluceS h^'Sh-PreSSt,re.
Sl-ect-gh al- ZO-e-. +Fle-r ils use-cl FD spin c
Cod / 'l-t,-rtine, ifts cr-nds6gqd ( usiS cc-,ar3 .^.oher
ksenroir (-c.. cr.- irec,-rro1 rive-.) bc,ctc h: Urcther qi ZO"C--
3.1h" 'l'trre
rernarninq enerqq e-tce5s hor.l-rs,cleEei/ed ,n l/* nnq.'{1,,t
Qc'Q *l - Wori is ex'krrrrsd oxr.ber iS H^{t1 refur.lel,C}rd +l."l. qde beginS off4'n
h, ll,e. ccd reservoir cLS hrhcL!3 lLe rncrx. ross i l"e 46tn^c*qi4,,s yb,n I ;,t)
ui&Sl h4f^,k a , zlo"e +?-13= 5 L3
, LNLV'T
K A* zot +z1B= Z1#n
€rvrr"X= l- /b63l<
€rrro* =L182

10. 7
16'0
t, J I 1 eerts P. nnps
L>Ticrntf€{:s hec- i*ou !ro* cotcl reservior fo o. hot resgvior
"^
(tt"e o3'pcsifs .F the"ri,^l.rtol cdrrecht -,
6r.: Kgh''gnr*Vr:#rcc.nsffers h"a^h Fro* the cokl cur ins{ae lhe refrinercrior tl fiine
W0rn^q otr in f{,,9 fo,lvn,
Qtt= Q-rWin
'-fhu. arnou.,nt oF heo.t- 6nerq q ry'vusd-. b e conSerfccl
e,xl.arusd *o $re hoL
IFfecr.tu lep-si a-er-I in t-'Ls h"[ stde- rnr,si*
.q"o- tt€ Surn o F k'Lve nec.*-
,f lyrty ,thL,/, tQ
r€SB.rcvoir t^e.rvro.rec &ror* $-{.q col._l -sioVg
a,mo,.mf & h!-I- e,Xycrs-bed CLr41 {-ha uoorl< inpr.lf-'
g"o"n {4a cold roS?yvo(y
CoeE6'ql'*"0 oF pa-[.t.,rrnc{rc€- (Coe) eseA far aKrreJl.l
coP= g = =_ 6;
Qe
l*1 c,>er r1a'ceA la ?e.fucrn {t,- $ran&r Wl'
tr
&+tnol eyv,<rs usel to
femove l,ta* harn a- alcl C,op,".,.o =+€ Theore-fi,..-{ r'ylcr.x C-c.t? oS o.- he-,or+
q-rd gxkr-us'l-
fe,se.rvoir hae,,f P
u't-? Used L. coaig
t> c. ho- reservoir
)t A cu3er CoP yneAnE cl
t.F llea* pump Is ussJ eor hecoh'n3', rr,tsre- e.Ffrcrerrf hec$
COp = 3da 3 ener€q ardcled
to t{'re k:h rescr voir e Qt*"
Pc.tl r,oc,rt ralur'rec| to per-$orr,, t+r4- hrctfss-r W,'.1
-lhgore-hr:c*I
nrcs coP
"1 "-i*^t e,*p-'
Oser.l Crr hecA'=
COp-* = #*
-'f(. tnsr'oliq aF qosc F"ra* is agrrav, Ooc-. t+e{+ S.o".., lhe- ineicle {E depositeaj rnto t-L(
Cdr !. lour citsc-^.n , Lrhrch has c,. 't*p o( 2O'c-. UIE-+; phe n 1x co,lo( Vr, hdV".
'iH = 2o.c- 2a3k Tc-:Zl3<. boP,-.,* - fr., : L13l<
{tZ">
cop o.i 3.(o rne(.{ls f4"$,i. uie- p(Jmp 13,Gil- Tv--- ffis-----
ot- her! (or c.l.r eret.{ ce6{- o& tf
" If.5 c,- hoh dA1, c-.-l.rc yoor c-ph, s rctf,-5r r^)cJ-c^. 1.,r. r.E>6,,4 ftv--t-e- so3get;;

11. 7
'{he #crlafer o$ he<rf firon^ hot h cod t8 qn rrerersibte process
AlthorSh inlerachons o-.1- i-he rnolecr-rlcrr te.va a.re ratq6ible, the sho$s at- lc.rg,r_.
hurnbers frtr'(e, i{- overu.rhernr'ng1 ikd1 tt^c}+ 4te sqslern U;itl s/ove-
fou:cocl @utl,i'briam (it-s |te ,-ost prob,-be sh.,Fe- in whr,ch +o be)
&1m"ru I me4e*Jr.s {-he c.mourrq. oF otsoraer (n e,, Eqale'nn
ncrecrseS &s lcru (nove- Sto* a.n c:r:oleleA sqolern to c- fl'tcsre cl&c'rclereet st|t4rr-t
'2 fherr'nc,r ineraclig stlslen"rs u-tl al;((, l-engwcrturS 6ve a lor.,.l enkopq
jrda<cl: hdkralorns Gle on o{e Bioe <l$ Fhe Vaorrt{, lhe sLt-ue, e'.-}ornt .. lfu o//*
The rur.rsf rc"ndsn laossib)e drSlribu*bn oF enory1 (*l" ts.t'l- orde-*'er) st1s+e.m)
correEfruk +b r'thzn {he Z slslerr":s Afe l'n f{.rmrj quilibl'orn dlqr"rtl l-*,PS.
Fhopq incvec,r,seS os lhe 2 tqslews w rn,hc,rt1 ollfferenl terngera,trxee n'byg
luwo,rd l-{rerrrc" equi I ilorium
zn"t L".,^ o9 Therrr,odqha-m'c-a'. Thet e.,*'rcy1c,f o.n @la-ta-J aqs CVT
clerrecrses. 1e. errhopcl gfher incxecrsc, u,r"tr t-lne aystun reazhzs epilibrlum,
or, il +hu. sqs+ern b*Sl-. ln equiibritim, Starls I'he Sar e-.
Satn
nn lsotc"ted sqsfern e.rloles sucj. thrrt:
" 0rdey hrynS rnio dr6orcler a..nd nlurdorrvness
' ln4o.-c.ha:n is los+ fct-tlr.cr +^ftc.n q.tt,,ed
' fh,e- 6r1tb<.m *ru-rrg du^-:nu .f other ftv*S oF **qq qre ha$ssorrneol +.)
therp,16,.1
"JrW1
' 1'fterrna hHs enkogcl, oHner t'or*s oF enerX do nof
e-rnerql^
Vtihen orroFher hovrvr ol a.rernl is converYe *o dterrnal *o(u|, fhe,re is
incfecrSe in ut/ropy. The proc-€ss usill_ ndf sytr*aneaslq re/e-/se-
(S^fi*'n= DVy conve-rsionS e6- e)"rwcr Fo..'.s t'" **.11 . t/v1a,crnc,1 <-r
c& of{.sr cz)rrr'> gnqttl T.. Yr'T Y^c' *'-11
"f
is irre-ve-r-s ble)
*' */il#//ru,"[[rinru.
ff {s ci-clct€d
t$, ?*ff , rF ffi"u,
tD t{,e- hec^} errgine
E ---L. fhe work oul- coik$ns no
No.r- Qlrrtr4tt.The on ^rri{ H4Gl-
€xhoBg{sa$ l€qrve iS rrik
her.C,Sto.^: to lhe cor,d
6+-f1 resejV(or
Cod Pessvur:
Tc ,///iv' qoes ocrt o+ H^e hrea! ryrrrnq intu he
b'r*tyl rs f€.rvrovecl S.z,-u pfie he-a.t- er€roe.

12. 7
Pa,z
Alkrnc^hve 6t-0,ernenk o$ fhe Znd trr^o d Xte,rwodqrv:rrrvrrcs
?h.*.rn.t*n*
. UJhen 2 eqokms ctt diffuent )evnpercdwex intcnrcf, ha,rl
Fec{i Tert..1 6pn}anecrsr1
Flor,ot tr.nh hot to cod s€{r1 is hctrskrd S?* klneoun1 Som " hotter io *h
eoder 6q8iern, Fevor trom lYe co6.. b the hdfer
" hnhogtl conetdera*h'ons imt t " f ts nov ptaiot to wrcrke <r hecr- e-rrqine -h$ts
fhe possibe etftciencg oF u converK fhermo enetl ino qn equivop-nF o,nnowr
hq^t enXine ofr wciy<,
'+ |o,kus ene,vtg lo rnove 'Hk nr! potsibe to wnrke er hecrf pump thc^k nnnnel s,
hel^f 0.u* c^ ci,ta objeci io ko"n cr coo obleci ts c,. hot- oe* ''^lo on oxt€i-rurl
o. Vttcrfrn objes-l- tu.ntt t nguF
'Ihe- <x1hrcpl of crn '1he h'.. dire.han in rNric ?he *rna71
"ttre Prr,t -lrot' "[ on
isocr-lecl €qsfern Wi ne.'rer iSalcr-lecl 16+€r0n ncrecr.SeS tS
5ponhcrneou$ decrecrse
1
'We can! C,rfualh/ rotn od*- ,:t enetXl (tn.tq c<lrr't .r ol€st"ofd)
hre Cnu ru"n ou# of htqh-9uei sttrrc-et .l!'eneratl (G"r-s {4rcd-co.n .oa,'U
vr
be conver|..I inb other fiit^* o!
-*tf)
E*'.Oi+ cocrFc^aYr: c,!'.s.m"c€, ener"ll, h l&rc1). quqlh,l.l . Jf's c- ltc1uful,r5a rJ eoarll
kcrnSpodd cqld ec,eir1 f,*.n".t in c* liust oS d,e,n",ices b 3ener.te. L,*i
9tclrtci, ar rnobron.
'Vrlhen we lcqrn oi, Wedon'l- useup ils eneql-Ne 6imgt1 eonueft il
,lu ['{u,r-rncul e
As we do +hs, v,redecreose lLe orrrunt ofi hrqh-quoti C"r,"-',. rn ile hovlcl
O.nc incretrSQ t4re SUggll ol- 5rt Ll.ss use-fu I aiFh'c*,tl F., .onwrr b o{o"6rmS'
t(Z*'t Lcrw oF therrntctqno.rnrts ontq agplries lb
ltOr-nteU Scza+<ns (qsl.erns i-,tc^+
dcin'f ercfrurql erne"qtl Ul Fhr-ir environrrrent)
&, )0,^, bocr1 it
nof e"n isokrted ssern
'her .fou hu(e in chrxnico{ enerfltt r)n te- {oo.l .1u., @l"t, rl5 us..J f". er,e€t.{, r'nosfr al
$
i! enos up os tsrrv.cA €-nerxu1 Fh.rt qo* e-xhc"$.sV qs heolr hho l-{'e. envlranrr:.rrf-
!X: ctvuctrl Fne uxrbrop Vk$ ncrrurcA TJrcce-sses in qour bd.1 c-r'erdas
_ Eyrerqq larve1 Uour bd ,{vo6q{
N 'tb
fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otAerl,
otqero
lec.tves
o.t"
{t HFq T*T,q
toosE :I$'R-enttoq
r*r ol
ujeli
(oop1 .r.pon rol Fhe €nvirLnry*nt .H.c^t
nnctlfes o)r ,e -o.ncl *t t,te- j,SsibP

13. PG,
CI+ [z', I'tcrer
-t) Gc^S: Q Sgslern in rihtoh eqdr lccrrhoe rnoves fted1 through :pace r.r.rrbi , dh
6cccrs(on, il_ cordes tuiHr onoYher pcrrHcle or' the uq o$ ils c.on!c.'.r'oer
Lvlud: r.o ecrk bcrnds pe.r..tiF rnotr'on,ovriq t-e.-eptn1 *h e- pcrrh^oes c-os(
)
e*t"or
a) Sol'c,l: A rrqrcl-sad h<:s cr. cleGnife etscf9 ard ec^n te- .ornpressed e)r
deh"t'"d on'l1 s,grt{1 ,. f c<.rns ss .S e,o'n3 conn e,c}€d epril- Iitlo
rnoe<.rr"c,,.rr 6o13.
Lrluiot: gcr-rt'tdeS hc.-ye- goc-c.J<- U"r.tcls !.l.cJ.i-
CnoSt 'tsre c-ose- toXe.t+^ec fl-e
Po.rhLes &re rn fASclOrn t Akee,p
fnohon curd inferc.t-c.H.{
"n
q;-,.::) crrn side c^ro.:n. ec<J
pcrrtr'cle.s
e€ts'rc c-o i sicrns -? oter,so tte- q,,,id c<r-r'r Q.r.*r
.: Sat id : fe Pc.-rf'k-e-S a'<-e-
-) rffi q-a ne'q-.ts€.4 b re-c.F't d1
6h +'+ slrinS- izsoncls
w
ffi
( f* e."rrpg = l4xrb sn)
Airannt'c- N{e1s S r A t-ocnic- Hc!q> Nornlsrr
.Atornf e nocrSS Nurnbe-c (p.) = * prohcns'+ nerrtr-orns (n= b t(c =tz)
Lt ('tC)
-ri!t<rr cr$ c! ecrAin5 sobscrtlol c,h &f.e crJn5rnc 6qmral
tnC,
fcrdioc,c!-ive tsoiole used 9zr. ccrrbon dofrnl , !rc.,,3 b prohong+8ne..,tnu.
'Ato-i. mc^ss LrnftLly) = t.t t x lo tt .q
t
LadeFerrnrned bl ,T--Zcr Cercrc-r-1) *t.")= 2vr
' !4h>rntc- nncrSeeS crre, Cd lefl hecr1 e1'.rcr.r fo .dr gvto.nniC nur^er LA)
tt1*, ,"r;r'lt A- , is tn- l,bOlt..)
* 6r t-hiS h6k, juSl USe A cr-S t{,."- vaue of U"- olrtirnts rnv-5
-F{oe-<r,r"crr t{c^q = 6urm of }-he- cr-tornrc- fn(.rtsses o$ te- o.J-crns forntfnl
fhe motecrlJle
ettl rn(O.) = 2*,('cf) = 32cr
'A lln e)efnenfk, crf,crcnE nr..crgS nur"nbay is Netr t*re 6cr.nr,e crq s Cr'Vornre-
numoar " q!omts,, ttumbulSives t-ne- dementS positioct tn thre- 6ricdic k$t*)
ig !V,e CIr.irnber- ol locol-onS

14. 7
De& nihbn oF .eth. t{oe P6.z
1 rt*rt" of
tshgfcrnce,a-bbrevfc,.tecl 1 rnol., r's G.ozxloz3 fa"rorc- pc,rhcle5
(1 rnde oF rncrf}et ,s ft" a*novnt= o$ et-lLstc*ne€ conlcuninl arS *"1 bcrsrc f^rhttes
os lh€re Gre in iz 3 o$ ''c)
'{'{onatorrrtc Cnc,-s'. (e-x'. tirr9, l-he- bcrstc- por-h+cle rs te he-tum c^borv
G.oZ rrfg he-it,..n c-rlurnS c,re. t r',o o$ he-iurn.
-Dic^tO".ric Gac.S', (e-6r Orql&rl, of bcrsic- pc'-rtr.c,e- = OL
rno cXqyn gcr"S ,'<irrrrr'ns G.O?-x(oz3 rnbecr.,rleg "l& O2 c^rrcJ Ytr'.r,S
2 (G.oazr lo"t) 'ox11rrr cr-torn6
AvoXctdros Nurnber !S^) : Thq * of hac^trc pclrhEes per mole- of subescrnc-€.
Nn=G.OLx1OtS nnol-l
!- l-turnbev- oQ moe,s (n) oQ cl. surbsY<rnc€ c.onkrr'nrinl
f= Nn N bc.r.6rt- gc*r-r.c)eS
'Nt.:t"*.- rncrss (Hr"ol) eb ae €, sobskn(c rs Hne- rnoas n €nrcrrns -S
I mo of aobsyunc-e ttC
O+, Hne mocr - wrusg o( €. is Hrr.,",t (ttC) = l2g/ rno
[U oa"tot3 shr>rrrl
oSN ) fnoles at c^ sclbelrrncg in fervns oS ihS rrras5.
Ex Z.t'. Deterrnintnl quc.-nHes o$ oxq?-
-A 5,16ern c.r>rrtc^r'ns oo1 og *fy-rr. !b,^t mo{ rnoss cAoeS i$ cantt^r'n? t*o,*. Yncuy
Ox11cn (O r) H"i'-r = Zg/i'.al Ft'..* rvrdte. cavrtcJnS Na mote.cur.*,, =-l**W$tf?
n=!X{p_== 3.125 rno d 1. n,UR = 3.lLS ,L.ozxto'3*;t = 1.1;pzq.,..recutes
v- rv.o
Vounne (r"t)
t'l-hg crrvrc,,-tr* g$ sp.^ce lhe eqtbenn occqpir$
I rnt = tou.-3 uiter = i ooo -*3, so r",t= 03 L
(^ mrllililer (mr_) iS lhe so.dne c6 .Lcml
lZ. 2 i'Ihefmc^t &pc^-nsion
nc-re-ereeS l+€- vo[urn& oF c.r) oQics-F c-LS fe.nnpeac.br.re- rtncres.se-5
'f hecr- Cs Frc.nr$erreA '-o on 6[ecl-, tK fkfi.
"AY</ltpu*t*xF;aH'?"'r"*10:;ilhk'
tt'''rfher c*'c^rt'
ard ttxher speeds m.ve
/ r, I ) I I I -B.trcS c^<-< "Gfrehc]rec' '. ncrec^ses l+re-
lVoluincl I L/
Tennp. T; I Volttrne v+ I o dtstc,.^c-e blto c,$orns , Eo bhe cu"ue
Te-rg. G lournet inerecrses t.l g
Voume 'llecrrre{ 6rP"nqi.^ '
AV=(3ViAT fo. rnost 6rrbstunceE, AV=V+-V; ia inecs1 rc-c-tcct tD v!.,<-
co9tfide-r"vh eG -it
lliro;"g*l* tt:rt;:i[t o"r"rcJs oq the- ncrhr.e, of, rr"€- bonc]s. in cr r.r-*e-rio])

15. 7
Linecr-r Th<-rrncrl Ftgccnsion I P(is-
A L=3 Li ar A6 o, solrd's oltrme 'ncf,ecrs€S, ecrc-h o0 ifs ltnecrr
A constroF:Ccie(f,i:r'enf of Wt- erF:rfitlcr-l dirvrenSdors increcr8eS crS roel.
'The- ex?reaaions for lhermc.l elpan6fon crre onr{ c'-pfroyirncrh€ e+precci<rts, }-hcf
Apgll over c^ irni.lecl r"*r? 6$ |eryrpercrlweS.
"Ef.Pirt'ccr- Brrn,..,re^t: l-hrl're er So€l frt fu m"c.s.,red clc*cl, b.t| Fhel clonf
g
"t tcurO L therc- crre, rncrfc.rrb! ts{'.<r} cJc'
fegfe8en| Crnq [rrterltlinX fr^r.tdotnent UOT
eoq to.:--.q. ei+her .jlc.Jhtc,r.S
:ta^r*e t2.3,, coefGic-ierrs oF Line..--
*(r<-r) Btr.-l)
sr.r.bsf<rnc€ L r.., ec^*- V",^rn.. otvrn€ -lhermal e+po-r'eion a'l-20'c
' Arrntnurn Z3x O-u (s 1 n to'6
.6lc.ss lxl6*c Zl x t0-b *,
e.iquid
' lron ot 3lee- Lx10:L 3G xro-b r3
' Gncrele tZxttfu SGrtob I t,- ll -dr
l'aJ
' alct$o
Efhql
. rlqrter
llC0x tot
2tO
It.!
x ltf
l-
l€
l) la
rt"
'/1/ri,
' Air(*.a oflner Gs,s.s) 3t{6rtdk tE .5'i
r-r
-2 o L q E9tar<1rz.s!!)
1a569<rc*hsre- ('Q
-Vcrriatr'1oq<]F-I{.,,e--v-oT
i.,.) til^'le,fnPe.fc&Y.r.ce
f'he €g*ce Nenakr ct steel .J1osq1r1cr$r'crr *orrrer th 6ec^|t.J</ is lt0rrrc-ters oncr
-The- hrr'gh+ ol
O"c ,^rinVJ d.cq. !f6oo Yr,vcln Fc,tlter is rT on c-{- ho} Surnrner cicg{ toVrarnr t<rnp = 3O'c-J
AT= 3o<AL="ILIAT --
AL= Lz*to-cla-').trc-)CBor.) Au= o.O(eS r-, .L.L,
r Spoce Needle is Q.S<-nn tc^lte- in l-e €clmher , taLE^. he.igVr- = 8O.bG5rn
Con..fh.'", l-]1t2.l I t,)h,f happens to !e hote ?
-A rr€.tal ptc,,te krrs er slrc.ulcrr holein i|. As the plcute ls he^rec, doe8 lhe hote get lcrrrtrr ocern<-rltr
*" lhe siee oF Fhe hok EXPAkT DS <-g the- gc'...e. e-x pc.nds
n.re..gg
lffi*
l-.,-:-:;l Temgwrtr.rre
* Put thQ-ld of a 6k.ssjc-,.r order verl hcrh rp<^Fsr tt'er1
both bc-it the stee- 1id- <ird lhe 6ge,ninX ic. $.e- tid
_e'lgand,
F'qure- 2'5(c;):
th6t $S over {he g<reS jc,!r-'e.npcrrrcls br.1 more Vhc^n hq
Skrss .c{r. fhe lor id uliil be- oqgr, c.rd con be- moce.
J
AS |V.e +e.,ciP.
t8.o
necrrs O'i. e*Sl[ ae-n v:vecl '
o2 'rrcrker bg3fnS
to e.y.p11d
-o .)
t'.ort 6tgYrF1 snce. th€.
€J q)crher iS coe.l Sgecl'ot Properhes oS Nc^"tser crnC ee.
Vl o) K.ti tt / /-64ow 1o< S,s"t+€f r^rcr.|er
.ttJ*- .or-l
ue<.ooL' n&st.r,tts inq - A rettrF of, te cx.,."Oe ctigtribrh'on o-n H^e Woer.44.,g/
"z
o/
trrreCrR "dn Vo,+me
u.thtcrh ce,lerrn tnes hot^r neclrbl molecrileS intercrol o{ ect ot{"
e.
5
.olb
'o t.os -> As qrcrber c1pffoc11hs H"e keeeioX goin mc>e<.LLeS benin hr hrwr
ctusYers ll'rc*t alre rnore €hronqtq I'aonded, Hao mocgr.eS rSw.rsl
dlL-"rr^t s1l 6,Ioit g.itUrr-'a+erf+ 'i6 F'"ni eir-rr <-utie.rs,-vnerr4i6qv l
Temg<rer.fu,e('c) voturne-tnLrerraes,. Aeeet'rui' +he t+]eter nasrrlts tn <rrr €-rren
<irer.r-er i ncrer.xse- r'n veufteJ-> tc-e (sord) is l,oss de.ngc S'cr.n
Y^r + .e.r (i c1u ro) o.nd $<rcd6

16. fq.q-
'(ac^ses diP$er ho- gdltds or trlcluids in lhc^t lhe^1 c,re. t'hjht1 Cornpestible
L> pt gqs ccrrt expond or conlrcrct not- ontl ro res?on€ io ie*igetof.r.e,fo,-rFc.,lto
lu Squeeanl the p.^rhqeS .1.rge.r logerher or 7'*ldng *harn f<,.rWr c{Pc'*.
l(fnehc Theonl: J
The e-xpqnrion o$ ?rogectres at the of
ffrS os cr ,JhcE fn lerrnS rcudornllmovinl paHcle
Terngerctnr.re
"Te-9q-rcditJre o$ On {deo, Aa-a I'n ferrns oS Hne wroh'ovq o$ tndivtduol ?""+c["S
o{ F{^. 8o.s.
' 6rqt Hnough di[€<rgrluoecules hove diFerent sgeecls, we c-crn de$tne- c.rr o.vercrqA
"V'*s =J@.^u- u:he.e (v'h,r"1 is $he ovg o+ +;;$J.-#'d
'.il^e
o't fhc- rmlecrrietr velocih'es- (rrn$= Y66F- il,.cr.n - Sc{u.G tr-€.
"g ".4)
l ou* =lttntv =)rn,j.-.'
-,
Tl,a Ay3 <Y.,ehb- e-necSy of the i.^s porhc-e3 in texms oF l{re- rrrs seeecl
k ".,,q=* <*f (au = l.SE' to*7x
, is the Botemc.nrlg c.rat<,.nt
b €' direr-$1 gropochoncJ }o !Le. a-bsoui€ {ernperot^re. CT)
'Te{np ercuhr,re rn<cr'Eu.res the qv€.c4tr- ki ne-c *re.01 aF tlne. pcrrht le.s
in o, StlSlern
XTP-rrrp K tnhmcte1 eonnedred to l{.re rcrnr<Jom rnohons o$ the pc'.rhtles in
, hhe
TOSil
Pre.ssr,lre nef furre <rS
The- Qr..e - h: - a-r€-c raho [E), i"a"penc]enF o$ 'l-he- EurQrce., ec, rsed b,1 lhe collrr'ons
o$ [he g".s gc.rhcls u ith {he u-:cr,lls ol c. contc^r'ner.
; F "PreSSur€ is q. sccdcr quo$ti
['=[. 'Gos e*er*s o.. €occa -tr rre3ni]ude (p=p"A)
,| fre56ur" *urril -or*ffit ::ffi":**"^, is rss,-* vn. ecs ere-rts
G Rrrcg on o. 6qcft>cc.
(ve.q 6rncr-, t^suc^,lr^a pressures fn <iopc^sc.-ts), olhu-,^e 1Wc^= 0[0Pa
, fe
-rh" &,1 PusccJ=
tPa: t it'
rvrarl be luite lorrlt' b"t if Fe1 excu-l1
b."ffil"t-n$."*t#
(r'tl" ol.l €orc-e ot t€- 6srftr<€ aS lour l'"d,{ d,.r.e trc l-lre press$re & il'*-
cYrtncsgh€re- rs sver t{o,oco poundS,rbul i}s bc.Jqr,<.e-d b.{ * *1"d
p re6srre- inSide our bodq pUhinq ouJk, J
. Ne| ftrceS Are exerkd ft'lere3 cr. ?resau,re- dtf{er<no Ap,
anttl
Fneh on a turgelcg/a F*t= F -F,
^tten
*PrA -P,A=Atp"-p) = AAp
oleo, oS A J

17. 7
lqs-
'DecreoBinq l-he nurnber cF rnolecules in e con[,ainer decrec^ses Vhe
pres.^re Be.o.,o. lhere ore fe-we" eolisians W ilh the wolts.
.nA pe.r$e.| vqcr^u-rn (p=Ofa) rs (rngoee,rbe blc ccrrrno,l- rernoe eerl rrrilecde
koon c^- regiorn o9 Sg.*re..
VcrCtturrr : (n p.c*cbice) rS gn encjosecl 6Pc,ce in tlhtc, P a'Io.rFrn
(usin3 P= OPo is +fun e' good ogproximafnn)
Mecrsu."ir.o P.ess,.^re
' *) pres-sure o$ Fhe c*lrnosphere (*osF irngcrrt<rnf pressure ftr ou" dai h*)
lhe- Vq,rr'es
t.ith o.)lihrde ond $lte weother, tuF fhe gobc,, e^verc*qa presaute-ql.!6€cr ervelr
1 Slun"c-l'c) Atmcsghe,re = 1 er.hrn = IOl,EdSPcr = o,3 <P..
'ln le U,S. to..-e is vnecrtr:red in Po.^ncS otncl o.recr, in slucxre- incjuS
Pressrrre fs o$ben poonds per f nz to. gsi) I c'.tr^ = L{,1 psi
'Gc,rute ?re.ss.r.. (P3) ie Fh.,e- pressere- in e-xcess oS- 1 c*n1
PS= P- c,-trn (r.r,.rst cretd ! a.-tm=lol.3<Pc. ho lhe r€{d{nc5 oT.^-
preggsye gc^uge ht fr'"€I the c.hEoti^Fe greStr-rre'(p)
ne,ecled b. rnost q^crrJc^HonS)
the
- Pcrh'ents tuFletio5 Cto"n de-cow,.gce-ss(on sic-ness c^rnl a!rr conc,i&ronS n"c*.{ bg
lrec*tec la er- hl"gerh*rc<- or,{ffn ohcunber ft.a uf oxqX,crr o.h qrecrter thetrr ofmr:a-
pherte pre€Er.ne. h qrhcria:J chcr.rrrl.er l,sir 8-t* ena qtctfes o$ dtosne-b<-r O.?S'n is fi'tfed
WilL ol..{ko^ {u cgtdfP pressr.e- a>f L-l fPc.. r,dhcr.t's }f,e trne.,t- on tr c,ltdefS -.1 3u!
A=ntrE] Z-le?c,.=ap
Ap F=lqZt-.zN
A=ir to.'rs*/z)' F = A'Ap F = Z<N
A = o.H1zm' F = (0,1.{e*"X21,ero p.,")
fror., Collistons b Pressr.rre. or,cl Fhg lcl€*t-Gs Lc.r*s
, [ncreqBtnl the Temp le<rcB toan ncrecrse in PreEure
L> ?c*rtic,e
{yn-ve c*}r higher epeec}6, fh"hiV tlne- wcds ry.ro*.e oFeq.ll msre- [orc9,
So {-hq-re: trnore presv}re
'Decrecr.tin lL. Voume- tec.cts b on Increr^Se in Pr.sture
L" Fto.e H.ealuent <,oi8on *ll te- rOC,r.S d' lt* <ocr.riqcr, clnd &htrS
fnore PresAuJe
'ncnec^sinq Vhe Number 6$ Pcrch'oeS lec^cls io c*rr ncrer,.te in PreEsuce
L" |.kf€-
"trrrttiluenf cothsr'ont uf l l-he r.rcilfs .f FLre conle.,.i.,-*-,errrd fhuS tnore. ?..sSwe
+Cotltstons in on ioecrl gos e<t#tg6o no e^,""11 ts osl in tf'e- <oision
1ire per$eoH1
thvr,, lhe porhefe rebo,.^,njS g.*" to-,*ral u:l its veod **Zd &o* V ta -V

18. " The F;3 erer-el d**1 c. <oteion o$ d,,,.rahon At is rec*!aA l"r k!.L
I
parhuels cv'drqe in momennd* Of ttro.,S)r At'APx = m(Vr)+ - rn (vl.);
hiit5 (V*);"=y e*ncl CV*)e : -V, he L*3 o.' Fhe FclrFr<le i6',
(n*-.-,;axx=Yn[vx)+- h(vri = -i"r zu
AI At
11lg Q:..e. oh {-he pe^r-h'cle is neXcrtive. blc- i] poinls to Fh<r tet+.
Ac<onCinl E d-l.1r,.l, $+€ wall erperienceS le eg,.l but ogposirc Force
,lo Ne'^ltern's
.Ii *. n*k'pilT*u$rp1
[-,'no fhe %r." op 1 <orision r]e ]ohr nunnhr N.o*
o$ corslons lhe^t ocr.uf, du*rir,<a t|'e h'-e to+exvc.I At. t[ lLrere- <'re- N p*hq,,eS
'lnor io1 ol s,g"od y in cr bo> oF vitu*e V, t-Vre- t+ o$ coisions i s',
t."ou = !$n.,a,t
'ncregei.,g t t+gc.rt'aes).'r tVc- siae- oF lher,oq A u.ri ncsecrse ..lcorr
'ncre-cr.Si",1 the- oQ {lne- box to Decrecrse the- Nc,orr [sprcads tLr. gcrrhees ouF)
N
'-f't1e Ne! 6rce :
on *-.he r,,aer"ll F.,e-r= N)co[ ttrworr)*s, =HV^"'ot)tH) - -V
rnutA
reg<rce V b.l VrrnS ond tUtc lhere c're 3 dimensk-,n.) 7. bl 3 I 6'rU lha} llne (o..o- ercrted
un tsh woft b.1 cl vc^st hurnbcr of cotrsicrns iS'.
Fne-r = *+mv._J.A
SlvidioJ tr^.+ b.1 A I F','net1 hc.r"ve qn elpre66tor. {or +Le prcssore- i n t{^'c- t."ti
f= P =
5 Y*u.-"'= e +tlnnl,,.r)
).nnv*at = c"v3 rine-ht- e,ngrtl per perrhue- fn q<-^. r Eo )
?= 3 Sk*
*The prestLre ol-an idecr.l qcrs degencs on jutt z tht,.q'.
0lhe number o$ pc,r|''c-qs per g|rbrc rn.i"r (N/v)
6 ftQ- o.ve-r"cr*c6r kinehc errex-X1 o$ the pc.rhrceS ( <c"q)
- pV=NkeT : dec^.^ g-s [-c.,.rrr Lve.roton t) Siondsrel Tgmperqlure qncl lr.ssur
tanis oS pV rs e11:ivaent +,r T t P"..m) (StP) = 1 e^Frn ?ress$re-
'fl= h JnkgT= n g.T I d,er^I-gc^S Lqr^r (vereion-z) crncl o'c
p,=xinrul tr,a',",r+= Gcrs crrrrsh-rrt ' (1 r''ol oT 8es e^'t- ETp r- z?'{LJ
PV=nRT
"p I Alotoule prees,.rre Lin vnr'h5 o$ Pc") ' R ', Gc"s Conelc,'lf ( in uni]s o& *.r.r)
'Vl Voume oFthe6crniw, or c.nk+ineroSqqs Lin u',ils "t ..t) '1:fa^fercr,l-ure [in units.g k)
'y1= Numt.- oF moles in rFhe scr.rype qe c.o6uiner o( tcrs
."$ c^ rnoq
--$B| .volvYn( ts oec*:gr'd b.{ 1 rnoc, o{ o-n tlecr, gc-S q* a# FreSture of lc,hn ord c lemg o$ o'c-l
q
l.*to^ = 1"0L3 KPct V= tn W)/p V=0.022t{ rn3 ( to3 u)
P= ^3'
Tt O". = Z1g R v = (t.oo *or)tr. sr Y*d .Cf,zt a k) V. ZZ.'{ L
n=1 rnol ot,3 q 52*

19. Pq.l
lZ.q I cler,l-frc^s ?roc=esses
L)Thg ideal -qF^S c,*^f Xro.rtcles cr connealrtrn blur {re gres8.rre, Volume-, crvrd tempercr}trre
s$ g qas. A"inq 1 o$ t-luse vcrricrbeS ccl.rses L or boFh o$ the othets to ehcrn$-
tt|,rs
" Prop*Jhes of ?ro.ess'.
' thg Quorrti d qlra iS Sxed. No Gr ls c^dcted ho o. rernovec) &orn +he- *rre"
' -Il.er. c we-defir'uc nihcA Slrl.e. The inhc,. vcdr..r.eS <>Q press,*re, lourne,
arrd ervrterqrre. crr-e deSigr.c*"te,4 pi, !'ir'IT
The"e c-,* u:e-a*a$fnec ffna Eh:,.,e , vcrues desgrc'ted ?+,V{,G
6r qoS.S in Secred conlqiners., ttte nuynlrer o$ moss (* oF moecr,rr.es) does llOT cJccrnl,t
ln lhc,.t ca5i,ss, the idecrt-qes lcrur c<rJn be roriben.. +S
=CI.R.: eonE$cqntT
Xhc vcilueS oF $g vorobles in +te fnihc"l ond S'r,r*l sfcrles are l-herr r<*hecl br1',
'Blc p cnd VcTp:f'- prVC.=S;Vi ,riha" anct Fca,. stEltes C,r, crr, idecrl q<..s
orr bc,t-h sicles o$tFfre {1fl- r r -
€cru<r$icJc r r.rle w6q1 qgg l{ ir cr se<-ed cootcs'ner- r
T
p-"tF*;t'*tf ffil[l**, levnsorc,rhrrs busr be- i"r ke-Nin
pI Dic^grc*rns
Ec.ch slate- oS cf idec" <a<s5 ig ferpre.se-nteci -> kncr,-r'nq p qr'd V, ctnd crssumi,
CrSePoinf <jf cA oV'dtC,tQfcMn gea1' 6 id k",o*ttl {tt- o.seo,te.d,
^ Lspe.cr'$es prcssside- crr.d, v&ucne-) <-onlc*i^e-c,
t 1ou coJn $r'ncr T-
I = lcxrt< T-= 3btX:k Ts= Goo l<
A pr6c-e-ss +hc!r cVrcrrrqeS the- qq5 frorn one Skrie o
Onb{+rer- is reprrraSerrH bq g $ic.ier-turq o? o pV c)'c.trc{.{/'y'
t (<-x'. he-c.tr'^3 i* or d.oyyrPretsstni it)
V t*r) C-onBtrrr* - Vcrutne P"ocess
6v; I
(bnstcrnt* PregEr"rre Proc-eSS
C,onatcrnh - Voluumq froce.sse.S tv+ * i)
b {h* vc.we of V doesn'+ crr*ntrl , Shor*rn cr3 cr vertr'c-c^, ine- i-t$ 4on t{re- pV clie,Xrc.r
&, lZ.6'.Ccmpuhnc+ hre presrure on c. Llo+ b.^a
*Tt,re- pre.ssu're fn a ccrr hr<- is 3o.opei oy G^ c.o.d Vnorninq rr)c.n l-hc- a-ir Fcvnp is o'<.
AS[€r g^g dc.{ {"{rc.rrns ug o-rd oriXh} €trn ghrheS on !he- Iotcrc,l< *"a, Hnc- lcrnp o[ c.i. tnticle- 4^e,
h'ne r.r.dno-S 3O'e, t Jkrc,.tts llne h're, pressuye cF fnrs t.rt p ?
Pilr =+.;-Yi- ?i= 3o'0 Psi t l'l'Jpsi f+=P;4.r+
Tr T p; =lL{,lpsi r;'rt sobK
I' = 0'C = Z?3 ( Tt = 3o"c = 303 < P+ =[q't,1pti X zra rJ
ft. L'l9,La pti - I.r.19oi
pP = 3{.1gsi

20. Contlc*rrf - ?res6ure ProceEeeS ( P+ = P; ) Pq. t
L: ffso ccred c^n sobc-,rrc- proce.GS
'HggecrrS crs a lrlorraonh^,l line on c. PV diaXrom
-tThe gcrs pressure ls delermfned by i+e requirement lkrt the
3c.s mu$,|- suggorh bofl^
fhe rnaES on hop oS the piston (qp6t{it cr const<.rr-dorrnun-rcl fur.e tl3 on trq?iston) crncl
fhe Air pres6inl inwclrcJ ( lt e erir erlso pr€sses dr:.^n on lhe pishn)
x-flnis p..s*.,.e is lnclepencler* of the ternp o€ fle gcrs or {}'e heiXvh oF the f,*ton
se if s{rrl1s eorrs*c,rrl crs on1 o-s l'{ iS trnchar,cttd tt
nnc.rSs fnCuinkc^.t'os e^ Constcrnt
p..se'.r.re in the c1incJer
Ex rz. com SA
-A qcs occuglioi 5o,C)cm" cl"l 60'e- is c-ooled qlF c.onstqnt Pressure r,tnt-i le. {-e.rnp is (O'c-.
Qhcril lhe Hn& vciume-? . t ?E3.K.-
Ti=bdc=3z3b< V+= ,f.v; Tf Vt = Eo,o.r"t t s4I,. j
'llq= l0'c = ZE 3 <r T'y V+ = 93.Kcrr.s
Const<^n - -le.rngeltr^rc- Pybceas (Ta 'T;)
bAss c.*ed, c,."r. solherwc*l pr<rcess
br.'. n piEton is beirg goshecl dor,'rn a comgress a tG, buF the qcrs a$ircle.r ts e,"rbr',e.rg-ed {n R
lc.rctt eonrrlnsr- oG qu;rJ helcl cr-t e<rnstcrntTeir?, l$ tt',e- pieYon is g.rshec aocll$, t{.4J
hecl erver*, +nons6el: thn*th +he tr:c*s -S lhe u{linaet u:i ke€f 'lre- gas c-+ 1!.r- sc.rs
lernp crs tlne q.rr.o.,ndin5 iqud Lsotnsrn*. cornpreesc.rn)
' S.r}6i.rrt c.. eXg^.5eoq : -Ihe- ravqfse. grae-tS, *sl the- ?ielbn gon-r:..1 guJed outs
'Bon c^nd V q,hcrn(g in crn iso+herrnc-A proc€Gs. As lo5 es Tr"r"'or'ns Stxcl,
?
..t '5 = ft Bf =
qgls!g5,t- *oH"lrrn: The qr<ph oF ar, lso$u.rrnc,l ?rbceRs
;$," il*"= o', Y^uur*" R€,c^h,o.*hip blw p a.cr V, +he Br..gh 6g en botkrrnc./
!-'u Pro@ss is a
perbocr
v1 v; soerrrg Eypev'rsion wouo rnove in lhe olgosile cJirech'on
Hn o,on3 {-tne- hlpcrboc^-
The occrHon oft the hlperboc,- de perrls on lhe vcc*€- of f
O* o,rceat corltsi<rnrt {-ernp *(D=4t!hes+ cpnsbcrr*r te-nnj.
- A gnort ek deeg brect-rh el the s,ur&rcq, ftti* hts un6s rpiv.r H'Ou oF cri.. He-ttl
Fc^V.eg e.
dercqds to e de4Hn e'f S.owr , tDhere l^q pressure ts t.5 c!hn^, A tis de,? , uJhc^Fb the volurn. oS
cu'r tn lhp snorthr-s lunqs1 Vt= Vi'P; Vt-(.{,t,c)(ffi)
P+ V+= 2.b1 L

21. ,lorK Pq.1
'AS gc.s evgc"ncK, tf does worK on cl-n obe-ct, F3* [s drre.io tlte qqs ?resstJre
'Jl rnaSniude- ot^ -i?t
Vee.p tlre o6ton
^ gc's in on
done b'{ isobc'rrc' in o!:rce. a-rl exltrn€^l
'xlv-
rlgos= p(vr -vi) = pnV 6rl-a tn(er Ue. E,c.-
g"t ory*i€ b qc,$
Wg*=o,r€cr Wrder lhe gV qrc-ph blw Vi cr.nd V+
AS lhe pfs&on fnoveto distuoce d,
the gcrs 6,.3 g'.rork E-",d
- 11,e q.ts
olurv.{ cfnr,Xrg
bq AV'd.A
'norcle. [.r" c*
$os to do wc.rr(, lhe- o[uvne lnLr,Et Clr"nxt.
Thus fto hrorK is done in a cont!un-- volurr,e proceas r
h've when o.; *;;"tnu'o)
b.,.t t)egc$irq (-"."i.3 wori. i dore oh t1'.e qc.O 6then lhe gas (s compressec) (AV.cl)
'hJgoS=PAV on$ c*ppies to conskrnt-ptestwe Proces8ea, Er a-n.1 oFher [ct€a.,| -ga.s
proceS, Yut cc"cucre the ar".^ under lhe p Xrcrph
'To Gilct,.crFe p'esEurernuStsbe tn ?o 656 yeL"r-rne in wl3. The procluci .,f
,rtcrrK)
Pc^ (?*, co,d tnt is Joole ( +he- u^-,nr'ts of wort< anrcl **g..4)
{g* it wor( done Bi tL'e sqSlern, whie Fhe orK W +hcrr apyears in t-[,e- lo 1c..,. ef-
Aurwodqrfrrnics is (-rlorK done OAJ H-re selsferrr . B,-,-f 4f =- Ug-t , So *& lsn Lo-r-'l
Qrrr be Nri+ten'. AE+t= Q- Wg*
"":St).,
1 o__ ..*J
& l2,t,.Fn"r,' the r^,",'k rtr-,e by o G".S --I t ,
-0,0lGg rol d$ ninog4n Tolcr^l |'l'le iaec.l-gcrs pra.r-ss sh<r,sn be)o,o I i 1*
^q)
hkl c,re lhe inihoJ enct fi'r'rc,rt tevngerafu,"s .f n"" qSE? I , {
V(c-r')
li)tb* rnuch ur.r6 s done tuj Hre g,.s?
f k:o,&o -la>
k:o
p; Vi= nRT b) nig..s= oLrecr encle-r pv S"oph
(o.oo"Z .n3),*zoo,oooTa) !(o.o.rcz-).zo,oooeq
0 11 = (ttqr,oo.rp*Xo.ooor d)
(o,olO0ro)(t.atY*o'r)
'
NXe"s= ''lo,oT + ?o.oT
Wgat= bO .O f
G=
[o,or oO r"or)tt.ar Y"or. r)
T+=rlb K

22. Ad iqb",t'" ?ro"..ss.s ?G. ro
Lt Rn iclecr-tos proeess in rqhteh no hec"t ehertl isfrc.ns$e-rrccl blur {de-
nc8
qnd the Envrronmerrl tl'us Q=O,
'L possible $c{s it- ccrn occ{^-rl
)-U" €qstern is thermctlll tnsr-rc*tr<dz prevtrrH.a hec.b t--crr,eSe-r
z)The Fro<-ess .rc.pge-ns foo quic-klt 6. c^ frc ns$er b occsr (ryroe| cotr.tt'.:o)
' Fl re.gid Corngression (Adiobcrhc csmgres6icn) dr ex?crrlqt.r, (odic^bc^h'L €x?crrsfon) oT .. tc^S
doesn'f ollour fime C*/fl"-t .|. .*ui., ,/
-t"
. Rqises tne l5*gerreture of g<*s Lowe*s t*terc.{,ure o8 6c.$
.l.I$es WorK, rg..er t"c'.n heatsr to Oncvtlr- l*re- sgecds oS t-he- moe.cr.,r,Ie8,
c*nc, Iurs ehc'nXl Hne- Tqrnpercr*trre
'.Fdrcrbcrh'c* CornPressic>Y" Q=O r sc A6+11 = - N$*= -
J.tu clo .*:crr( On $he- qc's b carnprcss i],ao Hne- trsr< aone -b Fhe go"S
rs negcrfive (Wgc.s-o).Thtx fl.,L F+r,, oS le gcr-S nc-re-crses Cte+6t61
crncl +he -Ieynp. goes up
bh Gpc,.nsioo: go-s. t-hqts does t^ror<* on a pitFon b1 e+gc..no,'5
r+ ad,'ab..hb"lt
(VrlX..s >o)'q€Jbs coder ttrf) os its Tt'urrrr. enertl decrarses [AE1'o)
t?
2
Pz
6 Conceptrrc" & lz.zl Adirbcrh'c eurves cn q p V d,'otrorn
+FV at*{rc.rn Ot c^
ffrS trnckrqoi,.l * i5o+krrrc,r compressdon&om pirrrt pr
Z. Rotlnhtl'ho.rl '.rlo,,td ilnegv J,5r.^- look i$ the ga$ uJere com?r€ts€d
la poinf
dacm F"nt 1 +D +{E- Sqrre S'norl PresEu.l€ bl . ragid vL
9d,ctU"^lr'c- corngressrbn?
tt
Pz Jhe cwvg of the qdrkrbcrhe r.r.".o".= $q feYnp. o[ the gcla cs the uror<-
?z qorprEiaign rhoves
from a-bver
,ia;[.TJii.A- +o-.'[Bh;rH4.
----- dorre- on the qos it frc*ns$rmecl in|o €u.'. Corsequerrtl$, t
G5SE:rn
- A^rve cr.rbs creross ihe- i66 i-harrnK fd ad on o- h,$*-F.r-F
fLgher r rsaFLrrm u)ht{ Fhe qcrs Pretsqr€ re.rraru-s p.
. -lhe $i..r vdurr€ k i* lf'ere$ore l*qN ldqn tfut for lle.
P1 , LowerT
v
isofurmcrj com?reaion.
vz tr
Spe.i&c Heert Lsq,,.u.' rs .)
Lrlhe cr.rvrcunt a$ hec$ t,,.r-.t rqi3e< lf.eTernp oS 1k3 oT sr.rbstcrnce- b1 1S
tt Dqends on1on lhe m..'.te-tcl hovn sghidn at oe$ i€"^ trcrele
the hecrt neectecl(o) to groclr-rce cr Ternp. c,hc^ncnL tAT) {t:r mc.ss [F) wi{r .r. age.rhc hec-r.F tc)
Q = H'c 'AT ( = t tte6o
ff"E q") Q = - (t*-p qss Dor^rn)
Bl" t1i %+C I ll tr^.t.eS hec.f entrttl to e-l.rc^rr1p +U,e- Te-rng. oF c^ sr.:oskrn<< rrr[ c. s^"caL
Yyy3y€,
Specit-nt- l,u-ah 'tf^errc {c AT oF o. aulbetqr.rrc- ro[ c'. snnc^, spec-ih<- h<sit

23. 7
Fe,.U.
6. lZ.?t6,'erttl f^. .,'n '. Fen".
-A 1ox3 stucf<rrt ccrfc,hes *1.'e $l,e,crnd is hoal +€.r.? increcrteS $tom 31.Ooc(9t,G'F) fo 31.o'c-(1q12op'
l{o.*l rruc1 e11eql is reluirecl }o vc^ise hrs boclults f"rng, f
Spec-iSL het^r oS the bod" 3'oo|g*'L
Q = H.c'ar Q = '1-1b0OO 5
Q = (ro <3)tsrcoT*u. r.zr<) a = tl,trlosT
Phcr8e Chc^nq<S
T:lonsk n{- c."S 'tVre 6qS}<-rn
TC'c) a.s iirom tcrjz. trqu,ct O 'lhe T"mp, Rxecl qb o"c{ot an exterrled pgid of }tmt
r€.ryrcLins
'[htS
iS fhe hrne intervcr.( durinX Ohrch llne- ice met16.
Skrm is As ils rne5, |he ce Ttr,(P'=Ooc- Gnd the iclurd r.rxr.er Temp"o"c-
trrerrninS
' Euen though+he qsrcrn iS ber hec*erl, tl'€Ter"?.doesni- br1,o tt
rise qfi+il ALL the tce hos rnelFstr,
Time
'Erte.g1 b- o.IdeA tb tV€- sn<tern it being troecl b brec^K
fs bonds H,l the- u>qr-!er- maes.r'es, Aiot the- Sorro oF +he-r*rc^.l<r
worrhi
Fro* sot ie -> Lilurct
0T*rn^0. o..h tohrch cr Pr' iF llne
q €aid = ?sn+ or
hn {-he @ (b"th phc,.te cVK,rqA)
fruibriurnl ftn1 omount o[ sottd con Coex,S- *l anul ernounl- oF Lrqurd
.PhcrSe
0b0c"u.s t.lh.rn a sqshem iS ob fhe melhnt or fr"eA€ point
'@ >lighHl , l-he €rrhre slgFem Soon becornes q Liquncl
, Eiqhtq, L[ enhre sqshern becomeS a sottd
@ Bt,^l l-he Ltquic tde GqS ?hc,se qnl curncxints o9 Lq,.rid cc^r| @ckic* d(
"."d cr.* Fhts Te.rnp.1 c*nc(
Gntl o.nnounF cF (naS
'As hec.$r ts aolded to lhe sqshern) +deRmg. skols fhe sctr''e. Added **11 raused f
brerot< brrts blu, the Uqu{d rvroecgt6, c-tb,,.rrh3 H^qrn [0 rnove iob Hre C6ri qtoSg.
-=
@1*1. e^| r,;,htg,h o Gc's becorneS e Liquio Cond<nso.hon Poinl oy
A l.-ruid be.connes cr Gc.g (iF E+n is ncrerfeJ)' Boitrlng Point
-S houe q Narrn soda th$ g.r^wrsh"+ocoo, woold i.t- be fnoreef*ec-frV{- ta' qclc, 5J oF i$io,ooher
'qo"t
al 0'C or 253 o urc$er rc€ qt O'C?
' Fbe Zt ol-qrr+er ice. ctf o"c- luai, ha^t 6* t^ri|l be hanskrrecl {rom +he scdc lo *.,e ica +<: .e)! i
trans{orminS lhe0'c- tce +o Ooc t,'q",b} t.:o.,ter.^ Hec$ uoit lherr be hentkdred b the iq'ord acr,ber.to rc^it€
i k^p" Thrs ,no* f*-, ulitl be rernrree.l korn the soccr, $ui$ l q tryer finol Ternp,
'lf .1ot 6qJ{ ,iquid dh Ot l"cr,,[ uli orrll b0 trcssfrrred G,"rm $'E g,ocl€( [r t+1€- u:a,[cr1 ra,stt l+refe'vri
oF t{rg ulqfer od b**"3 lhc.t d tl.e godfi, t.eSS E+q, (ernovd &rctn Pt-l. Uelqt hglrr G
Gncepbuc.J R lz.qr Es+ o- st.r.^> Boi.?
- tootre oooKinl pcrsfcr. gn FLr- SWelts ur€.ler iscrFcr tgour boi, UJi lne,pc'trr,, cod( rrrore elufc,k * luu
tr^rn up lhe b*Xe. on tlne gtuve so tcrf lhe ,,,s.r<r [s of a. &.s,t b-i ?
uhher boi[t ah D'o; no rncrrter how vlprax i]
borig,lls-Ternp is k'torffi_
HLI|gprO*e $r^,#K
that aeerrntneS Vuo 8S+ te crrokrq3 occ.q5i ACAir{ h{rte &stcr ror,hgdi"tl'dt?,w urltt nor a,'l--orvl **[
^irg*u