Carl Linnaeus invented a system for classifying living things using their observable characteristics. All living things are classified into a taxonomic hierarchy consisting of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientists use this system to communicate consistently about different organisms. Photosynthesis allows plants to make their own food from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Food chains and webs show how energy transfers as organisms consume each other. Producers like plants harness solar energy, consumers eat other organisms to get energy, and decomposers break down waste.
2. Characteristics of
Plants and Animals
1.How are plants and animals
classified by their shared
characteristics in the system
invented by Linnaeus?
2.Why are all living things
classified in this way?
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) invented a system for naming living things using
Latin so that all the word’s scientists could communicate using one name for
every living thing. He based the names on obvious characteristics of living
things.
3. Linnaean Classification System
Here is the classification for modern humans:
Kingdom Animal
Phylum Chordate
Class Mammal
Order Primate
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo (meaning “same” or “man”)
Species sapiens (meaning “wise”)
Scientists refer to modern humans as “wise men,”
or Homo sapiens.
4. Plant
Structures
What are the main
structures in plants that are
responsible for:
food making,
reproduction,
growth, and
protection?
5. Food Making in Plants
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants
make their own food in their leaves.
In photosynthesis, plants use:
sunlight
water (brought in by the roots)
carbon dioxide from the air
Plants produce:
sugar to feed the plant
oxygen
7. Seeds
Inside the fruits are seeds that are transported by wind,
gravity, water, and animals to another place where they
make new plants.
8. Growth
Growth occurs in buds,
stems, and roots. Vascular
tissues bring food and
water to different parts of
the plants to provide
energy for growth.
9. Protection
Some ways plants protect themselves include:
• Thick bark can protect a tree from fire and insects.
• Thorns can protect plants from animals that might
eat them.
• Thick stems can retain water in dry climates.
• Drip tip leaves can help leaves stay drier, so the
plant doesn’t mold.
10. Life Cycles
• Describe the life cycle (including birth, growth, development, reproduction,
and death) of a plant, amphibian, mammal, and butterfly.
• What is a metamorphosis in terms of the life cycle of a frog or butterfly?
• What are inherited characteristics?
• What are characteristics that aren’t inherited?
12. Amphibian Life Cycle
An amphibian is an animal that is born in the water and has gills, but
develops lungs and lives on land for its adult life. Frogs are
amphibians.
14. Butterfly Life Cycle
Because the butterfly undergoes a complete
change in form during its development, its life
cycle is called a metamorphosis.
15. Inheritance
Plants and animals receive inherited characteristics that you receive from their parents.
Plants and animals develop characteristics that aren’t inherited when they are affected
by their environment.
Inherited Characteristics Characteristics Not Inherited
16. Adaptations of Living Things
1. How do inherited characteristics change over time to allow
plants or animals to adapt and survive in their environment?
2. Describe how some changes in the environment have caused
some plants and animals to die or move or migrate to new
locations.
3. What are some seasonal changes in an environment that
plants and animals must respond to regularly?
4. Describe how organisms change their behavior in response
to different stimuli in their environment so they can meet
some of their needs.
5. What are instinctive and learned behaviors and how are they
different?
6. What are some ways that organisms can cause changes in
their environment to ensure their survival? How can some of
these changes affect their environment?
19. Ice Ages Expose Bering Land Bridge
In the Ice Age, sea levels were lower and
ice covered much of the land. Many
plants and animals died. Other animals
migrated across exposed land bridges to
escape the cold and ice.
20. What killed the dinosaurs?
What forms of life survived
from this ancient event?
23. Migration
Some species of whales migrate seasonally to find bear their young in warmer waters.
They return to northern waters to feed when the newborns are big enough to make the
long journey.
Humpback Whale Migration Gray Whale Migration
24. Adaptations of Plants
In northern forests, deciduous trees have adapted to the cold winter by dropping their
leaves annually. If they became covered with snow, the leaves could bear down the
limbs and cause them to break off. The needles of evergreen trees in northern forests
have adapted to shed snow.
Four Seasons in a Northern Forest Pine Needles Shed Snow
25. Arctic Foxes Adapt to the Frozen Landscape
By changing the color of their fur coat, Arctic foxes can blend into a snow winter
landscape and avoid predators.
26. ?
Some organisms change their behavior in response to
different stimuli in their environment so they can meet
some of their needs.
What might have caused this gorilla to stand up and walk?
27. Instinctive and Learned Behaviors
Some animals are born with instinctive behaviors. Other behaviors are learned
during the animals’ lives.
Instinctive Behaviors Learned Behaviors
28. Changing the Environment
Many organisms cause changes in their environment to ensure their survival. How can
some of these changes affect their environment? Many Inuits live differently now than
they did in the past. How has this changed their environment?
Inuit Villages Past and Present
29. Changing the Environment
Many organisms cause changes in
their environment to ensure their
survival. How can some of these
changes in transportation affect the
environment?
30. Changing the Environment
Changes made by plowing up the deeply rooted prairie grasses of the Great Plains
affected the environment and caused drought in the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.
31. Changing the Environment
Beaver dams can cause flooding and kill
trees, but the ponds that result establish
rich areas for birds and other wildlife.
32. Energy and Living Things
1. Describe photosynthesis.
2. What are food chains and food webs?
3. In terms of food webs or chains, what are producers,
consumers, and decomposers?
33. Energy and Living Things
Photosynthesis is the process by which
plants make their own food in their leaves.
Plants use energy from the Sun in the form
of sunlight, water brought in by the roots,
and carbon dioxide from the air to produce
sugar, which feeds the plant and supplies
anything that eats the plant with food.
Photosynthesis also produces the oxygen
animals need to live. Plants are the
producers in most food chains.
In photosynthesis, plants use:
sunlight
water
carbon dioxide
Plants produce:
sugar
oxygen
34. Food Chains
Food Webs
Producers: Plants produce food
using energy from the Sun, water
from the ground, and carbon dioxide
from the air.
Consumers: Animals eat plants.
Other animals eat animals.
Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria
break down dead plants and animals.
36. Works Cited for MCAS Science Review Slide Shows
"Alaska Photographer Ron Niebrugge." Alaska Photographer Ron Niebrugge. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://wildnatureimages.com/>.
"Bugman123.com - Paul Nylanderâ s Web Site." Bugman123.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bugman123.com/>.
"Carl Linnaeus." Carl Linnaeus. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"CASES: (a Lesson Plan)." CASES: (a Lesson Plan). CASES, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://cases.soe.umich.edu/plans.php?nav=showplan>.
"Earth Floor: Cycles." Earth Floor: Cycles. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html>.
"ENCHANTED LEARNING HOME PAGE." ENCHANTED LEARNING HOME PAGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/>.
"Engineering Design Process." Engineering Is Elementary®. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"Fitting Algae Into the Food Web." Fitting Algae Into the Food Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/fitting_algae.html>.
"Food Chains - Geography For Kids - By KidsGeo.com." Food Chains - Geography For Kids - By KidsGeo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0162-food-chains.php>.
"Forms of Energy." EIA Energy Kids -. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_energy-basics-k.cfm>.
"GCSE.com: Revising Revision." GCSE.com: Revising Revision. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.gcse.com/>.
"Global Trade Online - The World's Popular B2B Trade Marketplace." Global Trade Online - The World's Popular B2B Trade Marketplace. N.p., n.d. Web. 01
Feb. 2013. <http://www.1st-product.com/>.
"Heights Technology Blog." Heights Technology Blog RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://heightstechnology.edublogs.org/category/assignments-11-
12/>.
"How the Moon Works." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"HowStuffWorks "Science"" HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/>.
"Investment." : Evolution of Human. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/>.
"Patently Apple." 'Patently Apple' N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.patentlyapple.com/>.
"Photo Gallery: Erosion and Weathering." National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"Science Project Ideas, Information and Support for Science Fair Projects." Science Project Ideas, Information and Support for Science Fair Projects. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.scienceproject.com/>.
Siegel, Ethan. "Dark Matter in Our Solar System." Starts with a Bang. N.p., 25 June 2008. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"Solar Sam's® Innovations." Solar Sam's Innovations Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.solarsam.com/>.
"StarChild: The Solar System." StarChild: The Solar System. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
"Tools Incorporated - Broussard LA - Oilfield Downhole Equipment - Rental Tools - Directional Drilling Equipment - Stabilizers - Mudmotors." Tools
Incorporated - Broussard LA - Oilfield Downhole Equipment - Rental Tools - Directional Drilling Equipment - Stabilizers - Mudmotors. N.p., n.d. Web. 01
Feb. 2013. <http://tools-inc.com/>.
"Visual Dictionary." Visual Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://www.infovisual.info/>.
"Water Resources of Georgia." USGS Georgia Water Science Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. <http://ga.water.usgs.gov/>.
Editor's Notes
All plant growth occurs by cell division and cell elongation. Cell division occurs primarily in regions of undifferentiated cells known as meristems. Cell division in the apical meristems and subsequent elongation and maturation of the new cells produces primary growth. The other type of growth, secondary growth, is the increase in girth of stems and roots.
