My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet

My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
Initial interest and topic expansion
This paper started as a way to talk about my ethical qualms with the toilet and see if there was a
scientific basis to back them up. More than a history or philosophy of how the modern toilet came to
be, I wanted to see if there is scientific evidence to back up my idea of toilets and the modern
sewage treatment systems as wasteful. In order to understand the wastefulness, or efficiency, of the
toilet however, I had to answer the question, "what happens when we flush?" This may not be the
most interesting or sexiest information about waste, but it is an important look into a part of the
waste stream we contribute to daily, in fact, according to the American Water Works Association, an
average of five ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modern sewage formed in response to the 1858 Great Stink of London. The Great Stink was a
product of many factors. The introduction of flush toilets replacing previously popular chamber pots
increased water and waste volume into cesspits. Additionally, these cesspits, once only used for
excess rainwater collection, began to carry waste from slaughterhouses and factories, contaminating
the city before its ultimate departure into the River Thames, which began to overflow with sewage
along with its tributaries. All of this combined with an unusually hot summer encouraged bacterial
growth, a rancid odor, and contributed to a cholera outbreak. In response, London build thousands of
miles of underground pipe and created the modern sewage treatment system [2].
Two categories of sewage treatment
Sewage treatment can be broken into two categories – storm sewers and sanitary sewers [3].
Storm sewers
Storm sewers drain excess rain and groundwater from manmade infrastructure like roads and
parking lots, get less treatment or sometimes none at all. Sometimes it may be processed to remove
stuff like car oil [3].
Sanitary sewers
Sanitary sewers are processed to clean up human waste. Although there are many methods of
dealing with human waste, the generally accepted method in North America consists of a three stage
sewage treatment system. In this essay I will look at this three step method system as well
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants ( Uwtps ) Essay
Abstract:
Visakhapatnam city has two Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) in the city, located at 1
town and Mudasarlova (Arilova) village, Andhra Pradesh, India. These plants are planned and built
with an intend to oversee wastewater in order to minimize and/or expel organic matter, solids,
nutrients, disease–causing organisms, pollutants and different toxins, before it re–enters a water
body. The concentrations were assessed from two sewage treatment units; the largest STP situated at
1 Town with handling capacity of 38 MLD took after by Arilova STP of 13MLD capacity. It was
uncovered from the execution, examine that effectiveness of the two treatment plants was poor
concerning expulsion of total dissolved solids as rather than the evacuation in different parameters
like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. In 1 Town STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal
efficiency was 2.6, 97.71, 95.18, 80.54 % and respectively, while in Mudasarlova STP,TDS, TSS,
BOD and COD removal efficiency was 1.0, 90.89, 89.5, 75.18 % and respectively. The order of
decrease efficiency was TDS < COD < BOD< TSS and TDS < COD < BOD < TSS respectively in
1Town STP and Mudasarlova STP. Furthermore, the issues connected with the operation and
support of wastewater treatment plants is examined.
Keywords: Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Mixed liquor suspended solids, Sludge volume index
INTRODUCTION
One–fourth of the world 's population is

Sewage Treatment Of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Dr.Marion D Schafer
Mahdi Almuhri
11/16/16
Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
The increase in the number of individuals in the planet has established a boom in technology, and
industry, which advances the problems in the economy, and contributes to the degradation of the
environment. Evidently, the treatment and collection of the wastewater in urban areas poses a
critical problem especially in developing countries. Wastewater is a practice that has been taken on
especially in urban areas where the domestic effluent pollutes surface water bodies creating health
problems for the public. In another word, any water that has been affected by anthropogenic
influence. And Wastewater can produce a group of activity that consists of domestic activity,
industrial activity, commercial activity, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or
infiltration. Wastewater is the most important thing that can help people moving comfortably for
example when it is raining. Especially, when vehicles move around the city this Wastewater can
reduce the hazards of sliding vehicles at road. Also, wastewater can avoid wastefulness of water and
can help the agriculture environment by irrigation. On the top of that, the wastewater will help grow
the lands when planet growing that will reflect to the air and will get pure air. And all people can get
purified water from waste water by

Building A Conventional Sewage Treatment Facility
As in the case of rural non–point source pollution; urban areas are not likely to fix all contamination
problems with one system. While it may be possible to build a conventional sewage treatment
facility that can handle any storm condition it is not likely that this will ever be cost feasible to do.
One type of larger combined sewage system that is being tried in several locations around the
county where proper topography allows is the aquatic marsh system. In this type of system sewage
still goes through the primary treatment of separation out the larger solids. Once these solids have
settled out it move on to the secondary treatment where it undergoes another process to remove
biochemical oxygen demand. This is done through introducing ... Show more content on
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While the wet–land treatment system is very effective in treating large quantities of sewage it still
falls short of the large problem. It still is not treating the problem at its source. There are other
options and systems that are in place to deal with urban pollution issues and flooding. Some
example of systems that have the potential to mitigate urban at their source are implementing low
impact development, installation of sand filters, infiltration trenches permeable pavers, storm water
planters and green roofs. Low impact development (LID) is not a new concept but is still considered
innovated when being discussed. LID is a storm water management program that manages storm
water on site compare to conventional systems that pipe it off to a central treatment facility or
directly into local water ways. Storms waters in the natural environment normally soak into the
ground and are filter by the soils and vegetation. When areas are urbanized the water now running
off taking contaminate with them. These waters can flow at fast rates causing increased flooding.
The goals of LID are to lessen the impact storm waters on the natural environment, use land more
efficiently, and help to lower cost. Site planning includes, "minimizing areas of disturbance,
maintaining, and restoring natural buffers, minimizing impervious cover, disconnection impervious
cover and minimizing soil compaction." Examples of

Sydney Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment Plant Site Report
Melbourne Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment plant Site Report There are several different
technologies used at the Eastern Treatment Plant for treating sewerage until it becomes Class A
treated effluent. An overview of the process can be seen in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: A schematic
diagram showing the overall sewerage treatment process (Melbournewater.com.au nd.) Grit
filtration is used to begin the removal of some solids and large objects and rubbish that end up in
sewerage such as plastics, condom wrappers and toys by passing the water through two filters
(Melbournewater.com.au nd.). Sedimentation and flocculation collection begins the remove solids as
they settle out under very still conditions and hydrophobic components which are ... Show more
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The remnant sludge is dried leaving a biosolid high in metals and contaminants which is considered
unsafe for human contact and is currently stored onsite (Melbourne Water 2014). As with most
technology the definition of state of the art is incredibly subjective and is rooted in social and
economic issues (Diaper & Sharma 2007). For the treatment of sewerage this is particularly true and
it is hard to separate technology from social and economic issues, as such both will be addressed
together. Currently most of the technology used is state of the art based on the on recent
implementation of the new upgrade to the treatment process by the addition of tertiary processing
(Melbourne Water 2014). There are always improvements in technology that could be implemented
but when taking in to consideration the low economic viability of many new technologies for a
commercial scale at the present time, the current technology is cutting edge for its purpose and cost
(Melbourne Water 2014). As new technology becomes more economical than this question will have
to be readdressed. For example a state of the art water treatment technology that could be employed
would be any pressure driven membrane filtration such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration,
ultrafiltration, and microfiltration make the Category A treated effluent in to

The Huang He River
Esteemed members of the UNESCO Board. The Huang He River, commonly referred to as the
Yellow River is a riverine landscape that flows from the West of China to the East, through nine
Northern Provinces. (Huang He Britannica, 2011) The rivers source (the Kunlun Mountains) are
located at 36°N and 84°E and its mouth (the Bohai Sea) is located at 38.7°N and 119.9°E. Located
in China, this river should be under the state of investigation by UNESCO due to the bad pollution
the region is receiving. The area's climate is cool winters, with temperatures dropping below 0°, and
short dry summers. Created by progressive erosion, the Huang He River Valleys give insights into
Ancient Chinese Civilisations. The River is affectionately named "The Cradle of Ancient Chinese
Civilisation." (Yellow River WWF, 2013). The Riverine Landscape was formed by water flow
erosion from its source; the Kunlun mountains. This erosion has created valleys where the water
currently flows downstream to the Bohai Sea. The water's colour is yellow because of the masses of
the fertile Loess sediments deposited there, but often seen other colours due to pollution. This fertile
soil has meant the land and banks is traditionally excellent for crop farming for the locals, but in
modern times, excessive pollution has devastated this ability to farm freely. The river is known as
having three main sections, the upper reaches, the middle reaches, and the Lower reaches. (China
Travel, 2009) The image below shows that

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Wastewater...
Executive Summary Severodvinsk has its economy based on industry, mainly in shipbuilding yards,
civilian vessels construction and repair, manufacture of marine tools and the most important
submarine, nuclear submarines and military equipment. Severodvinsk is situated on the shore of two
different water sources: White Sea and Northen Dvine River. There are around five months with
relative high temperatures when the snow will melt, raising the volume of river and sewage. Saying
that separate system is useful to guarantee a low variation of flow into the sewage. The unit will be
based on a preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments as for this project the pre–
treatment for industrial wastes will not be considered, even though ... Show more content on
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Saying that, some assumption must be taken. The design is supposed to meet the demand of whole
year with low variation of efficacy. Waste water treatment plants consists on a series of processes
and units to produce a specific effluent of known composition and flow rate. These treatments are
essential to deal with domestic, industrial and agricultural contaminations and pollutants mainly
considering solids of organic nature. The main focus on this design will be organic compounds in
the domestic waste water – BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended
Solids). Based on the Royal Commission for UK and Ireland the concentrations of effluents to be
disposed on receiving water are 20mg/L for BOD5 and 30mg/L for TSS as theses parameters
apparently would not cause any harm and will not be favourable for other process such as
eutrophication. Considering that Severodvinsk is situated close to the Dvina River and White Sea
these concentrations does not need to be highly restricted once that there is plenty of water available
for further dilutions. Is important to have in mind that low parameters involves high investments in
processes and equipments. Before start designing the processes itself is essential to understand the
flows and concentrations of BOD5 and TSS that are running into the units. Some

Sewage Wastewater Treated Data The Treatment Capacity Of...
Looking at the Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data the treatment
capacity of the plant exceeded the design capacity at least 5 times in last 8 years highlighted in red
text in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data: 2008–
2015".
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data: 2008–2015
Using the 2015 flow in MGD data, plot a line graph between weekly flows in million gallons per
day. The peak capacity reached on 6/20/2015 exceeding design capacity of 19.1 million gallon per
day as shown in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015".
When we compare the historical average, it is less than the dry weather capacity of 8.9 million
gallon per day and much less than the design capacity of 19.1 million gallon per day.
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015
Similarly, using above 2015 weekly data, plot a line graph for BOD, Suspended Solids and
Ammonia Nitrogen. The peak value of the "Suspended Solids – in" is 4 times the average values as
shown in the "Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015". The peak
"BOD – in" is about 2 time of the average and all other BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia
Nitrogen weekly values are closer to the historical average. Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended
Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015
Finally, plot a line graph using above 2015 weekly

Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into...
Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into electrical energy. These bacteria break down
almost any biodegradable organic waste including sewage and water waste and use it as fuel to
generate power. Places like Penn State University and The Biodesign Institute in Arizona State
University are already testing and improving this new alternative energy. According to Penn State
University they have achieved in producing 1.5 watts per meter squared of amount of waste water
taken in and believe that a large industrial plant will be able to produce near 0.8 watts per meter
squared and will be able to support about 500 homes (9). This is a new technology that is being
avidly researched, however it is not currently used in large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This cell uses bacteria like Shewanella oneidensis and Rhodoferax ferrireducens and many labs are
attempting to find better strains of bacteria more suited to the process (3). This fuel cells work in
two parts. Basically, the microbial fuel cell has two halves, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic means
with presence of oxygen, anaerobic means a lack of oxygen. When bacteria consume their "food" in
aerobic conditions they produce carbon dioxide and water, however when it's in an anaerobic
condition they produce carbon dioxide, electrons and protons. The MFC has the bacteria put in the
anaerobic chamber of the cell and decompose water material that contain glucose and/or acetate.
The bacteria also free hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons flow from an anode into the
cathode. The hydrogen ions however just pass through the barrier; soon the electrons and hydrogen
ions are in the aerobic chamber and combine with the oxygen forming h2o. The H2O is released and
electrical energy is produced from the transfer off the energy between the Anode and Cathode (or
Anaerobic and Aerobic chambers).
Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.
Firstly it can use most biodegradable organic matter including human and animal waste, sewage, etc.
This is great as there is no limit to the fuel and it is easy to find. Secondly, it reduces cost

Wastewater Technician
Not many people know where the water that we use in our everyday lives goes to and how it gets
treated and comes back to us. Wastewater technicians are specialized technicians who treat
wastewater or process or dispose sewage. These technicians are very important to the environment
because they purify the water and bring it back to the environment making it a healthier and cleaner
place. One of the most popular cities for wastewater technicians is Providence,RI. Wastewater
technicians are needed we depend on them to help clean the water. Employment rate for wastewater
technicians is projected by 8% from 2012 to 2022 about as fast as the average for all occupations.
These men have many other duties than just clean wastewater they inspect their ... Show more
If you are willing to relocate you could be moved up in a higher position same thing with continuing
your education it will improve your chances on moving up. If you're improving your education
trying to get higher licenses you could work in bigger plants and maybe be in control of it. In this
career one being is your mechanical skills. Wastewater technicians operate a lot of machinery
everyday so that skill that they use not only it could relate to their job but in their life if they quit
that job they already have some experience with machinery. Another great thing working in this
career you will become a good observer these technicians observe many data they observe a lot of
the water doing a lot of testing and see the progression of wastewater and look at a lot of meters and
gauges. Becoming a wastewater technician you will become more detail oriented you manage to
monitor everything and pay close attention to some things and they learn how everything works.
Like all jobs there are pros and cons but becoming a wastewater technician you will have to
sacrifice some things first is your health. In the a plant where these technicians work in an area
where its easy to get injured and get a high chance of getting ill. These technicians are surrounded
by loud noise and dangerous gases the hallways might be slippery and you could fall as well.
Another sacrifice you will have to make is your time. Wastewater

Can The Effective Treatment Of Wastewater In Developing
Can the effective treatment of wastewater in developing countries have an impact on the
development of antibiotic resistance?
Introduction:
The emergence of resistance in bacteria is primarily related to human and agricultural use of natural
and synthetic antibiotics. Most antibiotics aren't full metabolised and together with resistant bacteria
are excreted where they can reach sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. (Luczkiewicz et
al., 2011). Standard wastewater treatment conventions have not been shown to be fully effective in
reducing the number of resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, some have been shown to positively select
for resistant isolates. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Current treatments in developed countries are quite
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, recent research into the use of constructed wetlands has provided developing countries
with a more suitable alternative to treating wastewater. Additionally, these wetlands may provide a
solution to the spread of antibiotic resistant isolates by removing antibiotics from the wastewater.
(Standard For Sewage Treatment Plants In Developing Countries., Humans and the natural
environment–slides).
Wastewater is a potential source of antimicrobial resistant pathogens:
As mentioned previously the treatment of wastewater in developing countries is not very common
due to the expense, resources, and time required to treat wastewater effectively. (figure 1) (kaur
2012) And for some areas these wastewater treatment plants are just not viable, and much of the
waste is discarded into waters where not only pathogenic bacteria can disseminate but also resistant
bacteria and genes. However, in areas that are fortunate enough to have sanitation facilities and
conventional treatments such as activated sludge method, drying beds technology and ozonation or
chlorination as a disinfection method, they have not been shown to be completely effective in the
removal of antibiotics and resistant varieties and even promote resistance in some cases. Evidence
for this is

New Approaches And Education For The Success Of...
7 New Approaches and Education for the Success of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
There is a common thinking in the academia and professional arenas that the solution to the
untreated wastewater discharges into our water bodies can be prevented or mitigated mainly with the
construction of wastewater sewer collection systems and wastewater treatment plants. Part of the
purpose of this research is to revisit and analyze the benefits of using decentralized wastewater
treatment technologies and evaluate the latest wastewater treatment technologies available.
7.1 Overview of Centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Infrastructure
It is also of common knowledge that our nation's wastewater treatment infrastructure is widely
recognized to be in serious overhaul, if not outright replacement. (Crawford 2011). Also it is known
that wastewater management does not figure among the environmental legal and regulatory matters
that command public attention, despite the direct human and environmental health impacts of
wastewater infrastructure failures, to say nothing of the unsavory nature of ruptured sewage lines
and massive sewage spills, with their attendant harms for both land and water pollution (Crawford
2011). This is due to a lack of knowledge and education to the public concerning this serious threat.
A serious national wastewater treatment crisis is imminent. The need to address our wastewater
infrastructure deficiencies is urgent and not only for the centralized

Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Essay
Background
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant is the biggest advanced wastewater treatment
plant in the world, which covers 153 acres. The facility is operated by District of Columbia Water
and Sewer Authority (DC Water). It provides wastewater collection and treatment services to more
than 2 million customers in Washington, USA. The treatment plant can treat up to 370 millions of
gallons per day in Maryland, the District, and Virginia suburbs, with a complete treatment peak flow
of 740 mgd, and an excess flow of 336 mgd (Eckert et al., 2010).
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant received awards from the National Association
of Clean Water Agencies for having a peak performance for more than 10 sequential years. In the
year 2003, the plant also received an excellence in management award. In the previous years, the
plant has successfully upgraded and improved its liquid processing systems. There is little doubt that
DC water has been a champion of protection and restoring all their waterways.
To provide a reliable supply of consumable water from the Potamic River to the city, the congress
commissioned the construction of an aqueduct system in the year 1852. Washington Aqueduct was
designed and constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The operation began in 1864. In the
20th century, filtration plants were added to the system.
A sewage treatment plant was constructed in the Blue Plains area, at the southernmost tip of DC in
1938, which costs

Is China A Water Solution?
China has faced this water crisis for decades yet have not anything extremely effective to combat the
turmoil as a result of a corrupt government, political issues and lack of money in cities needing help
the most. The state have made evident effort to combat water shortages yet limited efforts have been
made to improve their water quality, consequently resulting in the water pollution worsening. The
Chinese government, to reduce the amount of toxic waste and sewage polluting drinking sources,
has built water treatment facilities. However, these have not worked as these facilities are abandoned
by their local operators because of the high cost of operating them. The Chinese civilians have been
alarmed by the amount of pollution in its rivers, that the government have started enacting new
environmental regulations and laws and taking more action to clean up its rivers. Beijing is closing
polluting factories, building new sewage treatment plants and changing agricultural practices. By
placing these regulations all the government must do is ensure that they are followed to see a
positive effect, however these laws are widely ignored. Money set for wastewater projects is often
re–appropriated to build power plants. The Chinese government have admitted that China has
serious water pollution problems and designated $132 billion for cleaning up and improving China
's water supply. Allocations included $30 billion for urban water supply projects and $50 million in
wastewater

Water Recycling Reduces Drinking Water Scarcity Essay
Water Recycling
A Regional Administrator named Felicia Marcus once stated, "Water recycling is a critical element
for managing our water resources." Her statement symbolizes modern technological ideals to
increase the reuse of water. Also known as water reclamation, water recycling is the process of
extracting previously used water and treating it for reuse. Currently, modern technologies have
allowed the application of recycled water to enter many different areas. Reclaimed water is cleaned
and redistributed for land irrigation, to recharge ground water, for industrial applications (cooling
the water for power plants and oil refineries), for toilet water, to irrigate golf courses and to create
artificial snow. By utilizing the many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recycled water not only helps decrease human habitat destruction, it also is considered more
effective than natural water for agricultural irrigation. At first, farmers were skeptical of using a
previously 'contaminated' water to irrigate their food crops. However, when studied in further detail
it was determined that reclaimed water actually contributed to plant growth. The added nutrients in
the recycled water improve crop quality and development, without polluting the crops themselves.
Farmers and others that use recycled water regularly also appreciate the dependability of receiving
the reused water. Use of reclaimed water decreases the chance of future drought and insures farmers
a more stable source of water than ever before.
In contrast, there are also many problems and questions linked to the reuse of water. Economically,
the initial installation to supply recycled water to an area can be expensive, and complicated.
Separate pipes and specific labeling is required for all reclaimed water distribution. Another concern
in using recycled water is its potential health risks. A study done by three Bay Area scientists was
conducted to search for Salmonella, Cyclospora and E. Coli 0157:H7 within water after it had been
disinfected in the tertiary stage of recycling. Fortunately the scientists did not find any of the three
bacteria within the reclaimed water, further

Sewer: Sewage Treatment and Septic Tanks
CASE STUDY
Drainage and Sewerage System for the Municipality of Kabute
You are part of the team planning for the drainage and sanitation/sewerage system of the
Municipality of Kabute.
The present number of inhabitants of Kabute is about 320,000. An increase is expected at a rate of
2.5% annually at least for a period of 10 years to come. After that a certain leveling off must be
realized. A map of the municipality is presented in Annex 1.
The map indicates the presently sewered zones of the municipality A and Band the places where
they discharge into the sea and the harbor. The neighborhoods have been named A, B, C, etc.
These sewer discharge the wastewater of about 45,000 inhabitants plus sewage from public and
commercial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|Neighborhood |Inhabitants |Connected to sewers |
|A |30,000 |15,000 |
|B |45,000 |30,000 |
|C |35,000 |nil |
|D |190,000 |nil |
|E |20,000 |nil |
Questions:
1. How would you deal with the problem of pollution of the beaches of municipality of Kabute?
What effects do you expect from indiscriminate discharge of raw sewage?
2. Indicate the locations of future sewage treatment stations. Give your arguments justifying the
location or locations.
3. Given the chance and resources, which type of

Global Water Crises Around The World And The Effects They...
2800 Kensington Drive
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
December 09, 2016
Minister Sushri Uma Bharti
6, Akbar Road
New Delhi, Delhi 110011
Dear Minister Sushri Uma Bharti,
My name is Vynateya Purimetla, and I am an eighth grader currently attending East Hills Middle
School, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Presently, we are in a hydrogeology unit and we have been
researching global water crises around the world and the effects they have on people who inhabit
those regions. I am writing this letter to address the issues of inadequate sanitation, untreated
sewage in groundwater, and holy rivers being polluted due to a host of reasons. These problems are
occurring in both rural and urban areas, and are affecting more than 80% of the Indian population
who depend on water polluted with untreated sewage, nitrate, and agricultural runoff for basic
survival needs, (The Huffington Post). As the leader of the Ministry of Water Resources, River
Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, I hope that some of the solutions outlined in this letter could
be helpful to you in solving India's water crisis.
A problem that affects the daily life of more than a hundred million people is inadequate sanitation
and a lack of proper sanitation facilities. For example, only 87% of Indians in urban areas have
access to a sanitized latrine, while only 33% of Indians in rural areas have access to a toilet, (The
Guardian). This statistic is alarming, as it increases the susceptibility to diseases such as

What are Antiniotics?
Antibiotics are the most successful drugs used for the human treatment and they have proved as a
very effective weapon against infections, but they are considered as important pollutants also.
Antibiotic pollution is increasingly being accepted as a promoter of antibiotic resistance that may
include over–prescription and mishandling of antibiotics. Researchers have found out this fact that
when an antibiotic is consumed; up to 90 percent passes through a body without taking part in
metabolism. Antibiotics are used broadly in human and veterinary drugs, as well as, in aquaculture
to check or treat microbial infections. In addition being used for human treatment, antibiotics are
widely used for animal farming and for rural purposes. Residues from human environments and
from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can pollute accepted
environments. The clearest outcome of antibiotic release in usual environments is the selection of
resistant bacteria. The identical resistance genes found at clinical settings are at this time distributed
among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination Antibiotics can go
through the atmosphere by way of waste water treatment plant effluents, hospital waste processing
plant effluents, farming waste, and outflow from waste–storage and landfills. Pollution from total
municipal sewage may be correlated to the rise in bacteria resistant to the most powerful antibiotics.
Water discharged into lakes

Pharmaceutical Drugs
Introduction Pharmaceutical drugs have been beneficial to our modern society, but a consequence of
their manufacturing is that numerous pharmaceutical industries are simultaneously releasing toxic
compounds in the environment. Due to the manufacturing of several pharmaceutical industries, it
generated huge quantities of wastes in the water, which directly affected the aquatic organisms
(Patneedi et al. 2015). It has been over four decades since the discovery of pharmaceutical drugs in
the water, but only in the last decade has there been increasing concerns about active pharmaceutical
contaminants in waste–water effluents (Patneedi et al. 2015). Pharmaceuticals are one of the
emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in water systems ... Show more content on
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If the HQ calculated is less than 1 (HQ < 1), there will be no anticipated adverse effects as a result
of exposure, however, the study indicated how the hazard quotient (HQ) of 50% of the 2986
different pharmaceutical compounds in the water exceeded the value of 1 (HQ > 1) (Sanderson et al.
2004b). Also, the study determined that pharmaceutical compounds such as cardiovascular,
anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and antipsychotics, gastrointestinal, antiviral and corticosteroid, had
high HQs in which it would exceed the value of 1 even without the assessment factor of 1000
(Sanderson et al. 2004b). Combination of the frequency and toxicity of the different classes
indicated that the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and
antipsychotics, were the three most hazardous classes based on predicted toxicity (Sanderson et al.
2004b). Since there are pharmaceutical chemicals that exceeded the HQs, aquatic organisms such as
fishes were susceptible to the adverse effects and the high toxicity of the pharmaceuticals in the
water (Sanderson et al. 2004b). A more recent study by Carlsson et al. (2006) depicted how nine out
of twenty–seven APIs selected in Sweden identified as a danger to the aquatic

Wvsa Case Study
When was the WVSA constructed and how was it modified? The WVSA was built in two phases
around 1967. WVSA went online for primary treatment plant in 1968. In 1988, the WVSA decided
to add the second treatment plant. The modification occurred when the second treatment plant was
built. The second treatment plant allowed the removal of organic matter to reach 97%. What is the
source of the sewage and from what communities does it originate? The source is a combination of
sanitary and storm sewages; majority of the combined sewage water comes from the Wilkes–Barre
area. In addition, other communities that contribute to the sewage water source are places like
Dallas PA, Lehman township, Hanover township, and more. How does the sewage arrive at the
WVSA? Sewage arrives at the WVSA by pumping all the waste water from the combined/ storm
sewers and collecting it in the wet–well then transferred to the influent pumps. Another place the
sewage can arrive at WVSA is from other places who decided not to upgrade like, Lehman
Township, that has the WVSA treat their waste for them instead. Describe the treatment process in
detail. The treatment process is broken into four treatment trains in the secondary plant, which are
viewed as four different treatment plants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new total maximum daily limit of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total dissolved solids would force
WVSA to upgrade to a 25–million–dollar system. Instead of doing the expensive upgrade, the
WSVA decided to fix the problems in house by using biological nitrate removal. The biological
nitrate removal cost WSVA 400 thousand dollars which was paid by fundraising. Any other
upgrades or advances to the biological removal would be paid by fundraising, complete funds from
the WSVA, or the state would give WSVA half of the money while WSVA would pay the

Waste Water Treatment
Sewage treatment
The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the
surrounding environment and prevent pollution.[1]
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce an environmentally–safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid
waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced
technology it is now possible to re–use sewage effluent for drinking water, although ... Show more
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large–scale treatment plant
Process Flow Diagram for a typical treatment plant via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
(SFCW)
[edit] Pre–treatment
Pre–treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater before they
damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves,
etc.).
[edit] Screening
The influent sewage water is screened to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream.[5]
This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants
serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may be
used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation
on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or
incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimise solids removal. If
gross solids are not removed they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant
and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process.[6]:9
[edit] Grit removal
Pre–treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the

Will Sewage Treatment Plants Have Effect On Water Birds '...
Will sewage treatment plants have effect on water birds' persistence and distribution?
Longji Deng, 100189430, Group 8
Introduction:
Anthropogenic climate warming has elevated the global temperature, and it has risen faster during
the last 40 years. There is no doubt that the temperature change has affected the biological process
of birds such as wintering, migration and breeding. (K Meller 2016) Also the increasing temperature
can cause a poleward geographical distribution.( Rachael H, et al, 2006)
It is certain that artificial ponds have positive effect on water birds ' breeding and migration as ponds
can provide more food and a safe space, these factors finally result in changing the distribution.
(Sánchez–Zapata J A, Anadón J D, Carrete M, et al. 2015) .
Sewage treatment plants are really common and important infrastructures as they play a significant
part in daily life. Almost every river people can find at least one plants. Due to they can be
considered as special artificial ponds, they may have effects on distribution and persistence of water
birds. According to some article, we find that they do have effect of shorebirds (Jose A. Alves, et al,
2012) However, there are no articles about if the sewage treatment plants have effect of water birds '
distribution and persistence. If they do have effect, we still try to find out it 's a negative effect or a
positive effect. We also try to find is there any different effects between the secondary plants and the

Essay On St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
1. Brief history of the plant(s) including design capacity and future expansion
1.1 Introduction
This report will cover the history, operations and future potential for the St Marys Sewage Treatment
Plant and St Mary's Water Recycling Plant, which located in an industrial area in St Mary's, a
western suburb of Sydney.
A group of subject 48350 Environmental and Sanitation Engineering students visited both plants,
and observed the operations and maintenance of these wastewater treatment systems.
1.2 St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
In 1939, the Sewage Treatment Plant was first commissioned at St Mary where it serviced a
government facility nearby using a trickling filter system – obviously a small scale operation.
The Plant was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
St Marys Sewage Treatment and Recycled Water Plants are not planned for explanation in next few
years. However, there is a plan in general that are to construct more sewage treatment plants and
implement more recycled water processing plants around Sydney where the population is predicted
to increase significantly in next 5 years period (from 4 to 6 million).
More urgently however, is the need for infrastructure rejuvenation, prompting the SewerFix
program, which has been operating since 2008 to repair leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old
sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the
possibility of spills. An estimated $560 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4
years from 2008 to 2012.
Moreover, at this time, it is importance to rejuvenate infrastructure and prompt the SewerFix
program. Since 2008, those has been operating to repair leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old
sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the
possibility of spills. An estimated $400 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4
years from 2012 to 2016 (sewerFix Program, 2012).
2. A schematic diagram and a

Chemical Pollution
Biological, Chemical, and Physical Agent
Water pollution is caused when water contains excessive amounts of biological agents &
microorganisms, such as bacterial species, viruses, worms, and/or algae. This type of pollution is
caused by decaying organic material in water, animal wastes, as well as improper disposal of human
wastes. Chemical pollution is defined as the presence or increase in our environment of chemical
pollutants that are not naturally present, or are found in amounts higher than normal. Most of the
chemicals that pollute the environment are man–made, resulting from the various activities in which
toxic chemicals are used for various purposes. The impacts are normally identified with the
introduction to high measures of chemicals. Chemical contamination prompts different valid
sicknesses, by and large by devouring toxic food, drinking exceptionally tainted water, or breathing
poor quality air.
Sewage Treatment Septic systems and advanced onsite wastewater treatment technologies rely on
soil to treat sewage and sanitary wastewater (EPA, 2017). Sewage is the term utilized for wastewater
that regularly contains excrement, pee, and clothing waste. There are billions of individuals on
Earth, so treating sewage is a major need. Sewage transfer is an issue in developing countries and a
large number of individuals in these territories don't have access to sanitary conditions and clean
water. Untreated sewage water in such territories can degrade the earth and

Investigating Ethical Qualms Of The Modern Toilet
Investigating Ethical Qualms of the Modern Toilet
Nina Levison
Initial interest and topic expansion
This paper started as a way to talk about my ethical qualms with the toilet and see if there was a
scientific basis to back them up. More than a history or philosophy of how the modern toilet came to
be, I wanted to see if there is scientific evidence to back up my idea of toilets and the modern
sewage treatment systems as wasteful. In order to understand the wastefulness, or efficiency, of the
toilet however, I had to answer the question, "what happens when we flush?" This may not be the
most interesting or sexiest information about waste, but it is an important look into a part of the
waste stream we contribute to daily, in fact, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modern sewage formed in response to the 1858 Great Stink of London. The Great Stink was a
product of many factors. The introduction of flush toilets replacing previously popular chamber pots
increased water and waste volume into cesspits. Additionally, these cesspits, once only used for
excess rainwater collection, began to carry waste from slaughterhouses and factories, contaminating
the city before its ultimate departure into the River Thames, which began to overflow with sewage
along with its tributaries. All of this combined with an unusually hot summer encouraged bacterial
growth, a rancid odor, and contributed to a cholera outbreak. In response, London built thousands of
miles of underground pipe and created the modern sewage treatment system [3][4].
Two categories of sewage treatment
Sewage treatment can be broken into two categories – storm sewers and sanitary sewers [5].
1. Storm sewers
Storm sewers drain excess rain and groundwater from manmade infrastructure like roads and
parking lots. Sometimes the water may be processed to remove stuff like car oil, but for the most
part, they get less treatment than sanitary sewers or sometimes none at all[5].
2. Sanitary sewers
Sanitary sewers are processed to clean up human waste. Although there are many methods of
dealing with human waste, the generally accepted method in North America consists of a three–
stage sewage treatment system. In this essay I will

The Sources, Environmental Impact, and Control of Water...
Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges. It occurs when water is
contaminated by such substances as human and animal wastes, toxic chemicals, metals and oils.
Pollution can affect rain, rivers, lakes, oceans and the water beneath the earth, called ground water.
Polluted water may look clean or dirty, but it all contains bacteria, viruses, chemicals or other
chemicals than can cause illness or even death. Impurities must be removed before such water can
be used safely for drinking, cooking or washing. Some industries must clean the water before it can
be used in their manufacturing processes.
Water pollution has become a serious problem in most countries. As a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some industries pollute water in yet another way. they use large quantities of water to cool certain
equipment. Heat from the equipment makes the water hot. The industries then discharge the hot
water into rivers and lakes, heating those bodies of water. Such heating that harms plants or animals
is known as thermal pollution.
· Sewage consists of human wastes, garbage and water that has been used for washing or bathing.
Most of the sewage goes through treatment plants that remove solids and such dissolved substances
as the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous.
· Agricultural chemicals and wastes. Water from rain or melted snow flows from farmland into
streams, carrying chemical fertilisers and pesticides that farmers have used on the land. Animal
wastes also can cause water pollution, particularly from feed lots with many animals. Cattle, sheep
and poultry raised on feed lots do not distribute their wastes over widespread pastureland. Instead,
much of their wastes runs off into nearby streams. Water used for irrigation also may be polluted by
salt, agricultural pesticides and toxic chemicals on the soil surface before it flows back into the
ground.
Effects of water pollution
· Health. Water polluted with human and animal wastes can spread typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery
and other diseases. Though

Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable...
Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources
Thesis: Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be
used for water purification, but only living machines and constructed wetlands will provide the
human race with a sustainable future.
Introduction Our liquid planet glows like a soft blue sapphire in the hard edged darkness of space.
There is nothing else like it in the solar system. It is because of water (Miller 311).
– John Todd
Water is the most important resource on the planet. Absolutely no life could exist with out the
presence of water. Humans use water to cook, clean, bathe and drink. However it seems that humans
as a race have extremely little ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be used for
water purification, but only living machines and constructed wetlands will provide us with a
sustainable future.
Design and Funciton of Treatment Systems
Conventional Sewage Treatment.
Conventional Sewage Treatment plants are the most common system for wastewater treatment in the
United States. These systems are found in all urban communities but only in a few rural
communities. This complex system is responsible for processing of the waste of the majority of the
people in the United States yet few of them understand the scientific principles involved with
treatment. In addition many people are even unaware of where their wastewater goes after it has
been flushed down the toilet or disappear through the bath tub drain. I will attempt to describe the
biological, chemical and physical process involved with the treatment of wastewater through the use
of conventional sewage treatment.
The first step involved with wastewater treatment is the transport of the wastes from houses and
industry to the treatment plant. This is done through a complex matrix of pipes and lift stations. All
sewage goes to the treatment plant using the laws of gravity. Since the flow of gravity requires the
sewage to head continually

The Importance Of Public Health And Environmental Problems...
The Tijuana Estuary has been affected for many decades from the pollution that is brought by the
runoff from the Tijuana watershed. The Tijuana watershed is a large watershed with an area of 1,750
square miles. The Tijuana watershed is a unique watershed in San Diego because three–fourths of
the watershed is in Mexico where a majority of the runoff flows across the border into the United
States where it is discharged into the ocean. The watershed is located in a dry environment that is
considered arid and only receives 10 inches of rain annually. A majority of the western basin is made
up of developed land while the eastern basin is mostly undeveloped land (The Tijuana River
National Estuarine Research Reserve 2014). The Tijuana watershed has a rapid population growth
with a majority of the Mexican residents living with insufficient utilities which causes unsanitary
conditions and accelerated erosion. Public health and environmental problems occur because
Mexico does not have strong environmental policies. Projects to help with these issues have been
put into place to help improve water quality. Most of the runoff that is collected in the watershed
eventually makes its way into the Tijuana Estuary and along the coastline which can result in
economic problems because of beach closures. These areas are also home to many endangered
species. Many of the endangered birds that live in the Tijuana estuary feed on plants and small fish
that are in and around the watershed. The

The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
A) The purpose of this article is to explain an investigation attempting to correlate negative
behavioral effects observed in adult male fighting fish, Betta splendens, with exposure to waterborne
phytoestrogens. The phytoestrogens the B. splendens were exposed to were genistein, equol, β–
sitosterol, and 17 β–estradiol. Behavioral effects of exposure were analyzed by monitoring
spontaneous swimming movements, amount of time it took to react to an alleged intruder, amount of
aggression toward that alleged intruder, likelihood of building a nest whilst among a female B.
splendens and the area of said nest. This study was conducted given there has been no research done
on the behavioral biomarkers resulting from waterborne phytoestrogens as an environmental
contaminant to aquatic species, even though these animals are the highest probability of
experiencing phytoestrogen exposure in their natural habitats. Additionally, when considering
phytoestrogens' ability to cause reproductive and developmental malfunction in fishes, waterborne
phytoestrogen's presence in sewage treatment plants' liquid waste, runoff from agricultural areas
utilizing manure and wood pulp mills ' liquid waste is concerning.
B) Behavioral effects of exposures to short term genistein, equol, β–sitosterol, and 17 β–estradiol on
B. splendens were analyzed by observing impulsive actions, latency to react to a suspected invader,
amount of aggression toward that invader, likelihood of building a nest while in the

Long Island Sound ( Lis ) Essay
Long Island Sound (LIS) is a major urban estuary located along the east coast of the United States.
It is semi–enclosed by states and islands in all directions. LIS is bordered by the State of
Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York (NY) on its southern shore. To its west it
connects to the NY metropolitan area and to the east it is closed off by Block Island and Fishers
Island Sounds. Due to the restricted transport and dispersal of contaminants, LIS is susceptible to
enhanced anthropogenic impacts. Sewage effluent, industrial discharge, agricultural and urban
runoff, atmospheric deposition, combined inputs from major rivers, and disposal of dredged material
are the major routes of contaminants into LIS (1). There is a correlation that the number of marine
systems that become exposed to both treated and untreated wastewater discharges increases, as there
are concurrent increases in population around coastal areas. The environmental quality of receiving
waters may be compromised due to thousands of different chemicals released via sewage inputs.
Over the last decade there has been a growing interest on a specific chemical known as
pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Antimicrobials, fragrances, therapeutic drugs,
some polymers, and surfactants are all categorized as PPCPs. In developed countries, most
wastewater are treated in order to ensure that the majority of the chemicals, or a very significant
portion of the chemicals, are removed

Common Sense Restructuring Of Public Services
The siting of the SSTP in London, Ontario offers an excellent case to examine the ways in which
Harris's "common sense restructuring of public services, including the repeal of numerous land use
planning requirements and the authorization of waste disposal sites without public input, work
simultaneously to create new forms of white privilege and environmental racism in Southwestern
Ontario" (Mascarenhas, 2012, p. 128). To meet the infrastructural needs of London's rapidly
growing population, London's Planning Department proposed to build the SSTP along its southwest
border. The plant is scheduled to be built by 2020 at a cost of approximately $80 million (DeBono,
2014). The story of the SSTP originated in 1996 when the City of London ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the rezoning of the land, the deregulation of the waste industry, and the newly created
markets in unwanted land uses have all enabled the development of reverse–NIMBYism, where
urban 'white' residents can oppose having their unwanted land uses located near them (Ollevier &
Tsang, 2007). Additionally, the restricting of public services has "endorsed a narrow market–based
solution to the growing waste problem in [Ontario], which sanctions the morality of the marketplace
over public dialogue and public safety" (Mascarenhas, 2012, 130). For example, a member of the
Oneida First Nation illustrated that "to the east we have the landfill, to the west we have the
potential sewage treatment plant, and the line of electromagnetic field towers" (Mascarenhas, 2010,
p. 57). Therefore, the ethics of the marketplace has led to a more elusive form of racial inequality,
one where ideas of choice and freedom in the siting of waste industries have taken precedence over
environmental justice (Giroux, 2003; Jayasinghe et al., 2013).
In hoping to prevent the placement of the sewage treatment plant near their traditional territory, the
Oneida First Nation community approached the provincial government, the federal government

Water Pollution And Its Effects On Aquatic Life
Water Pollution and its Effects on Aquatic Life
Charles Darwin, the father of evolutionary biology, states in his theory of evolution that only
organisms better fit to survive in their environment will survive. Based on his theory and research, it
can be concluded that challenges to the environment directly affect the organisms. Research shows
that in particular water pollution; hospital wastewater and sewage wastewater, is shown to cause
antibiotic–resistant microorganisms, excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus as well as
heavy metals that harm the aquatic life present in the body of water. Antibiotic–resistant
microorganisms refer to organisms that cannot be killed by antibiotics such as penicillin or
ampicillin. The heavy metals referred to are, mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium
(Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb); these metals mainly impact fish.
As mentioned above one of the key sources of water pollution is hospital wastewater. It has been
reported that local wastewater treatment plants are unequipped to treat the wastewater completely
(Nielsen) and therefore hazardous to the environment. Part of the hospital wastewater are antibiotics
that come out in active form because it has not been completely metabolized. (Ahmad, M., et al.).
This means that the antibiotics have not been completely broken down and can still kill bacteria
present in the water body. The presence of antibiotics would not be a critical issue if it was simply
killing off

Confronting the Challenges of Sewerage Management in...
Master of International Studies
95.803 Business, the Environment and Social Responsibility Lecturer: Rashid Ameer
Discussion paper
Confronting the challenges of sewerage management in Island of Barbados
Name: Tsoy Evgeniy
ID: 2122207
Due Date: Thursday, 14 June, 2012 An exotic and dwelling place of unique phenomenon attracts
millions of tourists every year. This is Caribbean, island of Barbados, paradise in the seventh
heaven. The idea that the flowery island is under threat of sewage and waste water management
beats everyone's imagination. "Contamination of coastal water and deterioration of coral reefs have
been linked to inadequate disposal of waste water" and poor sewerage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Settled sewerage for example, is appropriate for middle–income or upper–income areas which
already have septic tanks, but "where the soil can no longer accept all the septic tank effluent"; this
system is being used in Australia, United States, Colombia and Nigeria. "Simplified sewerage
system is most suitable for high–density, low–income areas"; this method is now used commonly in
Brazil and in some countries of Latin America, Pakistan, and Karachi. (Mara, 1996, pp. 249–256)
However, these data are too old now, and we cannot rely on already infirm experience. Nowadays
we are able to use state–of–the–art technologies and more effective approaches to solve sewage
problem. There are two sewage treatments: anaerobic methods and aerobic methods. "Anaerobic
Treatment is the most appropriate technology for tropical areas like Brazil, India and Columbia".
This concept uses specially cultivated bacterium (OS1). Meanwhile, "aerobic technologies are
designed keeping in mind the conditions of countries with lower temperature. Also aerobic treatment
plants are dependent on continuous power supply and are extremely costly." (Organic solutions,
para.1). UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) for instance, a notion for sewage treatment, was
launched in India two decades ago and today has extended over the other developing countries with
similar climate. "India is one of the leading countries in term of amount sewage volume treated by

Wastewater In Canada
Montreal plans to shut down a pipe, which feeds water from the sewers into a treatment plant.
Therefore the city's strategy is to dump the eight billion liters of raw sewage into the St Lawrence
River [1]. The procedure is going against the fisheries act, it will have negative consequences for
communities downstream, and it will also damage the river's ecosystem. In brief that scheme has
several negative impacts on the river's ecosystem and the city should invest in alternative
procedures.
The procedure of dumping mass amounts of wastewater into the river is going against the fisheries
act if not given authorization [3]. Environment Canada is researching the implications of the plan
and exploring options to prevent this release, while studying ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Grant Brow who is a Concordia University biologist that specializes in aquatic behavioral and
chemical ecology, claims, "The untreated effluent could cause harm to a number of aquatic species"
[2]. The fish rely on chemical cues to help it survive, such as finding food, shelter, detecting and
avoiding predators. On the other hand, the city's spokesman Philippe Sabourin, says that "the
contamination is not a big concern due to the sheer size of the river and how quickly it flows – at a
rate of 6,000 to 7,000 cubic meters a second, compared to the flow rate of the wastewater, expected
to be 13 cubic meters a second" [2]. However, it would be devastating if the city proceeds with their
plan since the chemical and bacteriological mixture of wastewater must be observed at all times to
ensure public health. In wastewater there are oxygen–consuming materials, which needs to be
minimized to protect from low dissolved oxygen conditions since it can be harmful to aquatic
species [4]. Many nutrients found in wastewater, such as nitrogen and phosphorus must be removed
to prevent high level of nutrients, which can cause the ecosystem to have hypoxia and the increase
of pollutants in the waterways [4]. The city has examined alternative methods, and the mayor claims
that, "They have consulted with experts around the world and that every option has been explored"
[5]. The city has probe to put in mobile tanks or installing a $1–billion diversion system to collect
the raw sewage and send it to the treatment plant, which would be safer and more ethical

The Industrial Waste Management Practices
INTRODUCTION:
Huge plants which operate in the industry of light, chemicals and other heavy industries, although
providing substantial employment and improving the economy, contribute to a lot of aquatic
pollution . Unless the industrial waste management practices are regulated and monitored for
sensitive water bodies around them, they pose a significant contamination risk. Locating a
resourceful site, providing facilities along with industrial waste and operational management
practices are needed to minimize this risk.
The most commonly affecting industrial waste includes petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals,
surfactants, toxins and/or salts, which pollute surrounding water bodies, making them unsuitable for
most of the water needs and harming the aquatic life therein. Algal blooms and oxygen deficit are
the result of excessive nutrients found in the waters.
Industrial wastes are also known to pollute underground water too which increase the cost and risk
of cleaning/treating sewage. Industrial pollutants such as oxygen scavengers may corrode pipes and
equipment in the sewerage collection system and in treatment plants. Greases and suspended matter
can cause pipe blockages and odors.
Metropolitan Water Supply , Sewerage and Drainage Bylaws 1981 ( as amended ), sewage ,
drainage, or anything other than unpolluted water business , industry , warehouse or manufacturing
premises from the liquid , solid or gaseous refuse to define it as industrial waste . Industrial

The Effects Of Sludge Sewage On The Waste Water Treatment
The usefulness of sludge sewage also known as bio solids in the environment can't be
overemphasized. According to Renner, millions of tons of sewage sludge is produced each year[1].
Land filling, incineration and land application are the possible options for the disposal of the bio
solids resulting from the waste water treatment. Approximately six million tons of treated sludge
produced annually in the U.S is applied to the farmland[6]. This method of disposal is favored above
the other methods because it is used as a form of amendment for the purpose of improving the
condition of the soil. The treated sewage sludge or bio solid is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorus and organic content which make it useful as fertilizers to stimulate the growth of plants
as well as enhance and maintain productive soils[5]. In addition to the nutrients contained in the bio
solids, there is also the presence of a multitude of metals, contaminants and pathogens. This caused
the issue of the bio solids application in the agricultural lands to be a disputatious issue globally
right from the time the Clean Water regulations were enacted since the late 1980's[1]. Sewage
sludge or Bio solids are the byproducts of domestic and industrial waste water treatment processes.
According to Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 503, sewage sludge is regarded as the
solid, semi solid or liquid remains that results from the treatment of sewage produced industrially
and

Methodology For Environmental Assessment Used Here Is Life...
Our aim was to perform a holistic assessment including technical, economic and environmental
aspects, in order to assess the overall sustainability of SBT plant. The methodology for
environmental assessment used here is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a useful tool for
investigating environmental impacts associated with a product, service or process from cradle–to–
grave perspective. It is becoming increasingly popular amongst researchers in wastewater treatment
field nowadays because of its holistic approach. It has been proved as a useful tool for computation
of environmental impacts of a given wastewater treatment technology (Hospido et al., 2004; Gallego
et al., 2008; Li et al., 2013). Table 1 shows review of studies on CSF technology and table 2 shows
literature review on application of LCA to natural wastewater treatment technologies. Only Worli
SBT is monitored and studied in detail i.e. in–depth evaluation for physicochemical parameters,
microbial parameters, socio economic aspects and LCA was carried out. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Soil Biotechnology plant performance (physicochemical and microbial performance) To
evaluate performance of SBT plant we monitored the plant for 24 months (July 2013–April 2015).
Samples of raw sewage and treated effluent were collected from the respective site and analysed
during the period from July 2013 to April 2015. Samples were analysed for various physicochemical
properties such as pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

Water Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
Water covers almost 75% of the earth's surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural
resource that exists on our planet today. There won't be any living organism on our planet without
water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large
amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and
fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over
stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms
consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to
deeper waters.[David Krantz] This could be very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the
respiration ability of fish and other creatures of the sea. Pollution is also caused when silt and other
suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas,
and eroded river banks when it rains.[David Krantz] Pollution in the form of organic material enters
waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from
livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this
organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and
bottom–dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five
parts per million. When this occurs, it

Safe Water with Adequate Sanitation
1– Introduction
Accessing safe water with adequate sanitation has been a crucial problem for billions of people
around the world (1). Most of them are in the developing countries and this problem seems to
increase in the following years (2). One of the renewable sources of freshwater which has sufficient
sanitation is rainfall. Globally precipitation generates supply of 40000 to 45000 km3 per year (3).
However, there is not a uniform rainfall for different areas of the world. Developed countries are
mostly located in the temperate or tepid latitudes, hence they have more precipitation. On the other
hand, developing countries have mostly arid and semi–arid climates which they lack in the sufficient
rainfall. Imbalance between water needs and its resources has been a crucial issue for these
countries. It has been expected that by the year 2025, 34 countries most of them developing nations
will experience water scarcity (2) (3). This situation is more critical in the North Africa and in the
Middle East (4).
In addition to the scarcity of fresh water which is a major concern, nowadays for both developed and
developing countries, the quality of water has been deteriorated due to the pollution, particularly in
the developing nations. The major causes of the contaminated water resources are the inadequate
wastewater treatment, non–optimized landfill construction, leaking from sewage systems, and
unauthorized agricultural, municipal and industrial wastewater discharge into aquatic

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