Persuasive Essay On Plastic Straws

Persuasive Essay On Plastic Straws
Americans use over 500 million plastic straws every single day–that's enough to circle the earth's circumference 2.5 times (Ives et al 2017). By 2050,
there will be more plastic debris in the ocean than fish (Kaplan 2016). These staggering statistics are unacceptable and it is our duty to find a realistic,
sustainable solution to the issue. Plastic pollution is one of today's most pressing problems, and minimizing the use of straws is a feasible and realistic
step in the right direction. Although the problem of pollution is widely understood, the extent of the damage by plastic straws is not as known or
acknowledged. Education of children and adults is an integral component of shifting cultural norms and mindsets. With a more informed population,
people will be more likely to refuse and forgo plastic utensils. Furthermore, businesses and influential icons play a vital role in this opportunity. Some
restaurants give out both a cup and straw as a mere convenience and a no–straw policy implementation in such businesses can make a big difference.
By initially targeting coastal areas of the United States to adopt eco–friendly methods, eventually this transition could inspire a nation–wide law to ban
plastic straws to globally shift society–environment interactions to sustainability. While eliminating plastic straws entirely is ideal, it is difficult to make
an abrupt shift; an attainable solution is to gradually switch to bio–degradable and eco–friendly straws like glass, metal,
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Source Analysis : A New Class Of Thermoset Plastics
Part A
SOURCE ANALYSIS TABLE STUDENT ID: _17500__________________
TITLE OF ARTICLE: _Recycling the 'unrecyclable': a new class of thermoset
plastics__________________________________________________________________
WORD COUNT: _723(article)__________________________
SOURCE ANALYSIS (e.g. Internet, journal, newspaper, book, documentary, video)
Internet
HIGHLIGHTED RELEVANT INFORMATION Yes / No
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
It is quite reliable because:
– The author is the Personal Chair, Institute for Frontier Materials at Deakin University.
– The article is quite recent, being written in 2014.
– The website of this article is a somewhat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Polymers are large molecules which comprise of repeating monomers in a single structural unit, and these monomers are bonded by covalent bond to
form a polymer. On the other hand, organic polymer is mostly based on a chain of carbon atom alone or with oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. In order to
customize the properties of plastic, different group of molecules will 'hang' from the backbone.
There are two types of plastic – thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoset is a restrain plastic. It retains its strength and shape even when heated, and at
the it cannot be broken down. It is ideal for the production of the permanent component with large, solid shape. For example, shoes soles, circuit boards
and kitchen utensils. Thermoplastic can be melted and reshape repeatedly, which means it is recyclable and reusable, so it is more environmental
friendly than thermoset. It was commonly used in plastic milk bottle, Lego bricks and guitar picks.
Part C
Should we get rid of plastic for our environment?
Environment is a big topic to all of us nowadays. We can always receive information about environment in different media like newspaper and online
article. Under this category, plastic is definitely a hot topic. It is because it cannot be broken down and its toxicity cause many animals die. As we know,
plastic cause some impact to the environment. Then, should we get rid of plastic

Effect of the Different Types of Substrates on the...
I. Background of the Study: Official figures show that plastics make up around 25% of the garbage that metro manila churns out, while an independent
survey conducted by Eco waste Coalition and Greenpeace on the composition of discards on manila bay in 2006 found that 51% were plastic bags,19%
sachets and junk food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13% biodegradable wastes (Cayetano,
2008;www.senatorpiacayetano.com/psc/pressreleasedetails.php?recordID=175) Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which the degradation
results from the action of naturally occurring micro–organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae (info@epi–global.com). These plastics are broken
down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another three aluminum trays ( 7' x 9" ) were labeled L1, L2, L3. Five hundred grams of loam soil were placed in each 3 tray. One hundred mL of tap
water were mixed with the soils. Plastics strips labeled C1, C2, and C3 were placed in trays labeled C1, C2 and C3 containing ( compost soils). Plastics
strips L1, L2 and L3were placed in trays L1, L2 and L3 containing ( loam soil ). Five hundred mL of ( sea water ) were placed each in three glass jars.
The jars were labeled S1, S2 and S3. In another three jars, 500mL of tap water were placed. The jars were labeled T1, T2 and T3. Plastic strips labeled
S1, S2 and S3 were placed in jars containing sea water while plastics strips T1, T2 and T3 were placed in jars containing tap water. The plastic were
immersed in different substrates last September 9, 2008. The set–ups were placed in the Biology laboratory room and were observed from time to time.
Physical observations of the plastic strips were made on the following dates: September 24, 2008,October 6, 2008, and November 15, 2008. Last
November 15, 2008, the plastic strips were harvested from the different substrates. They were washed with tap water and air dried for 48 hours.
Physical changes in each strip were noted and recorded. Pictures of the plastic strips were also taken to observe changes before they were immersed in
the different substrates and after immersion for about two months. The dry weights in grams of each plastic strips were

Oil and Plastics: The Use of Fractional Distillation in...
(Ke E 10,11) Explain, using a diagram, the use of Fractional Distillation in an Oil Refinery. How is this method used to help produce chemico–technical
products (fuels,solvents, etc).
Due to having different boiling points the substances in the crude oil can be separated if/by using fractional distillation. The crude oil is braked down
and its steam condenses at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Every fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with very similar
numbers of carbon atoms.
(Ke C 10,11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from oil which can be useful precursors.
Explain why we have to "Crack" long–chain hydrocarbons instead of using the products of fractional distillation directly when we ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ke A (10,11) Explain the significance of the double–bond in the monomers used to produce polymers.
The significance of double bonds is that it helps the polymers to form in a long–chain. But you first have to break the double bond and make tin to a
single bonds and take the single bonds and bind the monomers together. By using that method we have created a long chain called a polymer.
Explain some of the benefits of biodegradable plastics compared to traditional plastics like nylon. In particular look at the disposal of both types of
particles and explain how difficult or easy it is for these plastics to enter the Earth's Carbon–cycle
Biodegradable plastics are made from materials that are fully biodegradable. This means when you recycle these plastics it takes less energy and they
break down much faster. They can be reused much more efficiency, which gives them a much more clear advantage. Biodegradable plastics are made
from biomass, which is very renewable resource. Biomass includes grass, trees and all organic material that decomposes. This probably includes animal
fat, meat and some tissues. Biodegradable plastics take much less time to break down after being used, if they haven't been recycled, of course. this
means that it will get absorbed into the earth and there will no longer be plastics

Eco Friendly And Edible Silverware
Allie Lyda
4/9/2015
period 5/6
Eco–Friendly/ Edible Silverware
Our environment has a lot of problems with waste that we create and it is getting more out of hand each year. Waste is harming wildlife, rivers, plants,
and humans. I have come up with a solution to this global problem and reasons why we need it. My solution is to develop eco–friendly/edible
silverware.
Biodegradable means to have the ability to decompose by bacteria and other living organisms. Biodegradable products are made out of natural plant
materials like corn or sugarcane. I believe biodegradable products are a good way to reduce waste and keep our environment healthy, unlike plastic,
which many products consist of. General everyday plastic is made out of oil, one of Earth's limited resources. Oil takes up to three hundred million
years to form. Also, oil–based products that are not reusable end up in one of the world's many landfills, which can take up to one thousand years to
decompose. Oil based products also can get washed into seas or oceans. Over time, the plastic products can release poisonous toxins, harming wildlife
and polluting nearby rivers. Comparing biodegradable products to plastic products you can see that biodegradable products use up to seventy percent
less carbon dioxide to produce than plastic products. It also only takes twelve weeks for biodegradable products to decompose.
Recycling waste is a simple answer to our problem, but instead, the shortage of waste treatment systems can

Persuasive Essay : To Recycle Or Not To Recycle?
To Recycle or Not to Recycle?
It's a hot summer day and you're enjoying your nice, cold, refreshing soda from a plastic bottle. You notice a blue bin labeled for plastic recycling and
go to chuck it in however you may want to think twice before you do. Everyone has been told time and time again by teachers, peers, and family alike
to recycle once in their life. It's commonly accepted that recycling materials like paper, glass, and plastics will help our environment and our health.
However recycling plastics is far more bad than good to both our health and the environment. Recycling plastics is harmful to the environment and
human health and we must find a more responsible way to use plastics, recycle them, or do away with them.
Recycling is reusing materials like paper, plastics, and glass, breaking them down and turning them into a new product. This way no materials get
wasted and not as many resources are used up for new products. There are many ways to dispose of waste, in this case plastics; incineration, landfilling,
biodegradation and recycling. Incineration is effective however creates negative environmental risks and health risks by releasing different harmful
gases. Landfilling requires space and many chemicals and energy in plastics are lost in disposal routes. Biodegradable plastics may not degrade fast
enough to avoid a build of plastics and to help the environment. Recycling plastics is time consuming and plastics must be sorted through by the types
of

Plastics Have Hazardous Influence on Human Health
Plastics have hazardous influences on human health. It takes huge amounts of chemicals and fossil energizes to produce plastics. The type of plastics
that we frequently use, contains a chemical called Bisphenol–A "known as BPA" and other types of chemicals (Ellsbury, 2012). BPA can interferes with
human body and modifies hormones, which has been proven to be dangerous to human health. In addition, various types of serious health problems
have been strongly related to BPA (Lights, 2012). For instance, certain types of cancer, impaired immune function, early onset of puberty, obesity,
diabetes, and hyperactivity (Adverse Health Effects of Plastics, n.d.). Research has shown that BPA enters human body through exposure to plastics,
such as plastic bottles. Moreover, risks of these bottles increase even more if they expose to high temperatures, because the plastic will secrete its
harmful chemicals into drinks (Lights, 2012). Plastics harm animals and consequence the death of them. Thousands of wild animals and sea animals are
dying because of the plastic pollutant. In addition, once the animals swallow the plastic, it will not pass by the animals' gut so it stucks, and that leads to
a slow and excruciating death. Moreover, as plastics need more than lifetime to decompose, after the animal dies and decays, the plastic will be freed
back again to the environment to keep killing other animals (Ark, n.d.). In the marine environment, plastic bags are the most frequently mistaken

Marine Debris
Issue Analysis: Marine Debris In an article written by Adam Vaughn for The Guardian, the issue of marine debris is briefly addressed while a solution
to the issue is analyzed. Marine debris can be commonly known as plastics in the ocean, and Vaughn's article analyzes biodegradable plastics. While
this essay will not analyze biodegradable plastics, solutions to the issue are an important part of creating a picture of the issue at hand. Marine debris, or
plastic in the ocean, is an issue in consequence to its negative environmental impact. It is not common for this negative environmental impact to be
argued against. It is more common for this negative environmental impact to be ignored for the sake of human convenience. In one perspective ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More importantly both articles also focus on highlighting consumer awareness and alternatives to plastics. Specifically, both McGlade and the authors
of the academic article use context to encourage consumers to think about plastic, it's necessity, and it's consequence. Another specific point is that both
articles use examples of how plastic impacts marine life. The article written by Vaughn uses the example of jellyfish and how plastics allow them to
broaden their range in the ocean and affect the food chain of other marine life. The academic article uses the example of marine life ingesting marine
debris causing death within different species. Both of these examples can serve as evidence to marine debris interfering with the biodiversity of the
ocean. As jellyfish disrupt the food chain the cycle of disrupted food source will continue down the chain as the issue worsens. As marine life ingests
plastics and die–off marine food chains are affected even further. To sum up, both articles use examples that analyze the issue of marine debris, and
both articles turn to the need for change that can solve the problem. Whether the change be technologies that have real biodegradability or alternate
human behaviour all the writers understand the steps that need to be

Literacy Task
Literacy Task
1 PRODUCING BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC JUST GOT CHEAPER AND GREENER
The topic of this report is that producing biodegradable plastic just got cheaper and greener. What this report is about and how it relates to the society,
technology and the environment will be discussed.
Biodegradable plastic is plastic that is capable to decompose through the action of living organisms. It is originally from renewable resources and made
from natural materials such as corn starch. Biodegradable plastic is also an alternative source of plastic. To produce it, 'First, lactic acid is fed into a
reactor and converted into a type of pre–plastic under high temperature and in a vacuum', Professor Bert Sels explains(2015). These are only the some
of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also leave harmful chemical remains on earth. As compared to normal plastic, biodegradable plastic takes a shorter period of time to decompose.
Normal plastic has harmful impacts on the environment such as affecting natural habitats and marine wildlife. In the final report for the department for
the Environment Australia, at least 77 species of marine fauna have been recorded as being impacted by plastic debris in Australian waters over the last
three decades (2009). The constant rise in biodegradable plastics of global production capacities in figure 4 increases the chances of biodegradable
plastic fully replacing plastic as an alternative

Plastic Pollution And Its Effects On Our Society
Our world has become infatuated with the idea of "fast, easy, and comfortable" consumption. We've grown accustomed to accommodating a fast pace
lifestyle but we have forgotten about the repercussions of our actions. So many products have become "single use" or disposable, from our individually
wrapped food to our hygiene products. Since the discovery of plastic it has become the go to material of choice due to its cheap price of production.
Unfortunately because of its high production rate and the fact that it's essentially non–biodegradable it has started to consume our planet from landfills,
to rivers, and our oceans. When talking about plastic pollution people usually think about plastic bags and bottles but another huge product of plastic
waste is a toothbrush. Currently there's about 323,060,000 people in the United states; if you take a very rough estimate that there's at least 5 million
people/ babies who don't have teeth, subtract that from the population, and then estimate that the average person goes through 3 tooth brushes a year,
you end up with 955,800,000 toothbrushes being thrown away per year. That's 1 billion toothbrushes from America alone, disregarding the fact that
your dentist recommends you change your toothbrush at least 4 times a year. Plastic is generally what the average toothbrush is made of. Little plastic
beads are poured into a mold and then heated up till they reach a "doughy" consistency, rubber detailing is then added for looks and texture

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biodegradable Plastic
Introduction Since plastic first manufacture since 1960s', plastic bags had become one of the main essential product in daily life until today. Plastic had
become the benchmark for modern life as they provide durability, strength, flexibility light weight with low cost. They have been used in everywhere,
from bags for groceries to bones holder for surgery. But plastic have become the most concern for environmentalist as having a long decompose life.
Although recycle is an effective way to reduce the amount of plastic, but researcher found only 5% of plastic bags produced in US alone is being
recycled. (Sivan, 2011). {Sivan, A. New Perspectives in Plastic Biodegradation. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2011, 22, 422–426. } The best way to prevent
plastic to pollute the nature is to produce the biodegradable plastic. There are many ways to produce a biodegradable plastic, but here we will focus on
producing biodegradable plastic with synthesis of carboxylic acid.
Industrial Process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, the raw–material slurry is stored in raw–material slurry storage tank while flowing into the esterification reactor. Upon reaching the esterification
reactor, esterification reaction of the raw–material slurry occurs. In the polycondensation reactor, polybutylene succinate is synthesized through a
polycondensation reaction of the ester; wherein the upstream side of the polycondensation reactor is divided into, an initial polycondensation reactor, an
intermediate polycondensation reactor, and a final polycondensation reactor. A catalyst which is water–Stable Lewis Acid is added into the
polycondensation reactor in an amount from 1000 ppm to 3000 ppm in relation to succinic acid. The reaction time in the intermediate polycondensation
reactor ranges from 0.25 hours to 0.75 hours and the reaction temperature in the final polycondensation reactor ranges from 245° C. to 255°

Bioplastic: Replacing All That Plastic
Bioplastic is becoming a big topic in our society because of excess of amount of waste plastic being used. Bioplastic decays much faster then regular
plastic. There are many ways bioplastic can be produced and many scientists are researching specifically making it with natural products. Scientist
figured out that high–leveled starch products are very effective when it comes to making of bioplastic. Bioplastic is a very fast developing technology
that will help the reduce the amount of plastics in landfills and usage of fossil fuels. Many of the products people used everyday are made from plastic.
Plastics consists of polymers which are chemical compounds made up of long chains of smaller molecules. Plastic is a necessity in the current society,
although to manufacture, it requires a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are carbon–based fuel sources, such as oil and gas which is made from fossilized plant and
animal remains. Plastics are a bane to the environment because they are not biodegradable (cannot be broken down by decomposers), and cause global
warming. The price for production of biodegradable plastic will soon drop for 3 reasons. First, as the production of biodegradable increase, the cost
disadvantage will disappear. Second, oil and petroleum are a nonrenewable resource and the supply of will decrease. The supply is limited and when it
starts to run out the price will increase. And lastly, the world is trying to be more eco friendly and there are many researches going on

Plastic Pollution
Hinton 1
Bridgette Hinton
Professor Ouwehand
English 110/120 MW 2:20
Research Paper
16 April 2012
Essay III
How Plastic Pollution is Out of Control Many individuals underestimate the amount of plastic we use each day. According to the article "Plastic Bags
Wars", "the world consumes 1 million plastic shopping bags every minute". Plastic bags, along with many other types of plastics, have become a
leading source of pollution worldwide (Doucette). Captain Charles Moore, founder of the Algalita foundation states that we use two million plastic
bottles in the United States every five minutes. Discovered by Charles Moore in 1997, the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is a prime example of the
amount of plastic pollution that enters the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Amaral). The lack of proper disposal of trash is contributing to the existing problem of plastic pollution. Without changing our habits, the garbage
patch will only continue to grow (Kostigen).
In "Better Planet Garbage Patch", Thomas Kostigen tells his experience of traveling to the Eastern Garbage Patch to witness this growing problem
first–hand. Kostigen describes this area to be one and a half times the United States with a depth of 100 feet or more (Krostigen). The size of this
garbage patch is so massive, encompassing around ten million square miles of the North Pacific Gyre. On the other hand, according to "An Ocean of
Plastic", Doucette claims that nobody knows its exact size or if it has any boundaries at all. (Doucette). Although there have been many estimations on
the size
Hinton 4 of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the exact size remains unknown. In addition, Doucette warns us that this patch contains more than ten
million tons of waste. She describes the area to be a "fetid swamp of debris where tiny bits of decaying plastic outweigh zooplankton– one of the most
prolific and abundant organisms on the planet– by a ration of six–to–one"(Doucette). It is now apparent that the amount of plastic particles residing in
our oceans is damaging the natural habit and this trash is not going anywhere. Due to the currents in the ocean, plastic particles are

The Dangers Of Plastics And Its Effects Of Plastics
The destruction of the earth is becoming a more and more prevalent issue. Between water, air, radioactive, and even light pollution, the more advanced
humans become, the worse we seem to treat our planet. One of the most commonly used products that contributes greatly to the mistreatment of our
earth is plastic. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas; non–renewable resources extracted and processed using energy–intensive
techniques that destroy fragile ecosystems. The manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land and water, and
exposes workers to toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. It's not news that plastic is harmful to the environment, but how much damage is it really
causing? Plastic is everywhere around us and a huge part of our lives. Chemicals added to plastics are absorbed by human bodies. Some of these
chemicals have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects. Along with effects on humans, plastic also very negatively
affects wildlife. Plastic debris, laced with the same chemicals that affect humans, are regularly ingested by marine animals. When plastic is "disposed
of" in landfills the chemicals spread underground and eventually find their way into our water sources. "One of the most ubiquitous and long–lasting
recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics," wrote David Barnes, a lead author and researcher for the
British Antarctic Survey. Considering how detrimental plastic is to our world, one would expect that an alternative material would be utilized, and we
could be one step closer to having a cleaner earth. But unfortunately, like everything else in this world, it's all about money. Many alternative materials
that could replace plastic would be more expensive to produce and utilize, which isn't worth it for plastic producers. Despite there being many more
expensive replacements, there is one substitute that is efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly: industrial hemp plastic.
Hemp has been grouped in with marijuana as the same thing and demonized as a drug. But, there is actually less than 0.5% THC
(Tetrahydrocannabinol) in hemp, which is the

Benefits Of Using Plastic On Food Industry
Veronika Kavun
Professor Allen Austin
SCI 2000
27 April 2016
Edible Alternatives To Single–Use Plastic In Food Industry
Plastic pollution has reached the all–time high. According to recent research, there are already more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250 000
tons afloat in the oceans (Eriksen et al., 2014). Sustainablecoastlines.org, a New Zealand Charity dedicated to cleaning up the island's coastlines,
estimates that 72.4% of all plastic pollution in the Pacific oceans consists of single use plastics, 22.5% of which is food wrappers, containers and bottle
caps ("Our Impact"). Those numbers spell out an urgency to come up with a sustainable solution that will slow down the production of plastic debris
while maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biodegradable plastics, produced from food–based products rather than petroleum, although very promising, still represent a very small percentage of
the waste problem. Those should be broken down only in specialized composting facilities through a controlled process that still produces considerable
amounts of methane (Dell, 2010). Clearly, the issue needs a completely different approach. Edible alternatives to plastic are the next logical step to
solving the contamination problem.
Designers of edible packaging borrowed the concept from nature. Just like apple or grape skins, those ultra–thin but strong membranes are capable of
holding both liquid and solid foods while being completely washable. Edible plastics can be made from vegetables, fruits or nuts with some chitosan
(biopolymer) or alginate (algae extract). Once those particles are gelatinized, they create the firm but edible skin which mimics resistance of
conventional plastics. This kind of packaging will still need an outer box or a bag to keep the product clean on the shelf, but the individual servings will
no longer have to be ripped open and discarded. Instead, they can be dissolved in hot liquid directly or rinsed off and eaten together with the contents.
Some examples of this new zero–waste food industry ideas have already appeared on the

Disadvantages Of Plastics
Picture this; over one trillion plastic bags are used every year worldwide. Plastic is not biodegradable so for each bag it takes one thousand years to
degrade or totally break down. Since plastic was first produced in 1907, humans have generated 8.3 billion metric tons plastic products, that is
equivalent to 25,000 empire state buildings or 80 billion blue whales. Plastics have outlasted most man–made materials and have been under
environmental scrutiny for quite some time. Although plastic was once regarded as convenient and versatile, it has become one of the biggest
environmental problems of our time; different types of plastic can take anywhere from one to one thousand years to decompose, it is time for this
generation to put the work in on biodegradable alternatives to plastic.
Why won't plastic break down? Sid Perkins, a ten–year vet with Science News Magazine reports, "Plastics are a type of polymer, a class of materials
that gets its name from the Greek words for "many parts." Researchers create polymers by chemically stringing together large numbers of simple
carbon–based units called monomers ("single parts"). The near–endless variety of plastics stems from the diversity of monomers, esters, amides and
imides, to name a few, and the degree of linkage that exists between polymer chains: In general, the more bonds there are, the stiffer the plastic (Perkins
34–37).". Products that are easily biodegradable generally will dissolve in water, or soak it up. If something

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recycling Plastic
Introduction
Plastic in its various forms is the most useful but cheap invention that mankind has ever made . Having widespread applications from industries to
minute household stuff, its utility cannot be expressed in a few sentences.
But, at the same time, plastics possess a property which makes nature quite vulnerable to their misuse. This property namely is NON–
BIODEGRADABILITY. By closely observing the structure of plastic, we come to know that plastic is made of extremely strong carbon–carbon bonds,
which cannot be easily broken down into small units by any natural processes. This property of non–biodegradability poses a serious threat to the
environment.
So what is the solution to this problem? This problem has a simple, yet effective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* It has a better Particle compression ratio of 3/1 to 5/1.[6]
* Most importantly, this works on the principle of continuous compressions, wherein plastics are not physically damaged due to plastic's less
deformable nature. This can be explained with the data [6] that fracture point in the stress strain graph for plastic material such as Polypropylene may
be as high as 80 Mpa, whereas that of organic material such as wood is 40 Mpa. Other organic things are easier to break. So, if we apply a stress
between these two critical pressures we can break the organic matter keeping the plastic intact. The exact value should be optimised experimentally.
(a) (b)
Fig.(a ) Animation and (b) Details of Jaw Crusher[2]
Only organic wastes entering the jaw crusher are crushed into finer particles. Plastics remain intact. This will help in better biodegradation of the
organic wastes as it will increase the surface area of the particles so that microbes can attack the organic wastes easily.
Biodegradation of organic wastes
Different microorganisms transform the organic compounds into simpler compounds ultimately releasing CO2, CH4, water as the main products,
reducing the volume and weight of the organic wastes and increasing proportion of plastic in waste, making the separation of plastic

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parkesine
Introduction:
In our everyday life, plastic has become king. It has been omnipresent for so long, we no longer notice its presence in our lives.
Plastics are present in everything, from packaging to electronics to toys to tools...etc.
This raises the question of when it was that plastic was first integrated into our lives. To discuss this, we must turn to the first kind of plastic that was
man–made: Parkesine. In 1862, a British inventor by the name of Alexander Parkes introduced the first man–made plastic, Parkesine. Parkesine was a
big hit, as seen by the fact that it was used to make combs, printers' molds, buttons, combs, and cutlery handles.
However, Parkes wasn't the best businessmen, as he ended up bankrupt. That's when two American brothers John and Isaiah ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The types of plastics whose biodegradability has been studied are numerous, this paper will only cover biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate and
polyurethane, however it will also touch base on possible methods of biodegrading thermoplastics.
*Biodegradation is a term meaning breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms.
Discussion:
First, we must ask ourselves what, in essence, is plastic?
Plastic, coming from the Greek word "plastikos" means "able to be molded into different shapes" is a term given to a wide variety of synthetic polymers
possessing a large molecular weight. These polymers are made from raw materials such as carbon, silicon, nitrogen....etc.
To understand how to break plastics down, first we must understand how they're manufactured.
Plastics fall into two main categories:
Natural Plastics:
Natural plastics, also known as bioplastics are polymers that are obtained from the growth of microorganisms or from plants that are genetically
modified to produce said polymers. They are usually biodegradable and obtained from renewable sources.
Examples: Polyhydroxybutyrate and Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)
Synthetic

Cassava as an Ideal Bioplastic
Cassava starch as an effective component for Ideal Biodegradable Plastics
A Science Investigatory Project presented to
Philippine Women's College of Davao
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements in Science and Technology IV (PHYSICS)
To
Mr. Kenny Lloyd L. Angon
Physics Teacher
By
Gabriel Arañas
Danielle Andrea M. Ibaos
Jascha Bridget Lim
John Vergel Mori
Grade 10 – Probity
March 2013
Acknowledgement
Before I acknowledge the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, I dedicate this project for the people who believe on the quote
which is "Less is more". I shall formally dictate all the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, first and foremost, God who have
given us the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They consume growing amounts of energy and other natural resources, degrading the environment in numerous ways. In addition to using up fossil
fuels and other resources, plastic products create litter, hurt marine life, and threaten the basis of life on earth. There is over 45 million tons of plastics
per year and nearly every piece of plastic ever made still exists today because of its long–life properties. Biodegradable plastics could be an effective
solution to all of these problems. Biodegradable plastics are a much better choice than non–biodegradable plastics because they are friendlier to the
earth and the environment. Biodegradable plastics break down faster, can be recycled easier and are non–toxic. With these characteristics of
biodegradable plastics, we could help save lives and the environment as well and reduce the threat plastics give to marine life. Plastic, the wonder
material that we use for everything, is perhaps the most harmful of this trash because it does not readily break down in nature but if it is biodegradable,
these plastics break down faster so they have a much shorter effect on the earth, and they will degrade completely. Normal plastics are manufactured
using oil, and this process is very harmful to the environment by polluting the air and environment, but this is not the case with green biodegradable
plastics. Using biodegradable plastics will minimize the effects that these products

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio-Plastics
Bio–plastics are made from two words bio + plastics. The plastics made from biomass material or dispose easily as soil or both properties called bio–
plastics. Bio–Plastics are not a single class of polymers but rather a family of products, which vary considerably. A bio–plastic is a substance made
from organic biomass sources unlike conventional plastics which are made from petroleum. Bio–plastics are made from a number of different
processes. Some uses a microorganism to process base material, such as vegetable oil, cellulose, starch, acid and alcohol. Great revolution has come up
in packaging industry due to bio–plastics. Plastics made up of natural resources are easy to produce. It is an evergreen plastic because resources grow
annually e.g. Corn starch, potato, sugarcane etc. As price of petroleum is sky rocketing now a day. Climate is highly affected by using conventional
plastics. Policies of government are push bio–plastics. Bio–plastics can be fully bio–degradable, or can be fully bio–based or can be both properties.
Resources of bio–plastics
Bio–plastics are made up of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is not produced from renewable raw materials, it is fully biodegradable bio–plastics. Caprolactone has following properties: It is good
resistant to water, oil resistant, solvent resistant. Its melting point is low (58–60) degree and it is easy to process. Caprolactone resins use for surface
coating, fully biodegradable compostable bags, sutures, caprolactone is use drug delivery device, or adhesion barrier. Caprolactone is fully
biodegradable bio–plastic. Caprolactone low melting point makes it suitable for composting as a means of disposal. Degradation time is very short. In
Sweden there has been an attempt to produce caprolactone bags, but they degrade before reaching to customers. Mostly caprolactone is used by mixing
with starch to obtain a good biodegradable material at a low

Essay about The Imporance of Polymers Today
A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller subunits known as monomers. There are different types of polymers and many uses for all of
them. Even though people may not realize it polymers play an essential role in our everyday life. For polymers range from plastics, PVC, and
Styrofoam to key structures in the human body like DNA and proteins which are key components to the human body that makes it possible for each of
us to live and be unique. So with out polymers in our body we would be dead, and with out them in our society it would be a drastically changed for the
worse to say the least
Polymers are also commonly referred to as plastics so now you can put in to perspective how much we use polymers. You can also realize ... Show
ON the other hand if it is properly recycled we are able to reuse the same plastic over and over again for long periods of time while at the same time
keeping a low production cost This is why plastic is cheap even though it contains oil a very high priced item, for as long as people do their best to not
waste plastic and recycle it there really is not a need to waste our precious oil and manufacture more of it.
Polymers effect every ones life almost every day allowing us to make many valuable items that can help make our lives easier including plastic, PVC,
and shellac there are also natural polymers that we benefit from such as rubber and amber. Polymers are truly a great and very beneficial item to
everyone for they are tough, durable, and cheap but they are also recyclable which can be very beneficial to our environment and societal needs. The
only negative effect is when it is not properly disposed but this is really the users fault not the actual item its self
Though polymers are a very beneficial thing now, but In the future I believe that at the very best that they will only hold the same value to society. I say
this because polymers are not a very complicated item and it would be difficult to better this technology in a drastic way. The only further
advancements I see are people discovering ways to make polymers stronger, more durable and better suited for extreme and

Making Of Eco Friendly Flowers Through Recycling Of...
J 'Nae Wong
Professor Finck
English 1102 – A12
March 10, 2017
Project: Making of Eco–friendly Flowers through Recycling of Disposable Plastic Cups
Essay
In line with the current trends of climate change, there is great need to protect the environment we live in. Some of the actions we take towards
environmental protection may have a plan to safeguard the environment whereas others might do so automatically even if our intentions were to
achieve something else. What does this mean? The answer is simple; some of the projects we embark on follow the concept of Collins and Scott, where
nature participates in its evolution without our direct intervention. In my project, I intend to make decorative flowers from disposable plastic cups,
which I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my project, I intend to make several flowers of different shapes and sizes from the plastic cups with the aim of taking them to the market for sale.
The task will be very easy considering that the labor will be cheap and the equipments needed for successful execution will just be ordinary tools found
around our houses. The jobless, younger generation will form part of my working team and together, I believe we will be able to collect huge piles of
plastic cups from household solid wastes and make a considerable number of decorative flowers for sale. While carrying out the project, I look forward
to liaise with other concerned individuals, groups, or organizations that will facilitate its growth and ensure that any good objective, planned or
unplanned for the project, is attainable at the end of the day. For example, I will expect to work with environmental movements and groups that will
ensure segregation of the plastics takes place from other wastes and availed accordingly at my working station. According to Rich (120), waste
segregation is an important element of waste management and the management of plastic wastes is a very difficult process considering the fact that
plastics do not decompose like the biodegradable wastes. In addition, I will anticipate working with persons from other fields such as entrepreneurs,
marketers, and so forth. Collaborating with

Milk Packaging Essay
. Bio–degradable Plastic for Milk Packaging
This type of bio–plastic is made up of petroleum. So, this type of bio–plastic also produces CO2 at the time of manufacturing. But this type of bio–
plastic degrades automatically in the soil and water within few days to few months depending upon environmental conditions. It helps in waste
management, as this type of plastic degrades automatically in the environment and thus no need for incineration process. As per different study reports,
when we burn 1 kg of plastic, .670 kg to 4.600 kg of CO2 is produced. This produced CO2 highly depends on environmental conditions and
temperature of incineration. Problem of land filling is also reduced as this plastic degrades in less time in the environment. In this project, ... Show
Sample calculation of carbon footprint from total milk pouch packaging in one year
There are many type of milk packaging which are used from old days like glass bottle, plastics bottles, tetra pack all have their own importance but
these have some disadvantages too, so now a days plastic pouches packaging is most suitable for milk packaging due to its advantages over other
packaging medium, like easy to handle, low in cost, less in weight etc. Approximately, 30–35% of milk is used in direct form, rest of milk is packed in
various packaging form, like Glass bottle, Plastic bottle, Tetra pack, plastic pouch etc.
As per data from total milk production 146.3 million tons, approximately 40 million tons milk is used for packaging milk for drinking purpose. This
milk is packed in half litter and one litter pouches, which are made of conventional plastics (Low–density polyethylene and Linear low density
polyethylene). For packing of such huge quantity milk (40 million tons litter), it needs a big quantity of plastics. As you can say that huge quantity of
carbon footprint is produce, which is very dangerous for our environment. But it can be reduce by replacing conventional plastic by biodegradable

Environmental Effects Of Plastics : Environmental And...
Environmental Impacts
Production and disposal of plastic can have significant environmental and economically impacts. During production, energy and resources are wasted
and toxic chemicals are released into the air. Disposal of waste causes air, soil, and land pollution and harm to wildlife. The manufacturing process of
plastic produces solid waste, air emissions and waterborne emissions. The raw materials used in creating plastic are derived from oil and natural gas.
These are fossil fuels, which produce carbon emissions when used. For example, 430,000 gallons of oil is required to make 100 million plastic bags,
and U.S alone makes 380 billion each year (Green & DeMeo, 2012, p.6). That means about 1.6 billion gallons of oil is wasted on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Landfills cause release of toxic chemicals into the air and cause harm to land and soil.
Open burning of plastics has some very serious effects on the environment. This is a common unregulated practice for disposal in many developing
countries. A recent study done by Wiedinmyer, Yokelson and Gullett (2014) found that 41 percent of world's waste is disposed through open burning.
Open burning of waste releases harmful pollutants into the air such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and dioxin. Wiedinmyer et al. (2014) also
found that open burning emits 5 percent of the global carbon dioxide emissions. These are poisonous chemicals that not only harm the environment but
also our health. Exposure to these poisonous chemicals can contaminate the soil and air. It can also enter into animals and humans.
Plastic litter stays in the environment for a long time causing plastic pollution, harm to wildlife, clogs in drains and waterways. Firstly, plastic litter
such as water bottles and bags block drainage systems cause flooding in developing countries. This creates water pools and breeding grounds for
malaria and waterborne diseases. These are deadly diseases, which not only risk the life of people but also create severe safety hazards. Secondly,
plastic litter is dangerous for the marine life especially for birds, whales, fishes and turtles because they ingest the

The Effects Of Bpa On The Adult Brain And The Behavior Of...
Since the 1960s plastics are made using bisphenol A, an industrial chemical which until recently did not raise any concern. Research shows that BPA;
being used to make plastic and resins, coating the inside of metal products, raised major health concerns (FactsAboutBPA.org. 2015) .Exposure to BPA
is a concern because of the possible effects it has on the adult brain and the behaviour of infants.
A study by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2003 concluded that there were noticeably higher levels of BPA found in 93% of
2,517 urine samples taken by people over the age of six. This particular date is considered the main source for further action in the United States.
Because BPA is used in the manufacturing of most drink bottles, raising concern for parents. Most baby bottles contain BPA and it can seep into the
liquid making consumption inevitable (Forbes. 2015). BPA is known as an 'endocrine disrupter' this is defined as "a substance which interferes with the
production, secretion, transport, action, function and elimination of natural hormones." This means that this chemical can imitate the body's own
hormones, which can be dangerous, especially for young children still developing, as it changes and may decrease the production of Luteinizing
hormone (LH) this can change the rate in which children go through puberty (Mayo Clinic . 2015). This hormone is also responsible for the ovulation
of women, a study in 2006 found that rats exposed to BPA for long

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polyhydroxybutyrate
STUDY OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE PRODUCING MARINE BACTERIA
Sonal Shinde; Vatsala Singh; Guide: Mrs. Reshma Pol; | M. Tech Integrated [Date]
ABSTRACT:
Bioplastic is a form of plastic synthesized from renewable resources such as plant starch and microbial species. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a carbon
reserve and biodegradable polyesters which are synthesized by many bacteria. Marine organisms have strategies to produce novel compounds like PHB
due to the unique environment they survive. They are accumulated intracellularly as carbon and energy reserves under certain conditions like, in the
presence of excess carbon source. Polyhydroxybutyrate have been drawing much attention as biodegradable substitutes for conventional non–
biodegradable plastics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this method, the plates containing nutrient agar was divided into 4 parts. In each part, a bacterial isolate was spotted in duplicates. The plate was
incubated at 30◦C for 24 hours. Ethanolic solution of (0.02%) Sudan Black was spread over the colonies and the plate was kept undisturbed for 30
minutes. They were washed with ethanol (96%) to remove the excess stain from the colonies. The dark blue stained colonies were taken as positives.
All the positive isolates were assigned a code and were sub–cultured and maintained in their respective slants at 4◦C

Marine Pollution
I make my way down the sand with the scorching sun shining bright in my face, trying to reach to the cooling ocean as fast as I can. I feel the ocean's
continuous movement of the currents shifting back and forth, making me think about how the ocean currents create the rubbish patches, gathering bits
of plastic on the way. I wonder if people think about the consequences of littering before doing it and the harm that it has on the sea life?
Over the last few decades human activities have become a danger to marine life, through marine pollution. According to WWF.panda.org over 80% of
marine pollution comes from land–based activities, such as oil, fertilisers, general rubbish, sewage disposal, and toxic chemicals. As someone who
cares about ocean and its sea life these statistics always saddens me to think that humans are the main cause of their harm. Just this weekend there has
been an article in the newspaper about a whale's stomach that was full of around 30 plastic bags. The whale was then put down in Norway after they
failed to rescue it. What we need to realise as people is that even though the ocean may seem big enough to hold a lot of pollution it's actually having an
enormous effect on the marine life and could also start having more of an effect on us through diseases, transferred when eating contaminated fish that
may have consumed the toxic substances. The newspaper article on the whale sadly didn't even seem to surprise me anymore, I have seen many similar

Plastic And Its Effects On The Marine Ecosystem
Plastic has become a staple, and the use of plastic products is abundant in everyday life even if it is not apparent. The production and use of plastics has
increased dramatically over the last sixty years, and a vast majority of plastic being produced is not recovered after it is used. It is clear that much of
what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that it is not biodegradable and toxic creates a product that just takes up a vast
amount of space and poisons animals. The overflow of plastic eventually makes its way into the ocean and is affecting marine life at an alarming rate.
Plastic debris pollutes oceans all over the world as it breaks down into smaller pieces and are ingested by a large range of species. Animals exposed eat
the plastic products and it causes health problems throughout the marine ecosystem. Some humans rely on these animals for food without knowing that
they have been exposed to toxic products. The smallest organisms or exposure to chemicals can wreak havoc on the human body causing serious
illness. It is clear that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that plastic is not biodegradable and toxic creates
a product that takes up a vast amount of space and poisons animals. Plastics contain chemicals that can interfere with the bodies natural functions and
can cause adverse health issues if left untreated. Plastic pollution is rampant all over the globe exposing everyone

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Starch Based Bioplastic Vs...
Tensile Strength of Starch–Based Bioplastic vs. Petroleum–Based Plastic
Beatriz Chen Deeke Sasse
Science Department – Escola Americana de Campinas
Campinas – SP, Brazil
Introduction Plastics are, by definition, "a class of material that has one or more polymers as its primary ingredient, that is shaped by flow when it is
processed (usually using heat), and that is solid in its final form." They're usually composed of a combination of polymers, plasticizers, and one or more
additives, according to GreenPlastics.com. By changing ingredients or quantities of each s[1] Plastics are used everywhere in modern–day society, from
food and commercial goods' packaging and containers, to toys and furnishings, decorations and trash bags, among ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To a 150 mL beaker, add:
a. 26 mL distilled water
b. 2.50 g corn starch
c. 1 mL glycero;
d. 4 mL 0.1 M HCl
2. Slowly heat for 5–10 minutes to a gentle boil using a Bunsen burner, stirring occasionally.
3. Add 2 mL 0.1 M NaOH. Use pH paper to test that it is basic.
4. Use stir rod to pour sample into a ceramic dish.
5. Let your sample dry on the lab bench for 48 hours.
To measure the
Pictures
Bibliography
[2] O'Connor, Kari. "How Long Does It Take a Plastic Bottle to Biodegrade?" Educational Articles and Tips from Postconsumers. N.p., 31 Oct. 2011.
Web
[3] Pelley, Janet. "Pantry Pests Harbor Plastic–Chomping Bacteria." Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., 04 Dec. 2014. Web.
[4] http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/plastics.htm
Bioplastic links
https://www.googlesciencefair.com/en/projects/ahJzfnNjaWVuY2VmYWlyLTIwMTJyRAsSC1Byb2plY3RTaXRlIjNhaEp6Zm5OamFXVnVZMlZtWVd

Eco Friendly And Edible Silverware
Eco–Friendly/ Edible Silverware Our environment has a lot of problems with waste that we create and it is getting more out of hand each year. Waste is
harming wildlife, rivers, plants, and humans. I have come up with a solution to this global problem and reasons why we need it. My solution is to
develop eco–friendly/edible silverware. Biodegradable means to have the capability of being able to decompose by bacteria and other living organisms.
Biodegradable products are made out of natural plant materials like corn or sugarcane. I believe biodegradable products is a good way to reduce waste
and keep our environment healthy, unlike plastic, which many products consist of. General everyday plastic is made out of one of Earth's limited
resources, oil. Oil takes up to three hundred million years to form. Also, oil based products that are not reusable, and end up in one of the world's many
landfills, which takes up to one thousand years to decompose. Oil based products also end being washed into seas or oceans, and overtime the plastic
products can release poisonous toxins, harming wildlife, or polluting nearby rivers. Comparing biodegradable products to plastic products you can see
that biodegradable products use up to seventy percent less carbon dioxide to produce than plastic products. It also only takes twelve weeks for
biodegradable products to decompose. Recycling waste is a simple answer to our problem, but instead the shortage of waste treatment systems can
resort in

Polyhydroxyalkanaoate (3-Hydroxybutyrate
The most common polyhydroxyalkanaoate is poly(3–hydroxybutyrate), and this polymer was first discovered by Lemoigne in 1925 by a French
scientist[9]. After that time, various bacterial strains such as gram negative bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, gram positive bacteria, archaebacteria and
cyanobacteria (17,18) have been identified to store up poly (3– hydroxybutyrate) both anaerobically and aerobically. In the year 1973, poly (3–
hydroxybutyrate) was recognized as a bacterial storage polymer that had a function which was identical to glycogen and starch [9]. About 150 different
monomer constituents of PHA has been found till date[3] and a compilation of a large variety of polyhydroxyalkanaoate monomers have been made.
Polyhydroxyalkanaoates are classified according to the size of the monomer. The two groups of PHA's are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Short chain length PHA's consist of four or less carbon atoms in the monomer. Medium chain PHA's consist of carbon atoms that are in between six
and fourteen carbon atoms. A type of bacterium which can produce short–chain–length PHA is cupriaviclus necator[9,26]. Then a type of bacterium
which can produce medium–chain–length PHA is P. oleovorans and pseudomonas putida. [26]. Short–chain–length polyhydroxyalkanaoates could be
produced on a large scale commercially because of its high yield. This is unlike medium chain length PHA that isn't produced in large quantities
because of its low yield.[29] Polyhydroxyalkanaoates are very important because of their structure and similarities to normal plastics. The awareness of
polyhydroxyalkanaoates in increasing by the day. These polymers are biodegradable which makes them

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Since the introduction of plastics in the early 20th century, waste production inland has accumulated at an ever–increasing rate. Improperly disposing of
waste washes through inland waterways, which eventually carries the waste into the ocean. The north pacific garbage gyre spans the majority of the
area. The physical gyre stretches from the coast of Japan to California. Four different currents maintain the circular motion of the gyre, which
encapsulates large amounts of debris in the center of the gyre, known as the convergence zone. All of these components lead to the term most call as the
"Great Pacific Garbage Patch". The unfortunate locations of the world's oceans, downhill and downstream of humans, allow plastics, chemicals and any
form of pollution to follow natural transportation directly into our oceans.
In 1869, John Wesley invented the celluloid, the first plastic product to be given a name. In 1909, Bakelite is introduced to the chemist club in New
York as the "first thermoset plastic", meaning that once the plastic mold was set it was set for life. Everywhere we look there are plastics, we have
become so accustomed to their presence that we can hardly remember a time when they did not serve our needs. Remember, there used to be a time
where our cars, plates, furniture, and airplanes were not made almost entirely of plastic. Roughly 100 billion pounds of plastic pellets are used every
year by the United States, and current figures from India and China are

The Pros And Cons Of Plastic Bags
Since 1985, America has been using plastic bags due to them being waterproof and having handles making them easier to carry goods. Paper and plastic
has always been a huge controversy in super markets through the preference of customers. Some customers prefer having the paper bags standing up
straight in the trunks of their cars. Other customers prefer the plastic bags because of the handles making it easier to walk home and carry their goods.
Although both preferences are fine, all customers know the dangers of the plastic bag. Banning plastic bags from stores and replacing them with only
paper or reusable bags, will reduce corruption of organic products, reduce CO2 emissions from creation and destruction of the plastic and prevent harm
upon Earth and its creatures. Plastic bags were first designed in 1965 by a Swedish company which later became known as the "T–shirt plastic bag";
made from high density polyethylene, but It was in the late 1970s when Plastic bags first began to terrorize the well being of humanity. More and more
supermarkets in America began handing out plastic bags as if they were candy on Halloween. The more plastic bags humans use, the more natural
resources are being destroyed. There are two different types of plastic bags that one may find in any supermarket, high density polyethylene (HDPE) or
low density polyethylene (LDPE). There isn't much difference between them besides the fact that LDPE would be the tougher and more durable bags
you might find in department stores as well as any regular supermarket. They both require the same materials for creation such as oil, gas and coal
(fossil fuels). Fossil fuels are the prehistoric resources formed by plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. These fuels won't be
replaced for another millions of years to come, that is why they're called "non–renewable" resources. Plastic is very valuable, but humans decide that is
more than okay to litter these valuable resources than to recycle it and prevent some of the corruption and over–usage of resources we may not have in
a distant future. Although plastic bags, as well as paper bags, can be recycled in order to postpone running out of resources, the creation and

Essay On Plastic Bags
Since 1985, America has used plastic bags due to them being waterproof and having handles making them easier to carry goods. Paper and plastic have
always been a huge controversy in supermarkets through the preference of customers. Some customers prefer having the paper bags standing up
straight in the trunks of their cars. Other customers prefer the plastic bags because of the handles making it easier to walk home and carry their goods.
Although both preferences are fine, all customers know the dangers of the plastic bag. Banning plastic bags from stores and replacing them with only
paper or reusable bags, will reduce corruption of organic products, reduce CO2 emissions from the creation and destruction of the plastic and prevent
harm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although plastic bags, as well as paper bags, can be recycled in order to postpone running out of resources, the creation and destruction of the plastic
releases CO2 or (Carbon Dioxide) into the air damaging the Earth's atmosphere along with all the other horrific machinery emitting the same toxic and
harmful gas. This is more popularly known as "Plastic Pollution", one of the biggest causes of climate change. "An estimated 12 million barrels of oil
are used to manufacture the 30 million plastic bags that Americans use each year." (Durkin, 1 bag at a time) Factories creating and destroying these
plastic bags have the some of the highest rates of CO2 emission. No matter how the plastic bag is disposed of, either way it will end up releasing the
catastrophic chemicals that are killing our planet.
Recycling is a great attempt to preserve our natural resources, but it does not even come close to saving the living creatures of Mother Earth herself.
The build up of plastic bags and other unnecessary items in our oceans is a greater cause of ecosystem disruption. An estimated 100,000 marine animals
die each year due to suffocating on or ingesting plastic bags. Increased levels of man–made pollutants show up in areas like the Arctic, affecting Polar
bears, other arctic mammals, melting polar ice caps and adding to the stress of all climate change and global warming. All plastic bags ever thrown
away are stored in landfills, which only some of actually properly dispose

Biological Macromolecule Polyhydroxybutyrate ( Phb )
ABSTRACT
The important biological macromolecule polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the sewage sample and identified
by means of 16S rRNA analysis. The renewable nature and biodegradability of PHBs make them suitable materials to replace synthetic plastics in many
applications. Currently their production is expensive, but these plastics are only in their first stage of commercial development. In the present study the
physico–chemical parameters such as Time, Temperature and pH were optimized for increased production of PHB. It was found that maximum
production of PHB was observed at 48th hour (328µg/ml) of incubation time, temperature 370C (336µg/ml), pH 7.5 (362 µg/ml). The low cost
production media was developed using fruit peel extract and sugarcane industrial waste. The amount of PHB produced using low cost production media
in fruit peel (234µg/ml) and industrial waste (218µg/ml). The PHB was characterized using FTIR and NMR analysis.
Keywords: polyhydroxybutyrate, Bacillus subtilis, optimization, INTRODUCTION The human population has led to the accumulation of huge
amounts of non–degradable waste materials across our planet. The problem of environmental pollution was caused by indiscriminate dumping of
plastic waste has assumed global proportions. They are used in almost all industries, especially for packaging and they account for more than 50% of
total consumption, especially they are used for bottling and baling. They

Harmful Effects Of Recycling In Landfills
Recycling programs are in place all around the world yet most trash still ends up in a landfill. When something is being decomposed, it's being broken
down slowly. When something is being decomposed by living bacteria or other living organisms then it is biodegradable. As an effect of this,
eventually, the materials will be fully broken down. In landfills, most materials start to decompose (North and Halden 2013). Materials such as extruded
polystyrene foam, plastic, and paper that are in landfills can cause pollution. Pollution is the act of introducing something that will bring harmful
effects. Biodegradation helps to reduce the amount of trash in landfills so that landfills do not become full of capacity.
About 30% of landfill space is filled with extruded polystyrene foam products alone (Little 2017). Landfills are quickly being filled and very soon there
will not be enough space in the world to place trash. extruded polystyrene foam is a material that decomposes over a long period. Inside extruded
polystyrene foam is a chemical called Styrene which leaches into substances leading to water pollution when it precipitates and the runoff goes into
nearby bodies of water (Little 2017). When something leaches it is being percolated into another liquid or substance.
34 million tons of plastic were produced in 2008 in the United States alone and 86% ended up in landfills (North and Halden 2013). That's a lot of
plastic that ended up in landfills. Over the years the numbers

The Capstone Problem Statement : The Long Term Effect Of...
The capstone problem statement: The long term effect of plastic not being recycled properly and thrown into the environment will be devastating.
Thiers enough plastic water bottles to actually stretch around the earth three times. The energy we waste using plastic water bottles would be enough
energy to power 190,000 homes. Plastic bottles make up to nearly 63% of all plastics accumulated in streams, lakes, and rivers. There are billions of
tons of plastic in the oceans causing a substantial amount of damage to marine wildlife. Plastic is so common its injuring humans chemically 93% of all
humans over the age of 6 are tested positive for the plastic chemical BPA. The production of plastic water bottles has increased the amount of plastic
accumulated in water sources while also damaging humans and wildlife. Plastic water bottles decompose after dozens of years and if incinerated, they
will release harmful chemicals into the atmosphere, for example chlorine gas and ash containing heavy metals.
The Enviromental toll of plastics–(TETOP–Enviromentalhealthnews.org):
Synthetic polymers in the marine environment–(SPME–LTT–sciencedirect.com) A rapidly increasing, long–term threat (SPME–LTT–
sciencedirect.com) This article shows the effects of plastic in an ocean ecosystem and other water sources. Synthetic polymers in the marine
environment also details how plastic in marine environments has consequences not just for marine animals at the surface, but for marine organisms in
the

Solution Of Environmental Pollution
Last year the United States alone, used over 39 billion plastic bottles of water. That is enough to wrap around the earth over 190 times. Global warming
is a growing problem because humans are eliminating trash improperly, car fumes are affecting the quality of air, and because of improper oil disposal
in the oceans. The pollution levels have been increasing lately.Pollution is the dumping of waste or any harmful substance that can have a negative
effect on the environment.Examples consist of the BP oil spill when tons of oil was spilled into the waters of the gulf of mexico,This put animals in
danger and the water was contaminated.Organizations have been coming together to find a solution to the pollution. The pollution has been taking a toll
on our environment all over the world.Global warming has been a major ongoing problem for a long time because humans are eliminating recyclables
improperly, fumes are affecting the air, and oil is disposed of in the oceans.
Pollution is still a ongoing problem in a lot of places.old incidents still can have an affect on the environment and the organisms within the
environment.events such as trash being put into the ocean a long time ago can affect today's organisms.many animals are found with cans or plastic
around their neck some even consume trash and it does not leave their system.this can cause damage to the organs of the animal and lead to death.
There has been cases where a seal had been found with

The Film Of All Time
During the summer of 2008, one of the greatest animated films of all time was released by Pixar Animation Studios. This movie, WALL·E, was an
instant classic in my mind, both the first time I saw it, and to this day. The most shattering part of the film was its depiction of both our future as
humans, as well as that of our planet. Earth has become a wasteland filled with discarded trash. Garbage has piled up in landfills, until the entire surface
has become one endless ocean of waste. There is no water to be found, no vegetation, and no life of any kind, except for one desolate cockroach. The
only other habitant is a small, box–shaped robot, the title character, programmed to clean up Earth; however, we can plainly see that this will be an ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a plausible future for our world. Certainly not this year, maybe not in fifty years, but at some point, our arrogant use of hazardous materials
without regard for the well–being of the Earth. And I'm not talking about industrial pesticides or obscure beauty products, but rather everyday plastic.
The type seen in the dozens of food wrappers you threw out just today. A safer, more environmentally–friendly alternative is critical to the future of our
planet; and there is hope, in the form of bioplastics, specifically shrilk, that is more eco–friendly product and has countless potential applications.
Currently, plastics are an enormous environmental concern, and their negative impacts on our world are becoming more evident over time. Chemicals
from plastics are now being found throughout our environment, in the air, in dust, and even in the food we eat (Knoblauch, 2009). Such chemicals can
be extremely harmful and should not be ingested or consumed by humans. One such substance, bisphenol A, known as BPA, is found in the plastic of
water bottles and pop cans, even reusable ones (Knoblauch, 2009). This has led to 93% of people currently having traces of BPA in their bodies
(Knoblauch, 2009).
However, the harmful effects of plastics are not limited only to humans; many other living organisms suffer from the use of plastics. In particular,
marine animals are affected, as

Persuasive Essay On Plastic Straws

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