Lab Report On The Electrode

Lab Report On The Electrode
Anode: The electrode in an electrolytic cell where electrons shift from the electrolyte to the battery.
Cathode: The electrode in an electrolytic cell where electrons shift from the battery to the
electrolyte.
Electrolyte: Any substance that, when mixed into water, conducts an electric current.
Electrolytic cell: A system where electrical energy is used to make chemical changes.
Electroplating: A process that uses an electrolytic cell to put a thin layer of metal on a kind of
surface.
Ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge because of the loss or gain of one or more
electrons Electrolysis is the means of breaking down a solution or a liquid compound by having an
electric current go through it. Electrolysis is utilized in removing impurities in copper, tin, silver,
and gold, and for acquiring sodium, magnesium, aluminum, and other metals derived from their
ores. Electroplating is when you utilize electrolysis to cover a metallic item with a slim coating of a
different metal. Anodizing is the utilization of electrolysis to cover a metallic item with a slim
coating of oxide for conservation against deteriorating and damage. Electrolysis is additionally
utilized for the yielding of caustic soda, chlorine, oxygen, hydrogen, and other substances.
Electrolysis is done in an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic solution or liquefied electrolyte is in
contingence with two conductors known as electrodes in the cell. When the output of breaking down
the solution is a
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Phenylcyanamide derivatives can be readily prepared in...
Phenylcyanamide derivatives can be readily prepared in high yields from the corresponding anilines
[17]. The polymer of [Ag(4–NO2pcyd)]n have been prepared by adding of phenylcyanamide in
acetone to a solution of AgNO3 in water. The infrared data for the phenylcyanamide ligand and
polymer of silver(I) are listed in Table 1. The structure of [Ag(4–NO2pcyd)]n is shown in scheme 2.
The identification of C–N vibrations is a very difficult task, since mixing of several bands is
possible in this region. Silverstein and Webster [18] assigned C–N stretching absorption in the
region 1382–1266 cm–1 for aromatic amines. In the present, the bands observed in the region 1300–
1100 cm–1 in FT–IR spectrum have been assigned to C–N stretching vibrations ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remaining mass of polymer at 800 °C is 44%. The inferior thermal stability of [AgL]n is due to
the presence of Ag–N covalent bond in its structure.
Scheme 2.
Table1.
Table2.
Fig.1.
Fig.2.
Fig.3.
3.2. Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Determination of Dibucaine and Naphazoline Using Silver
Polymer
In this study, polymer of [AgL]n was immobilized onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode
(GCE), which leads to the efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of Dibucaine and Naphazoline. The
GCE was previously tested in PBS buffer (pH = 3) before polymer were drop coated on it. It
presented no redox process in the potential range applied. The working electrode coated with
polymer of [AgL]n was immersed in the electrolyte solution for 20 min prior to the measurement to
ensure the diffusion of the solution to the interlayer space and permit better ionic exchange. The
cyclic voltammograms were recorded for Dibucaine and Naphazoline at modified electrode and are
shown in Fig.4. As it can be seen, at the surface of the modified electrode, oxidations of Dibucaine
and Naphazoline are irreversible processes. These results indicate that the electron transfer rate is
quite slow. Such slow electron transfer kinetics is due to the electrode fouling caused by the
evidence of Dibucaine and Naphazoline and their oxidation products.
In addition, at modified electrode, oxidation of these compounds resulted in a typical

The Experimenter Must Conduct Electrolysis Essay
The purpose of this experiment is to confirm Avogadro's number. To do this the experimenter must
conduct electrolysis. Electrolysis, as given to us in the experiment instructions, is where an external
power supply is used to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction. A zinc strip and a copper strip
will be used as electrodes. Electrodes are "devices that move electrons into or out of a solution by
conduction" ("Definition"). The electrodes will be placed into a beaker of sulfuric acid. By using the
copper strip as the anode and the zinc strip as the cathode, the experimenter will make the cell
electrolytic in order to oxidize a copper electrode. "The anode of a device is the terminal where
current flows in from outside" and "the cathode of a device is the terminal where current flows out"
(Denker). By measuring the amount of copper that was deposited in the electroplating process, the
experimenter will be able to determine the average current in the reaction and determine the amount
of atoms in one mole of copper. The experimenter will then compare this number to Avogadro's
number, determining how accurate Avogadro's number is. In this experiment, the experimenter will
be using a LabQuest, a Vernier Current Probe, a 1.5 volt DC power source, 2 connecting wires with
alligator clips, an ohm resistor, a copper strip, and a zinc strip to set up the experiment. The
experimenter will also need the following: sand paper to clean a strip of copper, an analytical
balance to

Lab: Electrolysis In Action
Michael Gugliotta 12/3/14
Chemistry Period 8
Electrolysis Lab
During this experiment, we saw electrolysis in action. Electrolysis occurs once an electrical wave
hits an object. Electrolysis only occurs when it is in a salt–based or an ionic compound. It also
detaches combined elements. In this experiment, the elements of water, hydrogen and oxygen,
detach from each other. This process causes a substance such as a battery to release rust. In this
experiment, we placed a salt– solution into a beaker full of water. This salt solution is a form of
ocean ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We then placed a nine– volt (9V) battery into the solution. Once the battery was placed into the salt–
water solution, the battery started to release bubbles out of it. Once the bubbling started, electrolysis
began. After a few minutes, the nine– volt battery began to release a yellow substance. The
substance was all the rust exiting the battery. The water eventually turned yellow due to the release
of the fluids from the battery. At the top of the beaker, there was a little bit of rust. The water turned
yellow and the rust formed at the top of the beaker due a chemical change. A chemical equation can
explain what happens during a chemical change. A chemical equation is made up of a reactant and a
product. The reactant represents the substances that you start with the beginning of the experiment.
The product is the substance that is made out of the reactants. There are three different ways you can
write a chemical equation. They are word, molecular, and symbol

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mining
According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary, the term of mining is the "process or business of
digging in mines to obtain minerals, metals, jewels, etc." Of course, that's not just it, mining is a
really complex business, it consists in a lot of things, for example; the application of metallurgical
techniques. First off, What is metallurgy and what are some metallurgical techniques? Accoring to
kids.britannica.com "Metallurgy is separating metals from their ores, purifying and working the
metals into usable forms, and understanding the physical nature of metals and their alloys." The
techniques used in metallurgy are extremely diverse, but some of the most famous and recognized
ones are by reducing the ore physically, chemically, or even electrolytically. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the mine extracts copper only, the "Copper ions leave the anode and are attracted to the
cathode, where they are deposited as copper atoms. The pure copper cathode increases greatly in
size, while the anode dwindles away. The impurities left behind at the anode form a sludge beneath
it." according to the BBC. With the negative electrode, the formula of how the copper would be
purified would look like this Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu and with the positive electrode the formula of the
purification would look like this Cu → Cu2++

Alternative Fuels and Technology for Electricity Production
For the past 200 years, human society has had a ravenous appetite for fossil fuels. The huge increase
in human population and also the industrial revolution were the major sources of fossil fuel
consumption. However it is becoming obvious that our dependence on fossil fuels is causing many
problems that we are going to have to address. We now consume ~ 13 terawatts (TW) of energy
worldwide but an additional 10 TW of energy will be required to maintain present lifestyles by 2050
(Chae et al. 2009). Therefore, our greatest challenge is to find means to reduce the extraction and
combustion of fossil fuels. Fortunately, we have the potential to reduce the CO2 emission from
fossil fuels combustion by converting them into renewable, carbon–neutral energy sources that
provide the energy services now obtained from fossil fuels (Rittmann 2008). Biomass is one of most
preferred renewable resources for chemicals and fuel production as it already contains renewable
energy stored in its chemical bonds. Recently, many conversion technologies are being developed or
have already been developed for chemicals and fuel extraction from relatively concentrated
biomass, such as agricultural byproducts and wood (Hatti–Kaul et al. 2007; Kamm and Kamm
2004). However, only few conversion technologies currently exist for fuel and chemicals production
from relatively diluted aqueous biomass, such as domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewaters.
Still, wastewater represents a large potential

Looking towards Hydrogen as a Promising Energy Source
Hydrogen is a promising energy source due to its clean product and high–energy yield (122 kJ/g)
(Chang and Lin, 2004). Water electrolysis, steam reforming of hydrocarbons and auto–thermal
processes are well known technologies for H2 production, but it is cost–intensive due to high–
energy consumption (Ming et al., 2008). In contrast, dark fermentation process is low cost
technology for hydrogen production from waste materials (Tawfik et al., 2012, Tawfik et al., 2013
and Tawfik and El–Qelish, 2012). Moreover, bio–hydrogen production from OFMSW has gained
great attention due to energy generation while reducing the unwanted wastes (Tawfik et al., 2011).
The main problems for bio–hydrogen production from bio–wastes using dark fermentation process
are the low generation rates and yields. Therefore, several factors must be considered for
maximizing H2 production in the dark fermentation process, such as avoiding the loss of H2 to
hydrogen–consuming anaerobes, e.g., methanogens (Ming et al., 2008). The SRT is one of the
important design parameters for maintaining hydrogen producing bacteria in dark fermentation
processes. The substrate uptake efficiency, microbial population and metabolic pathways is mainly
depends on the imposed SRT. It is assumed that a long SRT causes the growth of H2 consumers,
including methanogens, and competitors for substrates, such as non–H2–producing acidogens
(Hawkes et al., 2002). On the other hand, a short SRT may reduce substrate uptake efficiency,

My Love Of Science
I grew up in a rough home environment, where my escape was to invest as much time as I could in
learning. My favorite type of learning was chemistry at least that's what I learned that it was called it
as I got older. My grandfather owned a small pool and spa service company and I would always
want to go to jobs with him, this is where I learned about the basics of chemistry and biology. Each
time I went on the job with him I would receive a small amount of money at the end of the day, me
being the ambitious child that I was my eyes lit up, and the journey began. My grandfather is the
biggest sponsor to my literacy in chemistry and biology. Though he knew only a small amount of
information about both of the subjects, I thought that he was an all–knowing mastermind. He taught
me his ways, simple water P.H and alkaline level tests and how to interpret the meaning of the
results of the tests. Then what is the best way to address the results with which specific chemicals.
Although these events are what started the snowball effect for my love of the sciences my
grandfather was only the first sponsor of my literacy in science. In primary education, I didn't get
much influence with the literacy in sciences, I believe that the teachers didn't have the compassion
about the topics that I did. It wasn't until high school that I got back in touch with my love for
science and my literacy strengthened beyond basic chemistry and simple biology. I took my first
science course in high

Environmental Effects Of Acid Rain And Its Effects On The...
The effects of acid rain greatly affect the environment. Some lakes become so acidic fish cannot
survive in them. The degradation of minerals present in soil produces metal ions. These are
subsequently washed away, causing the release of toxic substances, such as Al3+, into the water
supply. This also causes the loss of important minerals, such as Ca2+, from the soil, killing trees and
crops. Long–term effects from global warming include landslides and increased seismic and
volcanic activities, due to land no longer being depressed by the weight of ice. Tsunamis could also
be generated, landslides caused by warmer ocean water thawing ocean–floor permafrost or releasing
gas hydrates. Some world regions already show an increase in landslides, such as the French Alps.
Humphry Davy first successfully introduced the concept of a fuel cell in the 19th century. This was
followed by by the scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein, who made work on what were to become
fuel cells in 1838. William Grove, a chemist, physicist and lawyer, widely known for basically
inventing the fuel cell in 1839. Grove conducted experiments with a gas voltaic battery, proving that
electrictricity could be produced from an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
over a platinum catalyst. With the 1970s came the emergence of environmental awareness amongst
governments, prompted by concerns over air pollution. From this, clean air legislation was passed in
America and Europe. Clean air and

Electrolysis Research Paper
here are a number of different techniques for electrolysis. The primary reason most people seek
electrolysis treatments is to end their battle against unwanted facial and body hair once and for all.
Electrolysis is an excellent means of permanently removing unwanted hair. Prior to having an
electrolysis treatment, it is a good idea to investigate the many different methods and techniques, to
choose the one that best meets you needs. For many people, stress is a problem. Most of us could
use some relaxation. What would you think about an electrolysis treatment that serves the dual
purposes of helping you relax? You would probably think that such a treatment would be wonderful,
but that it couldn't possibly exist. If that is the case, You will be pleasantly surprised to learn about
Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sound to good to be true? Read on to learn more about the many benefits of Hyper Cerebral
Electrolysis. Benefits of Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis is a unique method
of electrolysis that is often selected by people who want to both look and feel better. People who
have had Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis report that the procedure is very relaxing and that it elevates
their mood. Considering that many people describe traditional electrolysis treatments to be
somewhat akin to torture, hearing that Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis can have such pleasant and
positive side effects certainly has to make you interested in learning more about this option for
electrolysis. The procedure of Hyper Cerebral Electrolysis provides for the release of endorphins
within your body. It is the release of endorphins that results in the mood elevating benefits of Hyper
Cerebral Electrolysis for many

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Chlorine
Since chlorine production is corrosive in nature, the anode (chorine is formed) is made using a metal
which is non–reactive in nature such as titanium, on the other hand cathode (hydroxide ions are
formed) is made from a metal which can be easily oxidized such as nickel.
In membrane cell, an ion–permeable membrane separates cathode and anode. Saturated brine is sent
to the compartment with cathode (the anolyte). DC current is passed and the NaCl is broken into its
constituent components with the help of this DC current. The membrane sends Na+ ions to anode
compartment which is the catholyte, where it forms sodium hydroxide in solution. Only positive
ions are allowed to pass through the membrane in order to prevent mixing of NaOH and HCl. The
chloride ions are oxidized to form chlorine in gaseous form and it occurs at anode, which is
collected, purified and stored. As a result Hydroxide ions and hydrogen formation takes place at the
cathode.
Brine ion exchange system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficient brine filtration is crucial to the proper operation of the ion exchange system. Solids will
foul the resin, increase resin's differential pressure and there is a possibility that they damage the
resin itself. Proper operation of the secondary brine filters is highly necessary for successful
operation of the ion exchange system.
The brine ion exchange system should be located downstream of any mercury removal system, not
upstream. Mercury is removed from the brine by the IER8–630 resin, but it is not stripped from the
resin during regeneration. Therefore, any mercury removed from this resin will permanently reduce
the capacity of the resin, thereby shortening its cycle time (i.e. shortening the length of time between
consecutive regenerations). It is therefore highly necessary that any upstream mercury removal
system eliminates maximum mercury

Lithium: Third Element In The Periodic Table
LITHIUM: Element Li
INTRO Lithium is the third element in the periodic table, with 3 protons and the element symbol Li.
Lithium is an alkali metal. . The name for lithium comes from Greek lithos which means stone.
Lithium does not occur free in nature but it is found in nearly all igneous rocks and in mineral
springs. Pure lithium metal is corrosive. If lithium did not react with water, which it does, it would
float. Lithium is used in medicine, as a heat transfer agent. Lithium is used to transfer heat from one
object to the next. Some things lithium is used in are glasses, organic compounds, and ceramics.
Because it is such a good conductor of electricity, it is used in batteries as well. It's also used for
making alloys; examples of alloys are brass, bronze, 14k gold, and sterling silver. Lithium is a metal
that is used to impart a red color to fireworks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's like sodium; it reacts to water to produce hydrogen. Lithium metals react slowly with water to
form a colorless solution of lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It turns into a basic because of the
dissolved hydroxide. The reaction is slower than that of sodium. Not only does it react to water but
also to oxygen if left unattended for a period of time. Lithium metal is quite easily cut with a knife.
The result is a shiny silvery surface but it soon tarnishes because of reaction with oxygen and
moisture from the air. When lithium is burned in air, it makes a white oxide lithium oxide, Li2O.
Lithium metal dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form solutions. Compounds are made with water
though such as, Lithium Chromate Dihydrate: Li2CrO4.2H2O, Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate:
LiHSO4.H2O, Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate: LiNO3.3H2O and Lithium Dihydrogen Phosphate:

Essay On Zinc Powders
All chemicals were of analytical grade. Electrolytic zinc powders were produced by electrolysis of
alkaline solutions containing zinc oxide. These solutions were prepared by dissolving a given
amount of ZnO in 6 mol L–1 NaOH. After complete dissolution, solutions were stored in 500 ml
volumetric flasks. Removing of water from the prepared zinc powder was performed using
analytical grade ethanol and acetone mixture.
2.2 Electrolytic cell
The electrochemical cell consists of a 0.5 L Pyrex beaker provided with polytetraflouroethylene
(PTFE) cover. A magnesium cathode (2 cm width× 13 cm long) and a stainless steel (316–AISL)
anode with the same dimensions were used. The active surface area of the cathode was 10 cm2. The
back face of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The energy consumption was calculated using the following formula [23]:
EC=(2.778×〖10〗^(–4) EIt)/m_exp (3)
Where EC is the energy consumption (kWh kg−1) and E is the cell potential in volts.
2.3 Characterization of zinc powder
The prepared zinc powder was analyzed using X–ray diffraction (CuKα radiation as the X–ray
source, λ= 1.54056 ̊A). Granularity cumulation distribution chart of zinc powder was obtained using
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) SPM–AA3000 (Angestrom Advanced Inc., USA) in contact mode.
The AFM images were recorded over a scan area (2 µm x 2 µm). The SEM micrographs were
obtained using scanning electron microscope (FEI Company –Holland). The apparent density (da) of
zinc powder was measured by the standard pycnometric method, and calculated based on the
following formula: [24] d_a=(d_w (w_3–w_1))/((w_2–w_1 )–(w_4–w_3 )

Airport Air Pollution
E. Testa, C. Giammusso, M. Bruno and P. Maggiore, "Analysis of environmental benefits resulting
from use of hydrogen," Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 16, pp. 875–890, 2013.
This article is from the 'Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy' and the authors of the article
are from the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy. The intended audience of this article are the
airport planners and policymakers, who can use this study to define a feasible environmental policy.
The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of hydrogen as a fuel in the airport GSE
vehicles in order to reduce the airport air pollution. The methodology developed for this study
compares the direct emissions and indirect emissions for both diesel and hydrogen technologies. The
direct emissions are produced by combustion fuel and the indirect emissions are related to the
production of fuel. In case of hydrogen technology, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are used
to power the GSE vehicles. The study also includes the investigation of 'Steam methane reforming'
and 'Electrolysis' technologies for the production of gaseous hydrogen at the airport. The various
pollutants that are investigated in this study include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides etc. The major inputs used in the study are a number of air transport
movements, the aircraft fleet mix, the turnaround time for handling operations and the ratio of GSE
vehicles converted to hydrogen. The

Copper And Zinc Reaction Lab Report
In retrospect, the practical was very easy to follow and achieved the desired results. In order to
quantify the amount of electricity generated through the spontaneous redox reaction, a multimeter
was used to measure the follow of electricity between the Copper and the anode. This gave us an
increased reliability and accuracy than using an analogue voltmeter. When it was calculated, the
reaction between the Copper and Magnesium in theory had a potential difference of 2.58v. The
Copper and Zinc reaction was also calculated to have the expected potential difference of 1.1v
whilst the Copper and Lead had 0.7v. When looking at the half equations of the various reactions,
the electron transfer direction can be gathered. The place of oxidation is the side which loses
electrons and the place of reduction, which gains them. Therefore, it can be determined that the
electron flow direction is from the anodes [ which are Zinc, Magnesium, and Lead], the oxidization
agents, to the Copper cathode, the reduction agent. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These differences across all three reactions ranged from 0.056–volts and 1.58–volts. The potential
cause for these inaccuracies are numerous. The occurrence of these inaccuracies may have been due
to random errors such as the sizes of the filter paper and meta strips, inaccurate measurements of the
solutions, weight of the metal strips. In addition, the introduction of systematic errors may have also
increased the inaccuracies in the results. Some systematic errors which occurred were: not sanding
any of the metal strips as well as not having a specified amount of time for soaking the filter paper.
These errors both random and systematic may have been minimised or highlighted through
conducting various repetitions of the practical investigation so that results can be averaged to be
more accurate and for more definitive conclusions to be

Alternative Future Energy Storage And Conversion Systems
Metal–air batteries have been intensively explored as an alternative future energy storage and
conversion systems owing to their intrinsically high energy and power densities, the relatively
mature research on air electrode, and cost effective composition of non–noble fuel electrode, as well
as in response to the high energy demand for portable devices and electric vehicles even stationary
power plants [1–5]. Of late, research into the metal–air techniques has been focused on Zn–air
(~1,000 Wh kg–1), Li–air (~13,000 Wh kg–1), and Ge–air (~1,500 Wh kg–1) batteries because of
its very high specific energy and energy density with open cell air cathode structure [3–6]. With
these devices, however, the electrochemical energy could be stored in the stationary part as form of
sacrificial metal anode. This distinct architecture would make a limitation approach for large–scale
commercialization unless the anode can provide good electrochemical reversibility and high cyclic
durability.
As a feasible alternative to continuous operation, recently, a high temperature liquid metal–air
energy storage cell (LMAESC) in conjunction with a solid oxide electrolyte has been investigated
applying post–transition metals such as In [7], Sn [7–17], Sb [18–25], Pb [7], and Bi [12] as a
sacrificial electrode, so–called liquid metal anode (LMA). Since these liquid metals has relatively
low melting point, it can improve the anode polarization by incorporating liquid wetting materials to
spread on the

Copper Synthesis Lab Report
Electrolysis of copper sulfate has great importance in the mining industry as it is a better metal
extraction process compared to simply mining the ore from the rocks. This is because electrolysis
refines copper so that the copper is high quality and removes the impurities of it. This is particularly
important for the copper to be used in industrial processes. (1) Copper is used in industry to make
electrical wiring and components due to copper being a very good conductor of electricity.
Electrolysis is the process where an electric current is passed through ionic substances causing them
to break down into simpler substances. An ionic substance contains ions which are charged particles
that are either positively charged or negatively charged. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because electrolysis refines copper so that the copper is high quality and removes the
impurities of it. This is particularly important for the copper to be used in industrial processes. (1)
Copper is used in industry to make electrical wiring and components due to copper being a very
good conductor of electricity.
Electrolysis is the process where an electric current is passed through ionic substances causing them
to break down into simpler substances. An ionic substance contains ions which are charged particles
that are either positively charged or negatively charged. The ionic substance must be dissolved in
water or molten so that the ions are free to move during the process.
During electrolysis, oxidation and reduction takes place. Positively charged ions move to the
negative electrode (cathode) where they receive electrons. This is called reduction. Negatively
charged ions move to the positive electrode (anode) where they are oxidised meaning they lose
electrons. This causes different elements to be formed at the different

Tungto Cobalt Heteropoly Cell Essay
Abstract Recently, we reported a completely new all tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid redox flow
battery (RFB) with a high coulombic efficiency and promising prospect. Because of the relatively
large size and high negative charge, the tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid anion is difficult to cross
Nafion membrane, thus necessiating the need to employ thinner ion exchange membrane. In this
study, the effects of the thickness of the membranes on the battery performance were investigated.
Three types of Nafion membranes with different thicknesses, namely, 50 μm (N212), 25 μm (N211),
and 17 μm (home–made N–17), were investigated in all tungsto–cobalt heteropoly acid RFBs. The
ion permeability and area specific resistances of the membranes and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, an aqueous redox flow battery with a tungsten–cobalt heteropoly acid
(H6[CoW12O40]) as the electrolyte for both the anode and cathode has been demonstrated in our
previous work [15]. The working principle of all–H6[CoW12O40] RFBs is shown in Scheme 1. In
aqueous solution, H6[CoW12O40] molecule dissociates to H+ and [CoW12O40]6– as a strong acid.
During the battery charging and discharging process, the cobalt in [CoW12O40]6– is oxidized or
reduced reversibly at positive electrode, whereas tungsten is reduced or oxidized at negative
electrode. H+ moves through the IEM as the charge carrier. The electrochemical reactions of the
RFB are as follows:
At anode:
CoⅡW12O406– ↔ CoⅢW12O405– + e– φ0= 1.103V vs. SHE (1)
At cathode:
CoW12O406– + 2e– + 2H+ ↔ H2CoW12O406– φ0= –0.074V vs. SHE (2)
H2CoW12O406– + 2e– + 2H+ ↔ H4CoW12O406– φ0= –0.191V vs. SHE (3)
Scheme 1. The working principle of an all–H6[CoW12O40] RFBs. The [CoW12O40]n– is drawn in
ball–and–stick notation. (Charging: Anode: WVI→WVI/V, Cathode: CoII→CoIII, H+ transfers
from anode to cathode; Discharge: Anode: WVI/V→WVI, Cathode: CoIII→CoII, H+ transfers from
cathode to anode.).
[CoW12O40]6– anion has relatively large size and high negative charge, making it difficult to cross
Nafion membrane because of Donnan's

Electrolysis Essay
Electrolysis is the direct passing of an electric current that follows through an ionic substance that is
molten or dissolved in a suitable solvent, which makes electrodes and separated materials.
Electrolysis begins when an electrical current flows out of one pole of energy into one electrode,
which is called the cathode. Electrolysis occurs when electrical energy is used to produce a chemical
change. Sulfuric acid, also known as ( H2SO4) , is commonly used in Electrolysis (Net Industries).
Electrolysis can only be produced by energy being pumped or pulled into water. A best known
example of Electrolysis is decomposition of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen (Net Industries).
When an electrical current passes through a water current, hydrogen bubbles are produced. Every
two water molecules have been decomposed into two hydrogen molecules, after Electrolysis have
turned an ionic substance into a dissolved, suitable substance. ( Net Industries).
Water must be dissolved in salt to be made an electrode. An electrode is a conductor through which
electricity enters or leaves an object or a substance. The net result of two electrode reactions added
together is ( H + ions + 4 OH ions ). An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of
electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a positive or
negative electrical charge. Ions can be created either chemically or physically. The cathode, the
negatively charged electrode by which

Will Pollution Free Cars Become A Reality Of The Near Future?
Will pollution–free cars become a reality in the near future? Cars are becoming the most popular
personal transportation and the dominant form of transportation nowadays. With their creation by a
Germany Mechanical Engineer, Karl Friedrich Benz, in 1886 and with the rapid growth in
popularity over the 20th century especially in the recent decades, cars have become a more
important and primary source of transportation for many people in the world. The estimated growth
of cars in the world will be around 1,500m by 2030. Cars are so important because they provide
mankind a common and convenient means of transportation, particularly for those who do not have
convenient access to public transportation, such as buses, subways or trains, which is the fact in the
suburbs and small towns. People can use cars as personal transportation, whether it is a shorter
commute to work or a longer trip to run errands; and they can also drive cars to visit their friends or
relatives, make a business appointment, as well as conduct all of their routine affairs like market
shopping or entertainment. For people who have their own car, it not only means freedom and
independence, but also represents the high quality of life. Although they offer lots of convenience of
lives, cars come with some negative problems as well. The environmental impact of cars is
becoming more serious. Cars produce a large portion of the air pollution per year and contribute
various types of air pollution such as carbon

Essay On Interdigitated Electrode
field between individual digits of electrodes. Using these simulations, it was observed that gold
nanoparticles bound closely to IDEs can lower the electric field magnitude between the digits of the
electrode. The simulations are also shown to be a useful design tool in optimizing sensor function.
Various different conditions, such as electrode dimensions and background ion concentrations, are
shown to have a significant impact on the simulations.]. From being a simple interface, the
properties of the electrodes used in electrical and electrochemical biosensors can have a remarkable
impact on the function and effectiveness of the resulting biosensor system. The use of interdigitated
electrodes (IDEs) in biosensor systems is one prominent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb–
drive device. This study involve fabrication of aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common
electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs consist of twin electrode which are arranged
in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance between electrodes as
shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra–
sensitive and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word,
IDEs sensor is expected to provide are better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of
biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature review In multiple applications the interdigitated
electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking advantages
of their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution,
high sensitivity, low reagent consumption as well as non–tedious pre–cleaning procedures Figure 3
shows the design structure of an IDE. There are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane
to the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb–drive device because it is shaped like tooth of
combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate
sterilization processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental,
analytical and

Analysis Of Bio-Hydrogen Production And Phosphorus...
Bio–hydrogen production and phosphorus recovery in microbial electrolysis cell with statistical
optimization by response surface methodology
Abstract
Concurrent hydrogen (H2) production and phosphorus (P) recovery were investigated in dual
chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The aim of the study was to explore and understand
the influence of applied voltage and influent COD concentration on concurrent H2 production and P
recovery in MEC. P was efficiently precipitated at the cathode chamber and the precipitated crystals
were verified as struvite, using X–ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The
maximum P precipitation efficiency achieved by the MEC was 94%, and the maximum H2
production rate was 0.31m3/m3/d. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The precipitation of these components is also highly dependent on pH, where struvite starts to
precipitate at pH > 8 (Doyle and Parsons, 2002). The most common methods for P recovery as
struvite are chemical addition and carbon dioxide stripping through aeration. These processes are
effective for struvite precipitation; however, the operation cost is too high. Using chemical addition
to raise the solution's pH can account for up to 97% of struvite cost (Jaffer et al., 2002; Morales et
al., 2013). Hydrogen as one promising alternative clean energy source has attracted international
attention in recent years (Datar et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2016). Microbial
electrolysis cells (MECs) are a new and promising approach for hydrogen (H2) production from
organic matter, including wastewater and other renewable resources. In MECs, electrochemically
active bacteria oxidize organic matter and generate CO2, electrons and protons. The bacteria transfer
the electrons to the anode and the protons are released into the solution. The electrons then travel
through a wire to a cathode and combine with the free protons in the solution to produce hydrogen
gas (Logan et al., 2008). The consumption of protons at the cathode chamber increases solution pH
(Moussa et al., 2006). Based on this hypothesis, the cathode chamber in the MEC can be used to

The Pros And Cons Of Hydrogen
Jasmine Nguyen, Annie Vo
The energy source that will have a thorough description from how it works to what it's made of and
much more, is hydrogen fuel source. The first fuel cell was invented by Sir William Robert Grove in
1839. Hydrogen is the fuel of destiny mainly due to it's elevated transformation efficiency,
salvaging, and non–contaminating nature. Hydrogen plays a higher role in the sustainability of life
and can be employed to cause energy. Hydrogen can also be manufactured using several various
processes such as electrolysis, solar energy, and can be assembled, both thermochemically and
biologically. Electrolysis is the process of using a dynamic current to isolate water into hydrogen
and oxygen gas. Unfortunately this procedure has more intensive energy. The electrolysis process is
pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy used to generate a current in
the electrolysis process is pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy is
also limited from fossil fuels like oil, natural gas or coal. The electrical charge that is tested to water
will shatter the chemical bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As a result, it will produce
charged particles called ions. The ions must be free to proceed in order for electrolysis to work.
When classic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As time in the future comes near, hydrogen could join electricity as an important energy carrier. An
energy carrier is able to transport and deliver energy in a useable form to consumers. There are
renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, but they can't produce energy all the time. With
hydrogen being a fuel cell, it has a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Most fuel cells are
able to operate without making sound, compared to central combustion engines. Therefore they're
perfectly convenient to be usable in buildings such as

How Does Electrolysis Work?
To understand how electrolysis works, it is important to know what it is that electrolysis does.
Electrolysis isn't a surface removal technique like shaving. How electrolysis procedure does its work
is by destroying the roots of unwanted hairs with an electric current. The end result is that the
unwanted hairs don't grow back. There are a number of different methods for electrolysis for
permanent hair removal, and each one functions in a different manner. The best way to understand
how electrolysis does its work is to become aware of how the different types of electrolysis work.
Three of the most common types of electrolysis are the Galvanic, thermolysis, and blend methods.
How Does Galvanic Electrolysis Work? Galvanic electrolysis involves sending a DC current of
electricity directly to the root of an unwanted hair via a needle that is inserted into the follicle of the
affected hair. As the DC current travels through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a major drawback is that the thermolysis method of hair removal is that it is not as reliable
as the Galvanic methods. How Does Blend Electrolysis Work? Blend electrolysis, as the name
implies, consolidates both the Galvanic and thermoloysis methods into a single electrolysis method.
With the blend methods, a needle is again inserted into the follicle of an unwanted hair. However,
both AC and DC currents are passed through the needle at the same time. This method works
quickly and also has effective permanent hair removal results. Additional Factors for Understanding
How Electrolysis Does its Work? The procedure for electrolysis is similar regardless of the
particular method used for electrolysis. Every method for electrolysis begins with inserting a small
needle into the follicle of an unwanted hair and applying some form of electric current. The end goal
is destroy the unwanted hair and to keep it from growing

Essay about Microbial Desalination Cells
Microbial Desalination Cells
Desalination is the removal of salt from seawater to provide freshwater especially in developing
countries. Currently, MFCs (Microbial Fuel Cells) have generated electricity from biomass using
bacteria. These microbes cause an electric current where electrons flow from the anode to the
cathode where the reduction of oxygen occurs. A revolutionary new method called MDCs
(Microbial Desalination Cells) could potentially desalinate water and produce energy depending on
the design or set up of the cell. This process is similar to water electrodialysis but uses bacteria as
the source of energy rather than an external source. If the set up of the MDC is altered to desalinate
water, then the highest amount ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, sodium chloride salt (NaCI) in the middle chamber will be removed desalinating the
water.
Set Up
First, I will use sandpaper to roughen the end caps of PVC pipes. I will then use the sandpaper to
roughen the two opposing sides of three plastic containers by roughening two 1–inch by 1–inch
patches across each other. Using permanent markers, a mark will be made in the center of the
roughened side of one of the plastic containers. I will use a ruler to measure the location of the mark
and then make a mark at exactly the same location on one of the roughened sides of each of the
other two plastic containers. The ruler will be used to measure the outer diameter of the aquarium
pump tubing. I will then drill a hole 2 millimeters (mm) in diameter on top of three of the plastic
container lids. In one of the lids, I will dill another hole the same diameter as the plastic tubing of
the aquarium air pump next to the first hole. A hole will be drilled on the permanent marker marks
on the sides of the plastic containers using a 3/4 –inch spade drill bits.
I will then squeeze acrylic cement around two of the 3/4 –inch spade drill bit holes. Then, acrylic
cement will be squeezed around the flat part of one compression fitting end cap. The end cap will be
centered over the hole on one of the plastic containers that the cement will just have been squeezed
around. The two pieces will be
fit together and repeated for the other PVC pipe. I will let the

Hydrogen Fuel Of The Future
With nations like Costa Rica, Albania, Paraguay, and Iceland all currently running on 100%
renewable electricity, the notion of clean Audi e–fuels rule and sustainable energy is becoming a
more realistic and feasible option in the minds of many.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of
time. Hydrogen is the smallest element in the universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous
molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on the
planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil
(Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for
fuel cells.
What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel
cells are a mechanical device that convert the electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like
hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all
fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable
of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73). During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected
into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen
molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the
electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an

Experiment On Scanning And Tunneling Electron Microscopy (...
Fig. 1 shows scanning and tunneling electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images of
(a,c) MWCNT and (b,d) Ni NP–MWCNT.
Figure 1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of (a) MWCNT and (b) Ni NP–MWCNT
and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of (c) MWCNT and (d) Ni NP–MWCNT
electrodes.
The image in Fig. 1a shows that the MWCNTs form a dense and open matrix of high surface area.
The MWCNTs are 4–5 µm in length and 60–100 nm in diameter. The presence of Ni NPs on the
MWCNT surfaces in Fig. 1b does not influence the structure of the MWCNT matrix, leaving it quite
open and accessible to the electrolyte. In order to clearly show the presence of Ni NPs on the
MWCNTs, transmission electron microscopy was conducted. Fig. 1c shows a TEM image of
MWCNT prior to deposition of Ni NPs by PLA. The walls of the MWCNT are smooth and void of
any observable NPs. Fig. 1d contrasts the TEM image shown in Fig. 1c by displaying a Ni NP–
decorated MWCNT. It can be seen that the Ni NPs are uniformly distributed along the MWCNT,
covering the entire surface. The Ni NPs are shaped as 'nano–flakes'.
3.2 Electrochemical regeneration of 1,4–NADH Potentiostatic (electrolysis) experiments were
conducted in a batch electrochemical reactor operated at various electrode potentials ranging from
−1.40 V to −1.70 V, in order to investigate (i) the NAD+ reduction kinetics and (ii) the
electrocatalytic efficiency of Ni NP–MWCNT electrode in the regeneration of enzymatically–active

Avantieme and the Transit of Tomorrow
Avantieme is an island off the coast of Australia where the ocean scintillates and the national parks
bask in the shade. Three main parks take refuge in Avantieme, housing about 58 species of
endangered animals. Although the parks limit the living space of Avantieme, they are far too rare
and meaningful to be destroyed. Centuries ago, we drove cars contaminated with pollution, but now
Avantieme has pioneered the way to a cleaner and more dynamic way of transporting the commuter
with the innovative Herron. There are several solutions to digress from the modern polluting ways
of the car, but one of the easiest and most efficient is the usage of hydrogen to power the insurgent
Hare pods. The Hares uses a polymer exchange membrane fuel cell ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One pound of hydrogen produces 52,000 BTU (British Thermal Unit), three times that in a pound of
gasoline. The hydrogen powered Hare is a computer automated vehicle, that uses frequencies and a
geographic mapping system to guide it. The Hare has two antennas on the top, the former sending
out frequencies and the latter acting as a backup. The frequencies will detect the cars around them
and any unrecognized objects. It also uses the RGMS, or Repetitive Geographic Mapping System, to
give pinpoint accuracy to the computer. The RGMS are cars that parole Avantiemie every day,
taking pictures of the roads and pathways as they go. They then, take the data they retrieved to the
main building. This building collects and stores the data in their database and constantly sends them
out to the Hares' GPS. They keep an updated picture of roads as guide and safety backup to the
antennas. Avantieme citizens craved a manual driving feature, but with a much more advanced
computer system driving the car, traffic is limited and virtually no collisions occur. After some
compelling arguments, transportation engineers eventually decided against the manual overdrive.
Before vetoing the idea, transportation engineers had a test run with the VTS (Variegation Track
System) manual overdrive option. At first, it was a very enticing option, but as the tests continued,
the manual overdrive proved too dangerous for commercial use. The VTS had some

Hydrogen Power and Energy
Most of the energy we produce causes waste and pollution. Water allows us to cut some of this out
of the equation. In 1874, a French author named Jules Verne wrote that hydrogen has the potential to
be our next fuel source long before its potential was even discovered. And above all else, its
abundant! Not only is the earth covered in 70% of water, but 90% of all matter contains hydrogen in
it. Hydrogen itself produces miniscule amounts of pollution when burned. The problem that stands
is that hydrogen is only found as a compound, and not by itself. Water contains a good amount of
hydrogen, but also contains oxygen. However, we can extract the hydrogen atoms through a process
called electrolysis. Electrolysis separates the hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom to create HHO
gas.
The problem with this however is that electrolysis requires electricity to decompose the compound.
The more current that is passed through the water the more chemical change it will undergo.
Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell which don't contain a membrane. These cells
contains two electrodes which separates the oxygen and the hydrogen.
Now when most people think of converting water into energy, they usually think of water powered
cars. Even though this is not entirely what electrolysis does, it isnt too far off. Fuel cell technology,
even though it is still being developed, works with electrolysis to make this possible. An obstacle
with making fuel cell technology possible is

Selecting a Microorganism Able to Bioabsorb Aluminum from...
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust which occupies 8.8% of its weight and it
is most commonly used in water supplies, medicines (Yavuz et al. 2004), explosives, construction of
siding, aircrafts and motor vehicles and in food industry as cans, packaging materials, kitchen
utensils and vessels (Tuzen and Soylak 2008). Consequently, the environmental exposure of
aluminum to human and other animals is obviously possible. This metal ion causes Parkinson's
disease, Alzheimer's disease (Sun and Wu 2010), encephalopathy/dialysis dementia, osteomalacia
(Jalbani et al. 2007; Shokrollahi et al. 2008) and also several clinical diseases particularly in patients
with chronic renal failure (Sombra et al. 2003). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
the secondary permissible standard for aluminium in drinking water as 0.05 – 0.2 mg/L (Wilkes
University 2007). Therefore it is necessary to remove aluminium from its source, before it enters
into the environment. Physico–chemical methods such as chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation
or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, membrane
technology and evaporation recovery have been widely used to remove heavy metal ions. These
technologies usually produce wastes with high concentrations of metals which are a significant
source of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the above methods may be ineffective or expensive,
especially when the heavy metal concentrations

Grapefruit Solar Cells And Blackberry Solar Cell Lab Report
Titanium dioxide has mesoporous structure that act like a pathway for the electrons crossing through
the cell. After dye absorbs light, it will release electrons and these electrons need to travel from
cathode to anode, titanium dioxide is a conductor that helps electrons move. If we don't use any
metal, these electrons can't travel through thus they can't produce current. the higher the wavelength,
the lower the frequency thus the lower the energy the dye will absorb to release an electron. We also
know that grapefruit absorbs green, so we see red color, and blackberry absorbs yellow and we see
purple color. Grapefruit's color is lighter than blackberry, so the wavelength of grapefruit is smaller
than the wavelength of blackberry, and energy grapefruit is required to release an electron is higher
than blackberry's. We shine the same light (same energy) on both grapefruit solar cell and blackberry
solar cell, blackberry will produce higher current, thus the reading on multimeter will be higher. If
we use a juice that is darker than blackberry, than the reading of blackberry solar cell will be lower.
(Q3) The purpose of washing the plate with water followed by ethanol is to remove unabsorbed dye
and any other residues.
(Q4) From this part of experiment, we don't get any constant continuous reading on the multimeter.
There are a few readings flash on the screen, but we don't consider them as experiment data. Solar
cell should act as a battery, and the current should be

Hydrogen Fuel or Others Essay
Hydrogen Fuel or Others
It is stated in the article "Benefits of a Hydrogen Economy" in Hydrogen Future that if we use
hydrogen as an energy source in the U.S.A, it could help address concerns about energy security,
global climate change, and air quality. Hydrogen fuel cells appear to be an one important enabling
technology for increasing energy savings and reducing global climate change; however, I suggest
that much more research is needed before the nation becomes absorbed in developing the hydrogen
economy. In addition to the hydrogen fuel cells, the nation should continue to investigate other
technologies such as new generation diesel, hybrids and solar cells. At present these technologies
have come to maturity to some degree. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For that reason, it is likely that GHG emissions might not be reduced even if hydrogen fuel cells
could be put to practical use.
Moreover, another vulnerable point was mentioned in the article "Road to Hydrogen Cars May Not
Be So Clean." Hydrogen is a very leaky gas that could escape from cars and hydrogen plants into
the atmosphere. Hydrogen that leaks into the atmosphere binds with oxygen molecules, forming
vapor and clouds. This could lead to additional global warming according to Tim Patterson, a
professor at Carlton University in Canada. He claims that the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere has the most significant influence on global temperature. And Catherine G. Padro, at
Los Alamos National Laboratory, says that hydrogen can act as a kind of CFC, destroying part of the
earth's atmospheric ozone which shields us from cancer–causing solar radiation. At present, there
are still a lot of problems which should be investigated in detail before we commit ourselves to the
use of hydrogen fuel cells.
On the other hand, hybrid petrol–electric cars such as the Toyota Prius are becoming increasingly
popular. Compared with new American cars of the same size, the Prius consumes roughly half as
much petrol, and so releases half as much carbon dioxide. Moreover, its emissions of smog–forming
pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon, are 90% lower. These hybrid cars cut emissions
and improve fuel economy by coupling a conventional

Potential Of Microbial Fuel Cells
Potential of Microbial Fuel Cells
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the
catalytic and metabolic reactions of microorganisms. The microorganisms function as a catalyst in
the electron transfer between the electrodes. A MFC is just like any other fuel cell in its function
which can undergo a half cell reaction. A typical microbial fuel cell consists of anode and cathode
compartments separated by a cation (positively charged ion) permitting specific membrane. At the
anode, the organic matter or substrate is oxidized by microorganisms, generating CO2, electrons and
protons. Electrons are transferred to the cathode through an external electric circuit, while protons
are transferred to the cathode through the membrane. Electrons and protons react in the cathode,
combining with oxygen to form water.
A simple REDOX reaction takes place in the fuel cell. The rate of the reactions can depend on the
internal resistance, bacteria, substrate, semi–permeable membrane and electrode configuration. The
basic reactions that occur when microorganisms consume a substrate such as sugar in the presence
of O2 they produce CO2 and H2O. But, when oxygen is not present they produce CO2, H+ and e–.
At Anode,
C12H22O11 +13H2O → 12CO2 + 48H+ + 48e−
At Cathode,
O2 + 4e− + 4H+ → 2H2O
The applications of MFC's are that, they can be used for electricity generation, bio–hydrogen
production, wastewater treatment and bioremediation. While

Hydrogen Batteries And Fuel Cells
Introduction– Batteries/Fuel Cells Fuel cells operate via a chemical reaction which generates
electricity. All fuel cells contain a positive anode, a negative cathode and an electrolyte to carry the
charged particles through the cell. They also contain a catalyst which will increase the rate of the
reaction occurring. The electricity produced can then used to power various appliances. This, in
turn, creates a circuit with the current continually flowing in and out of the cell until the reaction
ceases . Recently the development metal–air batteries (which can be produced from a range of
metals from Aluminium to Zinc Primary and Secondary Batteries) have become very important.
They are used to power electric vehicles and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O2 + 2H2O+4e–→4OH– Hence the following radox reaction occurs : Mg→Mg2++2e– O2 +
H2O+4e–→4OH– 2Mg +O2+ 2H20→Mg2++4OH– The voltage theoretical voltage and specific
energy density of a magnesium–air fuel cell is 3.1V and 6.8kWhkg–1iii hence has the potential for
creating highly efficient fuel cells in the future. This coupled with the fact that there is no shortage
of Magnesium on the planet means that the resources, although finite, are unlikely to run out and so
Magnesium is an ideal material to use. Also the properties of the metal, such as reactivity, toxicity
etc are ideal for this applicationi. Materials Involved in the production of Magnesium Air Batteries
Anode As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312
) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap
and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily
stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the
positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell.
Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when
the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are

LG-300G
The LG – 300G is powered by a lithium ion battery 3.7V with a capacity of 800 mAh. The
dimensions of the battery are 5.29 cm x 3.39 cm x 0.45 cm. The battery works by an electrochemical
reaction done by the anode, cathode, and electrolyte [1]. This chemical interaction of the anode,
cathode, and electrolyte is the fundamental principles of what makes up a battery. An anode is a
positively charged electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery [3]. A cathode is
a negatively charged electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery [3]. The
electrolyte is a medium that allows the free flow of electrons between the anode and cathode [1].
During the electrochemical reaction, an anode is going through an

How Do Fuel Cells Work
How fuel cells work A fuel cell is a device that produces an electrical current through a chemical
reaction. All fuel cells contain a cathode and an anode, which are positive and negative electrodes,
respectively. The chemical reactions which produce electricity occur at the electrodes. Fuel cells
also contain an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles between the electrodes. A
catalyst also aids to speed up the chemical reaction at the electrodes. In fuel cells, an impurity must
serve as the electrolyte; if one uses distilled water for this experiment, it could serve only as the
control, because purified water does not contain any substances that react at the electrodes. Some
examples of impurities used as electrolytes in various types of fuel cells include ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of using hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to create electricity and end up with potable water.
This method very useful aboard spacecrafts allowing them to stay in space for a longer amount of
time because they can create their own water. The next most common type is molten carbonate the
electrolyte in this is carbonate salts. However this type of fuel cell tends to be slightly less efficient
due to the fact that they have to be melted before they can be used. Having a liquid electrolyte can
be difficult to handle and time consuming. It is however useful seeing as it refreshes the electrolyte
through every cycle.
The last form of fuel cells available is PEM (or Proton Exchange Membrane). The electrolyte for
this is a very thin polymer sheet. Unfortunately, this type can be extremely expensive because it is
required to have a platinum catalyst. A temperature of eighty degrees celsius must also be reached.
This fuel cell still resembles the basic form. It requires hydrogen atoms which have been striped
from their electrons, and the electrons pass through the exterior circuit, which creates electricity. At
the end, it meets with air to create

How Did Sir Humphry Davy Contribute To Chemistry
Sir Humphy Davy had many essential contributions to the study of chemistry and the periodic table
of elements. Sir Humphry Davy was a chemist from the late 18th and early 19th century from
England. His contributions and experiments were remarkably important to the discovery of various
elements, and his work with various gases. Sir Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778 and
raised in Penzance, Cornwall, England. At a young age, Davy was apprenticed to be a surgeon at 16
after he had lost his father, and then was educated at Penzance and Truron in Cornwall for medicine.
Davy was a very intelligent child and grew to become a very successful chemist. He was first
introduced to science by a scientist by the name of Robert Dunkin, and to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Davy was accepted into the Royal Society, "the oldest scientific academy for the fellowship of the
the world's most eminent scientist,"(royal society). He discovered electrolysis, the interactions of
electric currents with compound, which led to the isolation of sodium and potassium. Davy also
used electrochemistry to isolate the elements of the alkaline earth metals: boron, barium, strontium,
magnesium, and calcium. Davy was able to isolate the alkaline earth metals by using using batteries
made out of voltaic pile, and using the electric charge to separate the elements from their
compounds. His concept of electrolytic apparatus was he connected the battery to metallic disks that
were dipped into a liquid of the compound that he wanted separate (1, Kenyon). Davy alloyed the
compound with mercury so the water itself was not separated, and was able to produce with a
current, small clumps of the alkaline earth metals.(1, Kenyon) He also discovered boron, hydrogen
telluride, and hydrogen phosphide (phosphine)(Gibbs). He also worked with chlorine to prove that
Lavoisier's theory that all acids contained oxygen, but failed to due so because he did not know that
chlorine was actually a chemical element. Davy was a majorly important to the isolation of multiple
elements on the periodic table of elements, and the discovery of new elements and new

Chemistry Batteries: Negatively Charged Electro
Chemistry Batteries [Chemistry HSC Course–1]
An anode is the negatively charged electrode that loses electrons and also where oxidation takes
place.
A cathode is the positively charged electrode where different types of ions gain electrons and also
where reduction takes place.
Current is the rate of flow of electrons
The electrolyte in a cell is the chemical medium which separates the anode and cathode and allows
ions to move through to the anode and cathode.
Purpose/Background of a cell (Battery)
The are a wide variety of batteries for sale, but all have the same underlying concept. A battery is a
device that is able to store energy and when needed, convert that energy into electricity. Chemical
potential energy converts to electrical energy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two terminals (anode and cathode) are made of different chemicals but are typically metals and
the electrolyte which separates the terminals. The electrolyte is the chemical medium or a moist
solvent which allows the flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode, making the
reaction happen. When a device connects to the battery the reactions begin at the electrodes and the
magic begins.
Looking further into batteries(most batteries) during the discharge of electricity, the chemical on the
anode releases electrons to the negative terminal and ions into the electrolyte in a process called
oxidation. The positive terminal accepts these electrons and thus completes the circuit making the
flow of electrons. Between electrolyte solutions the ions move through the salt bridge to maintain
electrical

Power Lithium Ion Capacitor Using Carbon Silicon...
TUltrahigh power lithium ion capacitor using lithiated silicon oxycarbide and snake fruit rinds
activated carbon†
*a,b
In this study, we report reports an approach to form an exceptionally high–power lithium–ion
capacitor (LIC) using environmentally friendly lithiated silicone oxycarbide (SiOC) material derived
from phenyl–rich silicone oil as the anode and activated carbon via KOH activation of snake fruit
rinds (SKOH) as the cathode. A battery–type SiOC anode exhibited an incredibly high rate
capability in which one third of its initial capacity was maintained even after the discharge current
density increased up to 1,600 fold (from 0.05 to 80 A g–1). Moreover, the SKOH cathode
demonstrated a massive surface area of 2,638 m2 g–1 promoting a remarkably high capacitance.
When coupled to lihtium metal in a cell, the maximum power density of SKOH in LIC was 7.4 ×
106 W kg–1 at a current density of 103 W h kg–1 (a loading mass of c.a. 4 mg cm–2). The
optimized lithiated SiOC anode and SKOH cathode were paired in an LIC cell, providing a
maximum power density of 156,000 W h kg–1 at an energy density of 25 W h kg–1. Moreover, the
LIC demonstrates an outstanding cycle retention of 93% after 78,000 cycles. Introduction
The growing market of heavy–duty electrical vehicles has significantly increased the demand for
advanced energy storage systems that can deliver high power and energy density and long cycle
life.1–3 Although batteries have been successfully utilized in

Lab Report On The Electrode

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Lab Report On The Electrode