Theory And Developments Of The Direct Injection,...

Theory And Developments Of The Direct Injection,...
Abstract This paper reviews the concepts and developments of the direct injection, stratified charge
combustion engine; focusing on 4–stroke petrol commercial automotive applications. Introduction
The main objective of the direct injection (DI) stratified charge engine is to combine the benefits of
the petrol spark ignition (SI) engine, controlled and complete combustion of charge at full load; and
diesel compression ignition (CI) engines, lean burning and higher compression ratios and
efficiencies[1]. Direct injection Spark Ignition (Petrol Engine) Direct injection spark ignition (DISI)
engines are relatively new to the large scale commercial market, and are slowly becoming more
widespread. The demands for higher performance whilst realizing lower fuel consumption and
maintaining cleaner emissions, have the potential to be met by the direct injection spark ignition
engine[2]. The thermodynamic potential of DISI engines DISI engines have the potential to have
greater fuel economy that diesel engines at partial loadings though use of stratified charge and late
fuel injection; and have better performance than the naturally aspirated spark ignition engines at
high loads by operating under stoichiometric or slightly rich conditions utilizing early fuel injection
[3]. There are two basic strategies for preparing the air–fuel mixture used in direct injection
technology. Figure 1 illustrates the preparation of air fuel mixtures used to optimize both partial and
higher loads. At
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Pricing Strategy Of Proton
6.1 Product As one of the largest automobile manufacturers in Malaysia, the portfolio of Proton
models includes Saga, Wira, Waja, Gen.2, Persona, Savvy, Exora, Satria Neo and Perdana. The
product strategy of Proton is to introduce the right car, for the right market, at the right place and at
the right time. After the acquisition of Lotus, Proton adopts Mitsubishi and Lotus automobile
technology to improve the consumer confidence towards Proton's products and the quality of the
automobiles. Proton has always strived to produce innovative products to extend its market and
attract customers from categories in terms of age and income. In 2015, Proton has launched its new
product, Proton IRIZ. Proton IRIZ Proton IRIZ has 2 four–cylinder petrol ... Show more content on
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It has 2 distribution channels, Proton Edar and EON Proton, which has a reduction in number of
outlets to 302 outlets in 2008 to reduce the cost. Proton also has its products distributed globally to
various countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, United Kingdom and Australia to expand
its market. The company has also set up showrooms and service centrals at the main cities to attract
more local customers and provide convenience for the customers to obtain Proton's product and
receive services after sales. Meanwhile, Proton built its manufacturing plants in Shah Alam and
Tanjung Malim. The manufacturing plants comprise buildings with high technology such as
Automatic Line Control to achieve production

Case Study Of Swagen Emissions Scandal
Chapter 4: Case Studies
The best way to understand the numerous problems that have come as a consequence of corporate
misconduct in this modern world is through understanding and studying about the various cases of
high profile corporate misconduct that have occurred in recent times. In this project, the researcher
shall focus on the Satyam scandal, Volkswagen emissions scandal and the ENRON scandal.
Satyam scandal:
The Satyam scam occurred as a result of fraudulent auditing practices and poor corporate
governance regimes eventually resulting in corporate misconduct and one of the biggest scams India
has ever seen. The company misrepresented its accounts both to its board, stock exchanges,
regulators, investors and all other stakeholders. It was a case of fraud that misled the market and
various other stakeholders by lying about the company's financial health. Even basic facts such as
revenues, operating profits, interest liabilities and cash balances were grossly ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that many VW cars being sold in America had a
"defeat device" – or software – in diesel engines that could detect when they were being tested,
changing the performance accordingly to improve results. The German car giant has since admitted
cheating emissions tests in the US.
VW has had a major push to sell diesel cars in the US, backed by a huge marketing campaign
trumpeting its cars' low emissions. The EPA's findings cover 482,000 cars in the US only, including
the VW–manufactured Audi A3, and the VW models Jetta, Beetle, Golf and Passat. But VW has
admitted that about 11 million cars worldwide, including eight million in Europe, are fitted with the
so–called "defeat device".
The company has also been accused by the EPA of modifying software on the 3 litre diesel engines
fitted to some Porsche and Audi as well as VW models. VW has denied the claims, which affect at
least 10,000

The Safety Regulations Of The Automobile Industry
Now days the automobile industry has to stick to a large list of government regulations. While some
of them may just be focus on the driver comfort and an avoiding unnecessary distractions. The
government also has safety regulations which has to be strictly impose on every vehicle. Within
these safety regulations there is The Clean Air Act; an act to improve, strengthens, and accelerates
programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. But we always had criminals breaking
the rules of society. VW (Volkswagen) committed fraud by having their software engineers
programing the onboard engine management module (ECM) in order to obtain higher profits.
Of course they did not care about the consequences neither the harm they will be ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aristotle made clear that all humans seek to flourish. Well, Volkswagen, as a corporation, was trying
to flourish once more but not by good means. Also Aristotle pronounced that "man is a rational
creature who lives in poleis" and what make society are rules, rational rules. Is these are violated
there is going to be a possibility of encountering a highly corrupted society. Aristotle thinks we
should be upset if people do well undeservedly. This engineers fooled government authorities and
the public for more than five years. And this case is an indignant outcome of how low big
corporation can behave.
The Aristotelian ethics seeks Eudaimonia or what is call happiness. This is the goal of every human
being. The executives, who elaborated this fraud, mandate to have bigger profits because they want
to be happier or perhaps they just are vicious men. The software engineer's, that decide to obey,
want to keep their jobs in order to be happy. Also they thought that the public will be happier with
their new revolutionary product. It is good to know that criminal behavior is a sign that the resource
is lacking. Aristotle did raise a set of ethical questions that are directly relevant to corporate leaders
who wish to behave in ethical ways, even when Aristotle didn't know anything about

Turbo Charging. 2200cc Land Rover Tdci Engine
Turbo–charging
2200cc land rover TDCI engine found in the defender range which produces 120Hp (121ps) (90kW)
(120x0.75=90) which derived from the new Ford Range engine, the puma 2200cc engine has the
potential to produce much more Ps/kW, to which in this report the content will discuss the
arguments for and against tuning methods, which tuning packages are better for the puma engine.
Personally the turbocharging option is the way which would work better in my opinion TMD tuning
offer a vast range of solutions which may increase indicated power, such as turbocharging options
boost modules, etc. . . .
Turbo–technics technology offer a Hybrid Turbo for the Land rover Defender 2200cc engine which
produces more torque over a wider range compared to the original turbo unit the "power" produced
is moderately enhanced, this offers better driveability and gives the engine better responses to which
the Defender 90 feels more effective at off–roading and handles considerably better with the right
setup for the road.
The 2200cc puma engine is a good four cylinder engine which offers a good torque output and
replaces the TD5 "Lump" which in comparison seem to have the similar engine output figures, but
the TD5 is not as responsive personally as the TDCI 4 Cylinder Puma engine.
The parameters which are chosen diameter of the exhaust manifold, diameter of the pipe at the
turbine exit, efficiency of the turbocharger, location of the turbo charger and the packaging is also a
major

Manageiral Accounting Essay
Commerce 4AA3 Individual Final Assignment Chewbacca Motors International Students are
expected to analyze and answer all questions of this final examination without assistance and
consultation of any kind from any individuals. Please write down any assumptions you make to
answer the questions. Please show all supporting calculations where necessary. 1 Chewbacca Motors
International (CMI) is an international company in Canada that is currently organized into three
divisions, each of which is treated as an investment centre. Divisional performance evaluation and
managerial bonuses are based on achieving a 12% divisional return on investment (ROI). Divisional
ROI is calculated as pretax ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ID's only business activity is to sell pod racers imported from PD. ID pays a 20% import duty based
on the transfer price. Customs officials in Japan carefully monitor the invoices of imported
manufactured goods to ensure that the goods are priced at "fair values". The Government of Japan
considers any price between full production cost and 150% of full production cost to be within its
definition of fair value. Information on ID is provided in Exhibit 4. While ID is only two years old,
it has gained a significant market share in Japan by following a penetration pricing strategy. All
indications are that sales will continue to grow. In response to a recent inquiry by Hank Solo, ID's
manager indicated that the proposed increase in the cost of a pod racer from PD would lead him to
increase the ID sales price by $300 per unit causing volumes to decline to 1,700 per year. At the end
of their meeting, Hank Solo requested Elan Harrar to analyze the company's current situation,
including the TD manager's two proposals, and recommend improvements. Specifically, he would
like you to determine the impact of each proposal on the pretax income and return on investment for
each division and the company as a whole along with the behavioral implications of these proposals.
Hank Solo would also like a discussion of the relevant considerations in setting CMI's domestic and
international transfer pricing policies. Other issues, such as organization structure, performance

Is Mechanical Engineering Beng At Liverpool John Moores...
Introduction:– This essay is searching my selected major, which is Mechanical Engineering BEng at
Liverpool John Moores University. At first, it is investigating the reasons that made me choose this
major, and then compare its first year modules at LJMU with University of Liverpool. Lastly, it
presents an argument in thermodynamics, a module taught at the first year of Liverpool John
Moores University Mechanical Engineering BEng program, which is a comparison between the
efficiency of diesel and petrol engines. A:– A bachelor degree of Mechanical Engineering is my
selected major to study at Liverpool John Moores University. LJMU is one of the leading school in
teaching a practical degree of Mechanical Engineering. This degree provides ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The second factor is school, my teachers always told me about how amazing engineers are, and how
did they help building with other scientists our modern world, until I reached high school when I
first studied physics as a single subject. My physics teacher was the most to affect me by teaching
me about engines and they work and planting the love of mechanics and engineering into my soul
which kept growing with me as I grew older. Thirdly, since I was a kid I have loved mechanics and
engines and kept always trying to fix my toy cars, thinking about how they were made, and wanting
to drive so badly. Therefore, when was a teenager, I kept asking my older brother to teach me how to
drive. Fortunately, my older brother wanted me to learn how to drive quickly in order to throw our
house chores on me. Therefore, I kept learning how to drive, and my brother taught me how engines
works in simple words, and showed me how to keep maintenance of cars in general and engines in
specific. In conclusion, I have always wanted to study Mechanical Engineering for its great job
opportunities, my family recommendation, school encouragement, and personal experience. B:–
Mechanical Engineering BEng is a program taught at Liverpool John Moores University. This part
of the essay is going to compare it between Liverpool John Moores University, and University of
Liverpool based

The Effect Of Heat Engines On Energy Essay
An engine is a device, which transforms one form of energy into another form. While transforming
energy from one form to another, the efficiency of conversion plays an important role. Normally,
most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called 'heat
engines'. Heat engine is a device that transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy
and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to
mechanical energy in a heat engine. Fuel economy of engines is greatly improved from the past and
probably continued to be improved, increased in number of automobiles alone dictate that there will
be a great demand for fuel in the near future. Alternative fuel technology, availability, and use must
and will become more common in the coming decades. However, the use of an alternative fuel
decreases the break thermal efficiency of engines, due to lower calorific values compared to normal
petrol fuel. Also due to the high cost of petroleum products, some countries are developing and
trying to use alternative fuels for vehicles. Internal combustion engines are established as the main
power source for the automobile vehicles. At present emission norms become strict for any IC
engine. The main pollutants in SI engine are CO, UBHC, NOx, etc. from which CO and UBHC are
the most harmful component. Since emissions are byproducts of the combustion process, the main
body of petrol engine research is to work

The Challenges In The Case Of Tata Motors
Ratan Tata initiated and proposed to produce and deliver a passenger car at the Annual General
Meeting but his ideas were taken immaterial by industry experts at that point of time. His strong
determination and vision helped to complete Indica's project successfully.
Tata Motors faced many challenges in the process of moving to produce passenger cars from
producing commercial vehicles. They are as follows:
The industry benchmark for entry level cars was Maruti 800. Tata Motors without compromising
with quality have to develop a car with more spacious and cheaper than Maruti 800.
The degree of competition was very high. Fiat India had launched Uno, Hyundai had launched
Santro, Daewoo Motor had launched Matiz in small cars segment due to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Getting the license from the collaborator for manufacturing.
Outsourcing 80 % of the value of Indica from 200 odd vendors. As if the Tata Motors would
produced the products of their own it would incur high cost and difficult to compete in the market.
After the materials outsourced were received it were assembled.
Forming new alliances in order to save resources as well as reduce cost of manufacturing. Due to
formation of new alliances the lead time for manufacturing were also reduced as most of the
materials were outsourced.
Just in Time approach – Tata Motors had maintained the inventory levels. They applied just in time
inventory. It helped to keep inventory levels low which reduces the costs too.
Tata group also invested in companies like TACO, this is an example of overcoming the
competition.
The trusted supplier were whom the authority was given for manufacturing parts of the car.
Improvement programme was also organised which consisted of 13 steps. To know how the product
was performing. Regular check on the materials purchased from the suppliers were done to ensure
good

An Engine of this size and caliber can be described as a...
An Engine of this size and caliber can be described as a petrol power plant that can light the streets
of Belgium. Such power creates a lot of heat which is why the engine compartment was lined with
pure gold, the greatest heat reflector you can get your hands on. Yes gold, 3000 royal pounds of it,
more gold than the golden clock held up by Flavor Flav's shoulders.Murray Said, "On the 23rd of
December 1992, chassis number one was driven right on schedule for the very first time." This
marked a the dawn of a new era, the birth of the McLaren F1. The McLaren F1 was launched in
Monaco on Grand Prix weekend, all the celebrities and the super rich who had more money than
brains came out to see what the McLaren had in store for them. During ... Show more content on
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"And this was what McLaren was up against, the Porsche 959, the Ferrari F–40, and the Jaguar
Xj22, but ironically fate left McLaren with a rather good set of cards, because Jaguar allowed
speculators to get involved with the launch of the 22. The market became a bad garden and prices
crashed. The Italians said they will make just 400 F–40s, but being Italians they build a 1000, so it's
cachet was admittedly diluted. The 959 awesomely component thought it was and looked far too
much like the stock 911. It wasn't separate, it wasn't distinctive enough. No the undisputed lead of
the pack was still the McLaren F1 the world most exclusive sports car." – (Wilson )
Although at the time everything was in McLaren's Favor, they still face one problem. Who are we
going to sell these million dollar sports cars to? Well not only did Mclaren make the world greatest
car they made the worlds most expensive car. In 1993 McLaren made the first Million dollar car. If
you think the McLaren F1 was expensive then, they have only went up in price since. With more
cars becoming extinct, the last pre–owned McLaren F1 that was put up for auction was sold for
around 3.8 million dollars according

The Safety Regulations Of The Automobile Industry
Now days the automobile industry has to bind to a large list of government regulations. While some
may just be focusing on the driver comfort and avoiding unnecessary distraction, the government
has safety regulations which have to be strictly imposed on every vehicle. Within these safety
regulations, there is The Clean Air Act; an act to improve, strengthens, and accelerates programs for
the prevention and abatement of air pollution. But we always had criminals breaking the rules of
society. VW (Volkswagen) committed fraud by having their software engineers programing the on–
board engine management module (ECM) in order to obtain higher profits.
Of course they did not care about the consequences neither the harm they will be doing to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is just not in the best interest of any professional/engineer, nobody want to go to jail. It is clear
that there was some sort of pressure imposed by top executive of this company on these workers.
The company saw an opportunity since there is only a few diesel cars on the road. By introducing
diesel powered cars that offer better mpg than gasoline powered vehicles, they knew, they were
going to dominate the diesel market.
It was irresponsible to use the ECM, which was designed in part to monitor the emissions system
efficiency, to overlook this intended fault and provide an abstract feedback at the smog testing
facilities. Aristotle made clear that all humans seek to flourish. Well, Volkswagen, as a corporation,
was trying to flourish once more but not by good means. Also Aristotle pronounced that "man is a
rational creature who lives in poleis" and what make society are rules, rational rules. Is these are
violated, there is going to be a possibility of encountering a highly corrupted society. Aristotle thinks
we should be upset if people do well undeservedly. This engineers fooled government authorities
and the public for more than five years. And this case is an indignant outcome of how low big
corporation can behave.
The Aristotelian ethics seeks Eudaimonia or what is call happiness. This is the goal of every human

Difference Between Parallel Engine And External Combustion...
Intake stroke
In the internal combustion engine, the piston starts form the top. As the crankshaft rotates the piston
will start to move down which will allow the intake valve to open so air and fuel can flow inside the
combustion chamber. In this process, the mixture of air and fuel gets pulled in the combustion
chamber.
Compression stroke
During this stage, both intake and exhaust valve get closed. Due to this, as the piston moves
upwards, it compresses the air and fuel mixture
Combustion stroke
As the piston reaches close to the spark plug, the spark plug will cause a spark to burn the fuel and
the air mixture. This will cause the fuel and air mixture to explode which will cause the piston to go
downwards again.
Exhaust stroke
This is the final stage of the process where piston will move upwards to release the exhaust gas
through the exhaust valve. At the beginning of this stage, the exhaust valve will open to allow the
exhaust gas to release.
After the final stage, the piston will be left up where it originally stared from so the process can be
repeated.
Spark ignition and compression ignition engines
Both Spark ignition and compression ignition engines are really similar to each other. However they
both have different processor to burn the fuel as they both use different types of fuel types
(petrol/Diesel). Because of this, they both have different compression ratio.
Compression ignition engine are also know as diesel engine as they use diesel as a fuel. In

Study Of The Petrol ( Vvt Engines )
PROJECT REPORT On To study the petrol (VVT engines) and diesel (DDiS engines) Submitted to
Amĭty School of Engineering & Technology Amity University, Uttar Pradesh Submitted To:
Submitted By: Ms. MÉGHA SHARMA BHARGAB PAUL ABSTRACT Thé traĭnĭng projéct
éntĭtléd "To study thé pétrol (VVT éngĭnés) and dĭésél (DDĭS éngĭnés)" aĭms to study thé dĭfférént
typés of éngĭnés uséd and manufacturéd by Marutĭ Suzukĭ. ĭt also studĭés thé varĭous typés of
probléms occurréd ĭn thé éngĭnés ĭn runnĭng condĭtĭons. Thĭs projéct ĭs a thorough study of thé VVT
& DDĭS éngĭnés, théĭr uséfulnéss, théĭr éffĭcĭéncy and théĭr hĭgh pérformancé dué to théĭr néw
téchnology. ĭt also ĭncludés thé casé studĭés of thé cars whĭch wéré réportéd to thé workshop havĭng
éngĭné rélatéd probléms. ÉNGĭNÉ GÉNÉRAL ĭNFoRMATĭoN AND DĭAGNoSĭS Éngĭné Dĭagnosĭs
Général Dĭscrĭptĭon: Thé éngĭné and émĭssĭon control systém ĭs thĭs véhĭclé aré controlléd by ÉCM
(Éngĭné control modulé), ÉCM has an oBD (on –board Dĭagnosĭs) systém whĭch détécts a
malfunctĭon ĭn thĭs systém and abnormalĭty of thosé parts that ĭnfluéncé thé éngĭné éxhaust
émĭssĭon. Whén dĭagnosĭng éngĭné troublés, bé suré to havé full undérstandĭng of thé outlĭné of
"oBD Systém déscrĭptĭon" Théré ĭs a closé rélatĭonshĭp bétwéén thé éngĭné

Impact Of The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution changed Europe in numerous ways. Between the 18th and 20th centuries
in Europe the Industrial Revolution helped advance many things like the military, industry, domestic
politics, international politics, colonialism, and science. The Industrial Revolution was an enormous
turning point in people's relationship with their society. The Industrial Revolution changed about
every part of people's life and lifestyles. Peoples live had been improved because of all the
improvements like development, health and life durability, and social improvements. The Industrial
Revolution basically helped shape our society into what we know as today.
The Military was highly affect by the Industrial Revolution. New weapons and new military tactics
and strategy were invented by the Revolution. Some of the improvements we black powder cannons,
conical bullets and rifles. It went from gigantic steel–clad naval vessels that ran the seas to the tanks
that ran the lands, then it went to the new airplanes that ruled the skies and even after that the atomic
bomb was created. The gunpowder has been around for a while but with all the new technology it
has been improved. The invention of interchangeable parts made a lot of weapons more better like
the rifles and handguns. It made it a lot easier to just get a new part for your gun instead of having to
get a whole new gun. New ways of communication and transportation was invented. The railroads
were used to transport soldiers to

The Importance Of The First Industrial Revolution
The human race has gone through many changes throughout history and one of the greatest most
crucial changes was Industrial Revolution. The First Industrial Revolution can go back to the 1790s,
and is very interesting that how it was caused by a whole set of social and economic factors. Before
the first industrial revolution, the economic surplus was almost zero and agriculture was the basic
economic activity where populations were not even given a single opportunity to enjoy the benefits
of higher living standards. The First Industrial Revolution was occurred in England between 1750
and 1850 where the transformation of Britain from a Neolithic nation into an industrious nation was
seen. It came as an urgent and unexpected response to the rapid growth of population, introduction
of many different laws England, and an increase in food production (Hooker, 1996). It spread very
quickly throughout the world, introducing the modernization of agriculture and manufacturing of
textile. The first revolution mainly focused on the production of new textile machinery, iron
manufacturing, improved methods of coal production and various agriculture techniques.
New laws made peasants to leave their lands and move to the cities increasing urban population.
This also led to the redistribution of income opportunities. With the emergence of mercantilism and
with the pursuit of wealth turning into the major social value in England, more and more people
found it necessary to achieve better

Case Study: Tata Nexon
Meta Description: The Nexon is Tata's new compact SUV that will compete with Vitara Brezza and
EcoSport. Its USP is a new design that may appeal to young buyers.
Description: A coupe–like compact SUV, Tata Nexon has some dramatic features that make it
special. It is expected to be launched later this year and may be priced aggressively to steal buyers
from Vitara Brezza.
===========================
Upcoming Car: Tata Nexon
Expected Launch: Mid – Late 2017
Expected Price: Rs 7 lakh to 10 lakh
Tata Nexon – the compact SUV that was exhibited at the Auto Expo 2016 was expected to be
launched in the same year but the wait for it still continues. We now hear that the car may reach
showrooms around mid of 2017. It has been caught being tested on the roads several times. Having
upped its design and style quotient, Tata Motors successfully made the Nexon a show stealer at the
Auto Expo. There were more queries about its launch date than the expected price. ... Show more
To please the trendy, young buyers it is now getting a compact SUV in the Nexon. It will compete
against Maruti Vitara Brezza, Ford Eco Sport and Mahindra TUV 300.
Nexon is built on the heavily–modified X1 platform of Indica and after Tiago and Hexa, it's the third
Tata to embody the new Impact Design language. And the makers have devised this vehicle to break
from the convention of boxy silhouette that a compact SUV usually has. This is also a risky
proposition as buyers usually associate SUVs with upright stance and spacious cabin. What Tata
Motors is bringing is a concept of 'SUV

Reduction Of Carbon Diesel Engines And Catalytic Converter
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINES AND CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN
GASOLINE ENGINES Uppu.Nagaraju1, M.V. Sirisha2
1M.Tech Student, 2 Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DR.SAMUEL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARKAPURAM–523316, PRAKASAM DIST, ANDHRA PRADESH
ABSTRACT
The main concern of today's automobile industry is to reduce the amount of emissions (HC, CO,
NOx) to meet stringent emission norms. These emission norms can be obtained by modification in
in–cylinder combustion process or after treatment process. It's not possible to achieve the emission
norms by in–cylinder process alone. So, in this project, we make an attempt to reduce the emissions
by the after treatment process. The scope of our project is to reduce emissions in both gasoline and
diesel engines. In the after treatment process, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology
dominates the heavy duty diesel engines and catalytic convertor plays an important role in the
current era of gasoline engines. In this an attempt made to reduce NOx emissions by SCR
technology. In this work, we used Zeolite ZSM–5 as catalyst which was assisted by urea injection in
the exhaust tail pipe. It has been observed that 10 to 12% of NOx was reduced compared to existing
engine set–up.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rise in civilization is closely related to improvements in transportation. In the development of
transport the internal combustion engines, both petrol and diesel engines, occupy a very

Research Paper On Mahindra Cars
Best and affordable Mahindra cars in India Now a days, the potential buyers are interested in buying
the best and affordable cars, which fulfil their requirements with a comfortable and enjoyable
driving. The final goal of the customers is to get the ultimate car in the huge list of variety models in
the passenger car market. Mahindra & Mahindra, the Indian utility vehicle company, offers the best
and affordable cars in the Indian market. The company is specialised in offering utility vehicles,
compromising SUVs, compact (sub–4metre) SUVs, and MUVs. Moreover, Mahindra is the first
Indian company entered in the electric car segment in order to meet the government's regulations.
Find out the following list of best and affordable Mahindra cars in the domestic car market.
Mahindra KUV 100: The KUV 100 is the sub–4metre trendy vehicle from Mahindra and launched
in January, 2016 with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the facelifted version of the Mahindra Quanto but, the compact SUV comes with the dual tone
interior theme, flexible 7–seat arrangement, 60:40 foldable seats, as well. The automatic versions
available in six different colors and the NuvoSport car replaced the existing Quanto model. Price:
Rs. 7.43lakh – Rs. 9.88 lakh Mahindra Scorpio: The Scorpio is the Mahindra's highest selling SUV
offered in two kinds of turbocharged diesel engines, 2.2–litre and 1.99–litre with the CRDI
(Common Rail Diesel Injection) fuel system. The 1.99–litre Scorpio models only available in the
National Capital reason while the 2.2–litre models offered in the rest of the places in India. It is
available in both rear–wheel and four–wheel drive versions. Very recently, the carmaker has
introduced the special edition, Scorpio Adventure with the special effects on the exterior design.
Price: Rs. 9.41lakh to Rs. 15.14lakh Mahindra XUV

How Did Steam Boats Impact The World
People strongly believe steam boats had a positive outcome to our world. Steam boats were invented
during the industrial revolution and are still being used till this very day. The invention of steam
boats has been highly successful not just for the economy but society as well. Profits and travel has
rapidly increased ever since the steam boat was created during the industrial revolution. Manpower
was no longer needed to be used and steam was officially the source to success by powering the
engine of the steam boat. Steamboats are one of the most popular boats to this very day and is an
astonishing way of transportation of goods and people. Steam boats were definitely a positive
impact to the world, and had made a gigantic profit to communities and businesses. ... Show more
Robert first begun as a painter working for cordial which was a very famous drink company at the
time, they would show none of his style and rarely use his paintings. After retiring from painting, he
became interested in both steam engines and boats. In 1802 Fulton Livingston met Robert, who then
agreed to help in the creation of steam boats. They ordered their first engine in 1803 but it was not
allowed to be exported until 1806 as it needed to be tested for safety and development conditions.
After the creation of the boat was approved to set sail, they went on a voyage from New York city to
Albany. They then named their ship Clermont which carried over 100 passengers each voyage,
mostly from New York city and Albany. It broke the record of traveling 40 miles in the time period
of 8 hours during the industrial revolution. This invention was a huge success during the industrial
revolution as more and more people needed to be transported due to the baby boom year, The steam
boat was turned from an idea into very successful

Louis Zamperini Research Papers
The person i am doing this project on is Louis Zamperini. I named one of the five after Louis. He
was a troubled child growing in extreme prejudice for being italian but he wasn't a angel. He stole
from bakeries, houses, and wine cellars. He once got three kegs of wine which were probably
weighing twenty pounds each. He made small loot stashes. His brother pete found one and his was
caught.
Louie was always foreshadowed. His father and mother would always say "why can't you be more
like your brother." i am just going to last the things he did; when he was two with pneumonia he
streaked around his town and it took hours to catch him.
He got a pea shooter and shoot the girls around to school in a makeshift crows nest,he left wine kegs
under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They all jumped on and sat for a brief moment asking themselves did that really just happen.phil
died in the middle of the 47 days they were trapped on the raft. But it wasn't over Louie and Mac
were captured by japanese soldiers and were held in pow camps. They were tortured,beaten,
malnourished. Louie had it the worst he was seeked out by a high ranking japanese soldier
,Mutsuhiro Watanabe he was called "the bird" Louie was traumatized by the man and would make
up in a cold sweat every night because of him. But later "the bird" was moved to a different camp.
IT was the happiest moment louie had in months.
Things were good in his P.o.w camp for awhile and he was even moved to a different one where it
was warmer. But it was the most horrible thing Louie could imagine, bird was at the new camp.all
hope was lost until the bombs were dropped:little boy and fatman decimated japan. Men in the P.o.w
camps don't know what to do. They found care packages sent by the U.S and gorged on them until
help came to take Louie and the P.o.w survivors back to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Stepping Machines
the most straightforward gadget that can be connected to CNC machines since it can change over
advanced information into real mechanical relocation. It is not important to have any simple to–
computerized converter nor criticism gadget for the control framework. They are in a perfect world
suited to open circle frameworks. In any case, Stepping engines are not generally utilized as a part
of machine devices because of the accompanying disadvantages moderate rate, low torque, low
determination and simple to slip if there should be an occurrence of over–burden. Samples of
venturing engine application are the attractive head of floppy–plate drive and hard circle drive of
PC, daisy–wheel sort printer, X–Y tape control, and CNC EDM Wire–cut machine ... Show more
Automatic Mode (Auto and Single Block):– In this mode the framework permits the execution of a
section program ceaselessly. The part program is executed piece by square. While one piece is being
executed, the following square is perused by the framework, broke down and kept prepared for
execution. Execution of the project can be one piece after another consequently or the framework
will execute a square, stop the execution of the following square till it is started to do as such (by
squeezing the begin button).Selection of part program execution ceaselessly (Auto) or one square at
once (Single Block) is done through the machine control board. Numerous frameworks permit
squares (single or different) to be backtracked the other way. Square follow is permitted just when a
cycle step state is built up. Part program execution can resume and its execution starts with the
followed piece. This is valuable for device investigation or if there should arise an occurrence of
hardware breakage. Project begin can be affected at any piece in the system, through the BLOCK
SEARCH

Quantitative Study Of Heat And Enthalpy Changes
PART A
Thermochemistry is the quantitative study of heat and enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.
Enthalpy (H) "... is a measure of the total energy possessed by a substance or group of substances."
(Smith 2006, pp. 289). The change in enthalpy (∆H) of a substance is defined as the heat absorbed
or released during a chemical reaction.
A car motor works by converting petrol, also known as chemical energy, to kinetic energy, therefore
assisting with the movement of a car.
A chemical reaction, known as combustion, occurs in the car motor. A combustion reaction consists
of a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen (O2) to give the products carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O). A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting simply of Hydrogen (H2) and Carbon (C), methane
(CH4) and diesel (C12H23) are examples of a hydrocarbon. The chemical equation for a combustion
reaction is as follows: Hydrocarbon + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water. The combustion reaction
of methane (CH4) is: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l), the combustion reaction of ethane
is: 2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 (g)  4 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) and the combustion reaction for butane is
2C4H10 (g) +13O2 (g)  8CO2 (g) +10H2O (g). If combustion takes place internally, the engine is
referred to as an internal combustion engine. A diesel engine is an example of this. Internal
combustion engines convert the chemical energy in fuel to mechanical energy via an exothermic
reaction.
An internal combustion engine, mainly consists of a

Honda Hrv Essay
The Complete Dimensions of Honda HRV Honda HRV is based on the Honda Jazz platform. Honda
HRV is different from Jazz through length, width and height. Therefore, the large interior space can
be expected. It is more important to describe about dimensions of HRV. The dimensions are also an
important fact which differentiates between honda hrv vs crv. Dimensions of HRV is explained as
below, Exterior Dimensions: HRV is taller and longer in comparison with Renault Captur. HRV's
length is 4,294 mm. HRV is measured in width is 1,770 mm. The height of HRV is 1,605 mm and
wheel base is measured as 2,610 mm. Interior Dimensions: The basic trade of Honda is making
anyone to feel like being in spacious surface. Therefore, HRV is not different from that. In terms of
honda hrv interior, Honda HRV has spacious headroom, legroom and shoulder room. The front
headroom of Honda HRV is 985mm and read headroom of HRV is 945mm. The elbow room is
measured as 1,240mm. The front knee room is accounted to be 495mm and back knee room is
designed in 480mm. Capacity To Store Luggage: The 2016 honda hr–v lx has 470 liters measured
boot with back seats. With the back seats folded, boot measures 1,533 liters. If you want to enhance
luggage capacity of HRV, just use "magic seat" system. It will enable the back seat base to be
flipped up. Capacity Of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Honda says that, HRV has 58.8 cubic feet storage space or 24.3 cubic feet behind second row seat. It
remains more flexible than any of its rivals. HRV has earned 5 star rating from Federal Government.
The 2016 honda hr–v has a standard back view camera and tire pressure monitors. Beyond these, it
also has usual traction systems and airbags. If you expect for $19,995, base HRV will be available
with power windows, locks, mirrors, rear view camera, telescope steering, steering wheel audio
controls and Bluetooth and audio

John Froehlich Research Paper
r centuries farming had been down with manual labor and animals. Beginning in the early 1800's
steam powered engines and other mechanical devices began to be used in agriculture and farming.
John Froehlich helped make permanent changes to farming with his invention of the 'traction
engine'.
John Froelich was born in 1849 in Iowa and attended school in Galena, Illinois, and in Iowa. While
in college he became interested in engineering, and farming and agriculture. After he graduated from
college, he built the first petrol–powered 'traction engine' that would move both forward and
backward. The 'tractor', as these machines would come to be known, had a 16 horsepower engine
and could pull an implement forward as well as go backward. The name 'tractor' was derived ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike animals and people, tractors did not get tired, although they did breakdown frequently and
their moving parts were dangerous. Because tractors were much stronger than horses, machines
which had been powered by horses could now be more easily powered with tractors.
Many improvements have been made on the tractor since the model John Froelich invented in 1892.
The first tractor had three wheels and was clumsy to move. Eventually tractors would be made with
four wheels which made them easier to drive and more stable when moving. The invention of the
tractor would also lead to the invention of the Caterpillar or 'crawler' which worked much like the
tractor except it used tracks instead of wheels. These machines proved especially useful in places
like the California which had heavier soil. The invention of the tractor also lead to the invention of
powered hydraulics to lift heavy machinery and the 'power take–off' allowing the tractor to be used
more efficiently as a power source to other machines while the tractor was stationary or moving.
These improvements and inventions have led to many types of machines which have made farming
more efficient and

Common Rail Direct Injection
INTRODUCTION
CRDi stands for Common Rail Direct Injection meaning, direct injection of the fuel into the
cylinders of a diesel engine via a single, common line, called the common rail which is connected to
all the fuel injectors.
Whereas ordinary diesel direct fuel–injection systems have to build up pressure anew for each and
every injection cycle, the new common rail (line) engines maintain constant pressure regardless of
the injection sequence. This pressure then remains permanently available throughout the fuel line.
The engine's electronic timing regulates injection pressure according to engine speed and load. The
electronic control unit (ECU) modifies injection pressure precisely and as needed, ... Show more
These systems have a fuel injector for each cylinder, usually located so that they spray right at the
intake valve. These systems provide more accurate fuel metering and quicker response.
DIRECT INJECTION SYSTEMS
Direct injection means injecting the fuel directly into the cylinder instead of premixing it with air in
separate intake ports. That allows for controlling combustion and emissions more precisely, but
demands advanced engine management technologies.
Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines don't need ignition system. Due to the inherent property of
diesel, combustion will be automatically effective under a certain pressure and temperature
combination during the compression phase of Otto cycle. Normally this requires a high compression
ratio around 22 : 1 for normally aspirated engines. A strong thus heavy block and head is required to
cope with the pressure. Therefore diesel engines are always much heavier than petrol equivalent.
The lack of ignition system simplifies repair and maintenance, the absence of throttle also help. The
output of a diesel engine is controlled simply by the amount of fuel injected. This makes the
injection system very decisive to fuel economy. Even without direct injection, diesel inherently
delivers superior fuel economy because of leaner mixture of fuel and air. Unlike petrol, it can
combust under very lean mixture. This inevitably reduces power output

Aqua Silencer
ABSTRACT
Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. The
main pollutants contributed by automobiles, electric power generating stations, industrial and
domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. are carbon monoxide (CO),
unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. An aqua silencer is an attempt
mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. The noise and smoke level is considerably less
than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.
Table of Contents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Particulars | Page No. | 2.1 | Catalytic converter | 6 | 2.2 | Exhaust gas circulations | 8 | 2.3 |
Conventional muffler | 9 | 3.1 | Perforated tube | 17 | 3.2 | Reducer | 18 | 4.1 | Metal container | 19 |
4.2.1 | Tube without perforations | 20 | 4.2.2 | Cross sectional view of perforated tube with charcoal
layer | 20 | 4.2.3 | Perforated tube | 20 | 4.3 | Cross sectional view of reducer | 21 | 5.1 | Activated
charcoal | 22 | 5.2 | Magnified view of activate charcoal | 23 |
List of Tables
Table No. | Particulars | Page No. | 1.1 | | | 1.2 | | | 1.3 | | | 1.4 | | | 1.5 | | | 1.6 | | | 2.1 | | | 2.2 | | | 2.3 | | |
2.4 | | | 2.5 | | | 2.6 | | | 2.7 | | | 4.1 | | | 6.1 | | | 6.2 | | | 6.3 | | |
1.1 AIR Pollution
Air Pollution can be defined as addition to our environment of any material which will have
detorious effect on life and planet is called as air

Essay Internal Supplies by Kamp Motors
Case Study: Internal Supplies by Kamp Motors
CASE:
Involves two companies namely:
1. Vecu ▪ A French company that produces cars, Lorries, buses and agricultural machinery.
2. Kamp ▪ One of Vecu's subsidiaries ▪ An International leader in the field of engine production ▪
Develops racing car engines for many years
Kamp produces four main types of car engines
Type 1 – conventional type / sells externally
Type 2, 3 & 4 – high tech types / sell internally
Financial Data on Kamp Motors 2001 (x €1 million)
Sales = 361
External Cost = 204
Staff = 98
Depreciation = 20
An important order in 2002 (Develop Type 2A engine)
Quantity = 5000 engines
Variable cost per unit = 2500
Full cost per unit = ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my own opinion the transfer price that Kamp should insist on for the Type 2A engine now is
€3450 per unit. This is using the principle of the minimum transfer price which is the variable cost
plus the profit if it sells its engines externally then adds the cost of €200 of developing the Type 2A
engine. However in the future the price may increase because fixed cost will be added as capacity
may become a problem with the expected rise of demand for cars and engines, and also if Kamp is
allowed to sell externally the type 2, 3, and 4 engines, so the price in the future should be €4750.
The proposed transfer price now is also lower than the expected prices from Black and FER so it
should not be a problem with Guy Mercier who is pressuring Kamp to sell the engine at a reasonable
price so that he can raise profit and bonus for his division.
Problem No. 2

Please discuss the possibilities of increasing Kamp's profit by using the formula for basic cost per
unit and by reorganizing. Please use a concrete example to indicate how the board of Kamp can
manipulate the unit costs for the types 2, 3, and 4 by reorganizing its cost information system. How,
do you think, can the boards of the Vecu concern and the MB division determine whether Kamp
manipulates data on unit costs?
Answer:
Kamp usually supply 4 types of engines, type 2, 3

Diesel Is the Better Choice for a Greener Earth and Poor...
Diesel Is the Better Choice for a Greener Earth and Poor man's Wallet than Petrol On the planet
Earth, there are over 5,000,000 cars running on the streets everyday, taking people from destination
to destination. Of these cars, there are ones that run on petroleum, diesel, ethanol, electricity, and
steam. In North America, there is a majority of petroleum or gasoline fueled cars, while Europe has
a mixture of both petroleum cars and diesel cars; petroleum and diesel cars each have their
advantages and disadvantages. At the moment, there are more petroleum cars than diesel cars in
North
America. With the technology today, the "inherently dirty" (Lloyd) diesel powered automobiles are
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diesel fuel has a higher energy density than petroleum therefore it provides more energy per
volume.
By getting more energy with the same volume ultimately provides a greater appeal to general
consumers as fuel is sold by volume, not weight. Moreover the greater energy per volume allows for
better fuel economy. This relates to another subject which is highlighted in the eyes of general
consumers, the performance and efficiency of the two types of engines. There are conservative
drivers, and then there are drivers who are in constant need for speed. Sadly for all the racer blooded
drivers, diesel cars may not be what they want, due to pre–mixing of fuel and air the petrol engine
operates at higher speed than diesel, but also limits the overall efficiency. Thus most performance
cars and sport cars are generally made with petrol engines to accommodate the high speed. In
addition, mechanically, diesel engines are heavier than petrol engines due to how the diesel engines
are constructed. Diesel engines needs to be at a larger displacement than petrol engines and
withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition. Yet, with the heavier build it also
allow car enthusiasts to acquire a tremendous amount of power and efficiency with the aid of a
turbocharger. Alan Lloyd and Thomas Cackette of the
California Air Resources Board, reasons that Turbochargers reduce both Nitrogen Oxides and
Particle Matter

Ic Engine Essay
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO:– SUBMITTED BY:–
Mr. Nilesh Kr. Dokania Shubham Kumar A12405413027 B.Tech (MAE)
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
I C ENGINE is an engine, where the combustion of fuel ( in general fossil fuel ) occurs with an
oxidizer ( usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow
circuit.
In an I C ENGINE, the expansion of the high pressure and high pressure gases produced by
combustion apply direct force to some component of engine.
I C ENGINES include spark ignition(SI) engines using petrol as a fossil fuel, and compression
ignition (CI) engines ( usually referred to as disesel engines) using fuel oil, etc as a fuel.
PROCESSES ( in sequence ) in these engines:
# compression
# combustion
# expansion
# induction / exhaust
Two basic mechanical disigns to achieve these four processes in either:
FOUR STROKES of the piston– hence the four stroke engine, or
TWO STROKES of the piston – hence the two stroke engine.
THE MAIN TYPES OF IC ENGINE ARE:
F NORMALLY VARIES WITH CYLINDER VOLUME: Thus the fundamental output of a
reciprocating internal combustion engine can be considered to be torque – it is theoretically
produced even when engine speed ( RPM ) is zero.
THE TORQUE FLUCTUATIONS ARE SMOOTHED OUT BY:– Multi–cylinder arrangement The
use of a flywheel
So that

Holden Marketing Mix
Assessment 2 Marketing mix Review and Recommendations Report
My brand is V6 Holden Commodore
Short review about Holden in Australia;–
The history of Holden dates back to 1856 when it started as a saddler business in South Australia.
Today Holden is one of only seven fully–integrated global General Motors operations that designs,
builds and sells vehicles for Australia and the world.
Holden has its headquarters in Port Melbourne, with an engine manufacturing plant on–site and
vehicle manufacturing operations in the northern Adelaide suburb of Elizabeth and it is represented
by more than 300 dealerships nationwide.
Holden's Vehicle Operations produce 45 variants from two architectures, including HSV, from six
vehicle body styles for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Target Audience and Positioning Holden Commodore Target Market is the Loyal Customers who
have bought Holden Commodore Vehicles in the past and still buying it now which is attracting
more people to buy these cars. Holden commodore target market is the young people and the adults
from the middle class in the big markets in the big cities, which everyone can see those cars and buy
it with medium prices. Holden commodore positioning is great in the Australian market comparing
with the other brands cars in the market, people is starting to buy more commodore cars by time
because of their high quality performance and the strong body with the different lifestyle inside the
car from the colours and the leather seats with some other awesome features. Holden commodore
cars are getting more attention than before that because of the new technology used in those cars
which makes the Holden commodore highlighted among the other cars, Holden Commodore started
to gain a greater interest from the female market, by introducing the new Candy Pink option in their
new colour range.
Our loyal customers 69%
* Marketing mix elements
The V6 Holden Commodore safety features (Product)
Marketing mix elements of Holden V6 commodore:Driver front airbag
Certain airbags
Passenger's front airbag

Safety Cell
Side Impact Airbags
Electronic stability

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Environment
CHAPTER–4
POLLUTION DUE TO EMISSIONS
IC engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process. The emissions exhausted
into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes following problems.
Global warming
Acid rain
Smog
Odors
Respiratory and other health hazards.
The major causes of these emissions are non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen,
and impurities in the fuel and air. The emissions of concern are unburnt hydro carbons (HC), oxides
of carbon (COX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulphur (SOX) and solid carbon particulates.
It is the dream of engineers and scientists to develop engines and fuels such that very few quantity
of harmful emissions are generated, and these could be let into the surroundings without a major
impact on the environment. However with the present technology this is not possible, and after
treatment of the exhaust gases as well as in cylinder reduction of emissions is important.
4.1 AIR POLLUTION DUE TO IC ENGINES
Until the middle of the 20th century the number of IC engines in the world was so small that the
pollution they caused was tolerable. During that period the environment, with the help of sunlight,
stayed relatively clean. As world population grew, power plants, factories, and an ever–increasing
number of automobiles began to pollute the air to the extent that it is no longer acceptable. During
the late 1940s, air pollution as a problem was first recognized in the Los – Angeles basin

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interiors
The Interiors Getting into the KUV100 is easy with high–set seats and the design of the dashboard
with drooping borders is distinct and appealing. The cabin is spacious and airy. The dashboard does
not spread in all to the way to the floor and the gear lever is placed higher up on the centre console.
This frees up space for a seat in middle of the two front seats, making up for a special 6–seater
version.
The middle 'seating position' in this variant does not seem very comfortable to sit on, but in India
where large families often travel together, this arrangement will work well for small children. A lap
belt has been provided for restraint. Three adults sitting together here will not be comfortable on
long journeys. If you fold down the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This 1.2 litre engine uses a cast iron block and aluminium head. It makes 77 bhp at 3750 rpm and
19.37 kgm torque at 1750 rpm – 2250 rpm.
Start up on the ignition and the engine seems responsive from the word go but with its three cylinder
capacity, it comes into its own when the turbo has spooled up and that happens after 1900 rpm.
Beyond this, you get enough pulling power. While there is no sudden increase in power delivery and
the engine does not rev quickly but you still get it in a linear way and there is constant build up of
power that makes driving in the city convenient.
You don't even need to change gears frequently. A little push down on the pedal gives you adequate
overtaking power. Although there is good amount of pulling power for city driving, this engine fades
out in higher rpm zones. You can go 100 km/hour at 2600 rpms.
The refinement level is fine for a three–cylinder diesel engine. At idling the diesel clatter is audible
but on the road the noise levels are controlled well. Gear shifts seem satisfactory and the short gear
lever stick is good to use. Throws are slick and short. We expected a little more progressive action
from the

Study Of The Petrol ( Vvt Engines ) And Diesel
PRoJECT REPORT on To study the petrol (VVT engines) and diesel (DDiS engines) Submitted to
Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University, Uttar Pradesh Submitted To:
Submitted By: Ms. MÉGHA SHARMA BHARGAB PAUL ABSTRACT Thé training projéct
éntitléd "To study thé pétrol (VVT énginés) and diésél (DDiS énginés)" aims to study thé différént
typés of énginés uséd and manufacturéd by Maruti Suzuki. it also studiés thé various typés of
probléms occurréd in thé énginés in running conditions. This projéct is a thorough study of thé VVT
& DDiS énginés, théir uséfulnéss, théir éfficiéncy and théir high pérformancé dué to théir néw
téchnology. it also includés thé casé studiés of thé cars which wéré réportéd to thé workshop having
énginé rélatéd probléms. Déscription of Éléctric Throttlé Systém Calibrations: ÉCM calculatés
controlléd opéning of thé throttlé valvé on thé basis of thé complétély closéd throttlé valvé position
of thé éléctric throttlé control systém. Thé complétély closéd position data is savéd in mémory of
ÉCM. Howévér , thé complétély closéd position of thé throttlé valvé of thé éléctric throttlé control
systém (signal voltagé from throttlé position sénsor whén throttlé is complétély closéd) différs oné
from thé othér dépénding on individual différéncés of thé throttlé

Analysis of Lubricants in India
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Market Segmentation 3. Supply and demand of lubricants 4. Market players and
their market share 5. Product and their market share 6. Price of lubricants 7. Product promotion 8.
References
Introduction
High growth in Indian automotive, power and engineering is creating new opportunities for
lubricant manufacturer. The report gives an analysis of lubricant markets in India. It also highlights
the different market players and their market share. It also covers the market size and structure,
major player and market share of their products. The report gives analysis of both automotive as
well as industrial lubricant market.
Market Segmentation
The lubricant industry can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advances are strongest in the Asia/Pacific region due to on–going rapid industrialization as well as
rising car ownership rates. Both of these trends will also favor healthy growth in the Africa/Mideast
region and Latin America. Meanwhile, the greater availability of advanced, high performance
lubricants, greater global competition and increasingly stringent environmental rules result in
reduced or negative growth in lubricant demand in the more developed countries of North America
and Western Europe, as well as in Eastern Europe and Japan.
Sources: www.klinegroup.com
With the automotive business in deep trouble in most parts of the world, China and India continue to
surge ahead with production to meet consumers' growing demand for cars. Just as the Western
world's love affair with the automobile spawned a major industrial and cultural shift, the growing
car park in China and India is driving an evolution–not only in consumer mobility, but also in
lubricant demand, creating vast opportunities for lubricant and basestock marketers.Once the
powerhouse of worldwide production, the U.S. auto industry has suffered severely at the hands of a
protracted recession. Between lagging consumer demand and financial pressures, the entire NAFTA
region has been weakened. However, on the other side of the globe, China and India are surging
ahead with automotive production

A Brief Note On Porsche 's Engine Downsizing
Porsche's Engine Downsizing
There are more than one billion cars in the world right now and this number is increasing everyday
due to the demand of the cars. Most of the cars in the world have big engines right now. What a big
engine means is the eight cylinder V8, ten cylinder V10, or twelve cylinder V12 engines. Those
types of engines have been used for many years in the car industry. All the car manufacturers prefer
to use those engines because people like them and thinking that more cylinder means more power.
For many years those car manufacturers have not realized one thing that big engines emission rates
are really bad and those engines are actually creating tons of carbon monoxide because they have
more cylinders. Basically more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porsche started to downsize their engines to fit their engine emission rates to the new rules. By that
move, Porsche was one of the first sports car manufacturer that started to downsize their engines.
Downsizing the engine mean is actually pretty simple. They are actually taking 4.8 liter, eight
cylinder V8 engine and changing it with the 3.6 liter, six cylinder V6 engine. When they are making
the engine smaller, they are also adding that engine a turbocharger to make it much powerful as the
bigger engine. (Turbocharger is helping the engine to get more air to the pistons to increase it is
performance) Most of the Porsche customers thought bigger engines were stronger and it makes the
car go faster. Actually, it is not true because when they add turbochargers to the engine, it makes the
car much powerful as the bigger engines. Another thing about the downsizing the engine is the fact
that, when the manufacturer downsizes the engine they are actually making the car lighter. When a
car becomes lighter, it is actually goes faster than the previous models because it has much power as
the old model, but it is lighter. However in order to prove their small engines performance to their
customers, in 2014 Porsche started to compete in the FIA WEC 24 hour races to test their new
downsized engines to see their performance and reliability in long endurance races.

The Positives And Economic Impacts Of The Industrial...
Described as the rapid development of industry, characterized by the use of steam power, growth of
factories, mass production of manufactured goods, and most critically, by the introduction of
machinery into our daily lives; one can indisputably say that the period of the Industrial Revolution
was a time of substantial and drastic transformation. Representing major change from 1760 all the
way to now, it influenced everything from industrial manufacturing processes, to the daily lives of
the average citizens and their communities. However, with it came its impacts and although the
industrial revolution had a reasonable proportion of negative impacts of people's lifestyle, it also had
a profusion of positives impacts on their lifestyle which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This revolution introduced many notable drawbacks in certain people's lives which continue to pose
communal threats today, along with a diversity of assistance to the same people at that time. As
previously mentioned, child labour and horrific working conditions were arguably the biggest flaws
of this period. After analysing "The Sadler Report", one can observe that increasing amounts of
child labor used to manufacture goods in factories with working conditions which dropped to such
an extent as to increasing their working hours to 16 hours a day with one forty minute break,
demonstrated not only the necessity of such labor, which eventually profits into the factories'
financial system, but the further impact of the lives of these children who were desperate for
minimalistics wages. Soon, the lives of these children were dependant on these second–rate
conditions of these factories, and as they were often exposed to hazardous chemicals and dangerous
machinery, these conditions began to raise important questions towards the end of the revolution.
The only things which were helping these workers was the natural outcomes of this period as
everything was affordable because everything was mass

The Fuel Of The Diesel Engine
The diesel engine has been the number one choice for power, reliable and high fuel economy
worldwide (Jääskeläinen, 2013). However, as petroleum becomes more and more expensive, the
new challenge that has been presented to todays society has been to find a sustainable way to
continue running these engines without relying on diminishing petrol supplies (Connolly, 2013). The
world has turned to biofuels; the use of biodiesel can produce power, performance and economy,
along with assisting in the reduction of emissions and Greenhouse gases. However, its widespread
use has been halted due to the ethical issues surrounding its production. The use of agricultural land
for the use of bio–fuels, detriments the mass food crisis and insecurity that the world faces. Is it
really ethical to be using bio–fuels to cut carbon emissions, which in turn could lead to millions of
people in Asia starving to death?
The inventor of the diesel engine, Dr. Rudolf Diesel, first conceptualised Biodiesel fuel in 1895. He
generated and demonstrated a diesel engine that used peanut oil as its main fuel source in 1900 at
the Paris World Exhibition, as he viewed using vegetable oil fuel as a means to provide economic
growth in remote areas of the world due to widely available agricultural crops as the source of the
fuel (Diesel Service and Supply, 2013). In Australia, the use of bio–diesel in the transport industry
has been under much debate. Bio–diesel is produced through a process knows as

Essay about Entry Mode for Tata Nano in Hungary
Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Product 12 Price 12 Place and Promotion 13 Branding 13
Segmentation 13 Targeting 14 Positioning 14 Differentiation 14 Conversion model: 14 Executive
Summary The organization Product/Service Market Opportunity Analysis Basic characteristics
Economic Environment Political and Legal Environment, Government Cultural Environment Entry
mode The number of passenger car in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
production centre in Hatvan became the Bosch Group's largest producer of electric parts all over the
world; Hungarian affiliate of Norsk Hydro, Hydro Aluminium starts to build a new factory beside its
current one in Győr with a greenfield investment; Japanese Bridgestone has brought its cutting–edge
BIRD production system from Japan to Hungary. By investing € 195 million in Tatabánya, the
company establishes a production facility with a daily capacity of 8,000 tyres and employs 185 new
employees; Korean Hankook Tire will invest € 528 million by 2010 in its brand–new tyre factory in
Dunaújváros that will produce 10 million tyres per year and employ 1,500 people; Japanese Asahi
Glass Co. has invested USD 162 million to build its facility in Tatabánya that will employ 600
people to produce safety glasses; Japanese Ibiden has invested more than €100 million in the first
phase in its factory in Dunavarsàny and will employ 1,200 people to produce ceramic filters for
diesel engines; German ZF Hungária Ltd. is investing € 74 million in Eger to build its second
manufacturing plant. In 15,000 sqm premises and with 1,400 employees, ZF will manufacture 1.2
million steering gears, 1.7 million A/C pumps and 120,000 gearboxes per year. Taking cues

The Sustainability Of Volkswagen
Executive Summary:
Sustainability is defined as maintaining the right balance between the economic growth,
environment and social responsibility.
Introduction to the company:
Volkswagen group, has been regarded as the world's largest automobile industry and for right
reasons. The company has 12 big brand names under its name, them being: Volkswagen passenger
cars, Audi, Porsche, Skoda, SEAT, MAN, Scania, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Ducati,
Lambhorghini, Bentley and Bugatti. It is headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany with its
manufacturing plants scattered all over the world. It also aims on becoming the world's top most
employer of the world in its long run goals.
Initially Volkswagen was known as one of the most sustainable company around the ... Show more
Technology:
On the technological front, we recommend that Volkswagen should develop sensors which could
effectively determine the emission levels. For example, Oxygen sensors are a standard equipment on
passenger cars and light truck engines.
They should develop new ultra–sensitive sensors that will detect the car's speed and according
adjust the system to reduce the fuel consumption. This will lead to the reduction in the carbon
footprints left by the cars manufactured by the company. Volkswagen should also make changes to
its existing diesel engine technology .
These strategies are in line with the UN goal 9 Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure.
3. Operations:
We advice Volkswagen to consider and incorporate some of the manufacturing style used by Toyota
Co. as per the operation environment of Volkswagen:
Kaizen: Volkswagen should consider the process of continuous improvement with all the tasks
involved being precisely defined and standardized.
Jidoka: Will help in designing equipment and processes to stop and call attention to problems
immediately when they sense a problem is a central concept of Volkswagen.
These strategies are in line with the UN goal 12 Responsible Consumption and Production.
4.

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