Internship Report Tata Motors.pdf

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Tata motors - Oberai Motors
Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering And Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By:
Poonam Vaishnav (GME/ 1940280)

Contents
1. Acknowledgement
2. Undertaking Certificate
3. Abstract
4. Introduction
4.1 Company Overview
4.2 Tata Motors in India
5. Working In Workshop
5.1 Features of the workshop
5.2 How to read Tyre size
5.3 Brake Booster
5.4 Types of Filters
5.5 Types of Oil
5.6 Brake
5.7 Anti-Lock Braking System
5.8 Car Engine
5.9 Engine Control Units
5.10 Cooling System in Cars
6. Car Servicing in Tata Motors
7. Safety Measures Taken by company
8. Life at tata motors
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography

Acknowledgment
The internship opportunity I had with Tata Motors - Oberai Motors was a great chance for
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself a very lucky individual
as I was given an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet
so many wonderful people and professionals who led me through this internship period.
Bearing in mind the previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and
special thanks to the MD of Oberai Motors who despite being extraordinarily busy with his
duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry
out my project at their esteemed organisation and extending during the training.
I express my deepest thanks to Prince Sir, [Shop Floor Manager] for taking part in useful
decisions & giving necessary advice and guidance and arranging all facilities to make life
easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with
all of you in the future.

Abstract
As a mechanical engineering student, I was very interested in Automobile Engineering. I am
always keen to learn different mechanisms used in vehicles. I used to watch animated videos
on YouTube about automobile mechanics like differential, automatic transmission gearbox,
clutch, etc, but I never watched them in real. So, it was a great opportunity for me to do a 4
months internship at Tata Motors- Oberai Motors Dehradun, Uttarakhand’s internship was
concentrated on car services. At the beginning of the internship, I had several queries in my
mind regarding the different technologies used in Tata Motors and what skills are needed in
the organization. Several queries got cleared during my internship. The objective of this
internship is to understand the working of different mechanisms and to get knowledge of
regular services and the major minor problems that can be observed in day-to-day life. Apart
from technical knowledge, I also learned rules and safety instructions, inventory
management, and quality control. I realized the responsibilities of a technician working on a
car. So, this internship was a great experience. I found out how strong I am in the automobile
field. I gained new knowledge and skills and met many new people. I achieved many of my
learning goals. I got an insight into the work of an organization. At last, the internship has
given me the motivation to pursue a career in mechanical engineering.

INTRODUCTION
About The Company
Sardari Lal Oberai Group was established by Late Shri Sardari Lal Oberai as a limestone
mining company, immediately after India attained its independence in the year 1948. Shri
Rakesh Oberai joined his father in the mining business in the year 10770 after graduating as a
mechanical engineer from the University of Roorkee. He expanded the family business by
adding two more mines in 1974. Both the mines were developed scientifically and recognized
so by the Hon’ble Supreme Court Monitoring Committee appointed in the year 1983 which
allowed the mines to operate till the expiry of the lease period in 1994.

In the year 1985, Shri Rakesh Oberai initiated the diversification of the family’s business into
an Automobile dealership. Between 1985 and 1997, the Oberai group was awarded
dealerships for vehicles by DCM Toyota, Bajaj Auto, Hindustan Motors Limited, and
Hyundai Motors India Limited for the six districts falling in the Garhwal divisions of Uttar
Pradesh, now Uttarakhand.
Over a period of time, Oberai Motors has established itself as an organization trusted by
automobile users for honesty, sincerity, and ethical dealings. The company’s continuous
efforts are to achieve customer delight by providing efficient sales and service to them.
In the year 2002, Tata Motors awarded dealerships for commercial vehicles also. In the year
2006, the group was awarded a franchise by Honda Cars. A new company, Divine
Automotives Private Limited was formed to handle the franchise. At present the company has
two fully equipped state-of-the-art 3S facilities at Dehradun and Roorkee for catering to the
needs of Honda customers. During the group association with Honda, they have received
many awards and accolades for their performance in both the sale and service functions of the
business.
In the year 2012, the group made the next foray by taking the franchise for Renault Cars
India. In a short span of 9 months, the company has sold over 500 cars in the region with
Renault and won the best new dealer award for 3rd quarter of FY 2012.

Tata Motors In India
Tata motors limited; a USD 37 billion organization, is a leading global automobile
manufacturer with a portfolio that covers a wide range of cars, SUVs, buses, pickups, and
defense vehicles.
Part of the USD128 billion Tata group founded by Jamshedji Tata in 1868, Tata Motors is
among the world’s leading manufacturers of automobiles. They believe in ‘Connecting
aspirations’, by offering innovative mobility solutions that are in line with customers'
aspirations. They are India's largest automobile manufacturer and continue to take the lead in
shaping the Indian commercial vehicle landscape, with the introduction of leading-edge

powertrains and electric solutions packaged for power performances and user comfort at the
lowest life-cycle costs. Their new passenger cars and utility vehicles are based on Impact
Design and offer a superior blend of performance, driveability, and connectivity.
They focus on connecting aspirations and our pipeline of tech-enabled products keeps them at
the forefront of the market. They have identified six key mobility drivers that will lead them
into the future – modular architecture, complexity reduction in manufacturing, connected &
autonomous vehicles, clean drivelines, shared mobility, and low total cost of ownership.
Their sub-brand TAMO is an incubating center of innovation that will spark new mobility
solutions through new technologies, business models, and partnerships.
Their mission - across globally dispersed organization – is to be passionate about anticipating
and providing the best vehicles and experiences that excite their global customers.
Glimpses of an illustrious history
The milestones are a reflection of our commitment to this enduring journey.
1945

Manufacturing of locomotives and other
engineering products.
1948
Steam Road Roller was introduced in collaboration with Marshall Sons (UK)
1954

Out rolled the first commercial vehicle, The TMB 312 Truck
1964
The 1210 series of vehicles set out from Jamshedpur
WORKING IN A WORKSHOP
Features of Workshop

● Equipped with a hi-tech lift machined for lifting the car to repair top and bottom parts.
● All the technicians have their own equipment and machinery.
● They have a very large floor, sufficient area for working.
● From time to time sweepers clean the workshop to maintain the good working
environment
● All the major & minor faults would be found manually or through software. The
workshop has well-maintained illumination and air circulation.
● All working and inventory are controlled by computerized systems.
THINGS LEARNED
How to read the size of a tyre

For Example:
Example: 215/60R15
215 is the width of the tyre in millimeters.
60 is the aspect ratio or tyre profile.
R means it is radial construction.
15 is the diameter of the wheel rim in inches.
Brake Booster
A brake booster is an enhanced master cylinder setup used to reduce the amount of pedal
pressure needed for braking. It employs a booster set up to act with the master cylinder to

give higher hydraulic pressure to the brakes and/or lower force applied on the brake pedal
through a brake booster pushrod. The brake booster usually uses a vacuum from the engine
intake to boost the force applied by the pedal onto the master cylinder or may employ an
extra vacuum pump to enable it. Without the engine running the brake pedal feels very hard
and ineffective on the braking capability. An "active" booster is a non "conventional" booster
where a solenoid is used to open the booster air valve to automatically push the master
cylinder forward to perform some form of dynamic stability control. Brake boosters come in
either a single diaphragm or a tandem diaphragm (which is generally used for bigger vehicles
and trucks). They can be "cabin-breathers" (taking clean filtered air from inside the cabin and
thus may be noisier) or "engine-breathers" (less noisy but more at risk for becoming clogged
with mud/ice if not protected properly).
Apart from this additional booster setup, the braking system is a normal hydraulic brake
system.
Why do you need a brake booster?

Just like steering was no easy feat before power steering became the norm, neither was
braking. Both of these inventions made the entire driving experience what it is today – and
most people would say driving is pretty darn easy! In a world without brake boosters, you’d
definitely need to give leg day a rest. But taking the pressure off your leg muscles isn’t the
only advantage of brake boosters – they also are there for safety reasons. They ensure your
brakes are working effectively and help you activate them more readily. They help in those
situations where you have to brake before you have time to think, making your car come to a
halt a lot faster and with less effort.
Signs of a bad brake booster
The installation of a booster does improve the safety of your car; however, like any
part of a car, it can wear and diminish over time. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware
of the signs and symptoms of a failing brake booster to ensure quick diagnosis and
remedy. Here are the common signs that something’s not right with your brakes.
Remember, you should not continue to drive with a failing brake booster system as
your car can run at uncontrollable speeds and cause accidents.
● The brake pedal is hard to press. This often happens over time as the vacuum
diminishes. Make sure you go for a service as soon as you start noticing this issue as it
can limit the braking ability of your car.
● You notice the distance of braking is longer. This could be due to air bubbles in the
vacuum that can enter through the master cylinder. Again, this diminished the braking
capability of your booster.
● You notice the brake pedal is higher than usual. This could mean that the vacuum has
pushed it out. This could cause problems when you’re driving.
● Stalling engine and hissing sound. This is when the vacuum starts to ‘leak’ or escape.
● Types of Filters
ENGINE AIR FILTERS

There is an air filter in the engine that works to clean the air that goes into the engine for
combustion. Air filters are made of different materials such as paper, foam, or sometimes
even cotton. The air filter cleans the air as it enters the engine to remove any abrasive
particles. This ensures that the combustion occurs in the best possible conditions and it makes
sure the fuel efficiency of the vehicle remains where it should according to the manufacturer.
OIL FILTERS
As an engine runs, the metal wears down and tiny metal particles release. These particles can
block the flow and also end up in the lubricant. The oil filter in your car catches these
particles that could potentially damage the engine. It is important to change the oil filter
according to the car specifications to keep it working properly. This means about every two
years if you drive a new car and every year if you have an older model.
FUEL FILTERS

The purpose of a fuel filter is to remove impurities from the fuel before they get to the
engine. This filter picks up and contains any dirt that might harm the engine or keep it from
working properly. It is important to change the fuel filter periodically since the dirt, and small
particles can build up and get stuck in the filter. If it clogged or dirty, it will reduce the
amount of fuel flowing to the engine and affect the fuel economy and performance. Generally
replaced after 30,000 km
CABIN AIR FILTERS
The cabin air filter catches dust particles and also pollen that can float around the air outside
the vehicle and prevents them from entering the car. These filters are important for keeping
the air inside the car clean and breathable no matter what it is like outside. It is a good idea to
change the cabin filters about once a year to ensure that they stay clean and keep filtering out
the particles. Filters are generally replaced by checking its performance.
Different types of Oils and its importance.

ENGINE OIL
Motor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any of various well-developed lubricants
(comprising oil enhanced with additives, for example, in many cases, extreme pressure
additives) that are used for lubrication of internal combustion engines. The main function of
these lubricants is to reduce wear on moving parts; they also clean, inhibit corrosion, improve
sealing, and cool the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Generally replaced
after 1 year.
TRANSMISSION OIL
Automatic transmission fluid (ATF), also known as transmission fluid or tranny fluid for
short, is the fluid used in vehicles with self-shifting or automatic transmissions. It is typically
colored red or green to distinguish it from motor oil and other fluids in the vehicle. The fluid
is optimized for special transmission requirements, such as valve operation, brake band
friction, torque converter, and gear lubrication. Generally replaced after 45,000 km.
BRAKE FLUID
Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic brake and hydraulic clutch
applications in automobiles, motorcycles, light trucks, and some bicycles. It is used to
transfer force into pressure, and to amplify braking force. It works because liquids are not
appreciably compressible. Most brake fluids used today are glycol-ether based, but mineral
oil and silicone-based fluids are also available. Generally replaced after 1 year.
LUBRICATING OIL IN DIFFERENTIAL AND TRANSFER CASE
Gear oil is a lubricant made specifically for transmissions, transfer cases, and differentials in
automobiles, trucks, and other machinery. It is of a high viscosity and usually contains
organosulfur compounds. Differential and transfer case oil are long lasting and no need to
change unless any issue found.
Brake

A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion, slowing or stopping a moving object or
preventing its motion. Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces pressed
together to convert the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat, though other methods of
energy conversion may be employed. The brake disc (or rotor in American English) is
usually made of cast iron, but may in some cases be made of composites such as reinforced
carbon–carbon or ceramic matrix composites. This is connected to the wheel and/or the axle.
To retard the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a
brake caliper, is forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or electromagnetically
against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop.
● Brake Disc is generally replaced when it wears out beyond the limit, the limit is
mentioned at the inner part of the brake disc.
● Brake shoe is replaced when it wears out beyond the 3 mm limit.
Anti-lock braking system

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on land
vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses. ABS operates by preventing the
wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the
road surface. ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold
braking and cadence braking which were once practised by skilful drivers with earlier
non-ABS braking systems. ABS operates at a very much faster rate and more
effectively than most drivers could manage. Although ABS generally offers improved
vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces, on
loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces, ABS may significantly increase braking
distance, while still improving steering control.
CAR ENGINE

A car engine is part of a car that converts fuel into energy that can be used to power
the car's wheels and move the vehicle forward. The engine is typically located at the
front of the car and consists of several parts, including cylinders, pistons, valves, and
a fuel system.
When the driver starts the car, fuel is injected into the engine's cylinders and mixed
with air. The spark plug then ignites the fuel-air mixture, causing a controlled
explosion inside the cylinder. This explosion creates pressure that pushes the piston
down, which is connected to a crankshaft. The crankshaft then converts the piston's
up-and-down motion into a rotating motion that powers the car's wheels through a
transmission.
The process of converting fuel into energy is known as combustion, and the energy
produced is measured in horsepower or kilowatts. The engine's performance is
influenced by factors such as the size and number of cylinders, the fuel delivery
system, and the type of fuel used.

In summary, a car engine works by converting fuel into energy through a controlled
combustion process, which is then used to power the car's wheels and move the
vehicle forward.
TYPES OF CAR ENGINE
There are several types of car engines, including:
Internal Combustion Engines (ICE): These engines are the most common type of
car engine and use a mixture of fuel and air that is ignited to create a controlled
explosion. The energy released from the explosion is used to power the car's pistons
and move the vehicle forward.
Electric Engines: These engines use electricity to power the car's wheels. They are
becoming increasingly popular as electric cars become more prevalent.
Hybrid Engines: These engines combine an electric motor with an internal
combustion engine. They are designed to provide the benefits of both types of
engines, such as fuel efficiency and low emissions.
Tata Motors mostly deal with internal combustion engines and electrical engines

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Introduction:
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a type of heat engine that is widely used in
transportation, power generation, and other applications. It works by converting the
chemical energy stored in fuel into mechanical energy that can be used to perform
work. The ICE has been a key driver of technological progress, enabling the
development of modern transportation and other industries. This report provides an
overview of the internal combustion engine, including its history, operation, types,
and environmental impact.
History:
The internal combustion engine was first developed in the late 19th century by
engineers such as Nikolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler. The first successful ICE was
the four-stroke engine, which was introduced by Otto in 1876. This design became the
basis for most gasoline engines used in cars and other vehicles today. Other notable
ICE designs include the diesel engine, which was invented by Rudolf Diesel in 1892,
and the two-stroke engine, which is widely used in small engines such as those used
in motorcycles and lawnmowers.

TYPES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
The two most common types of internal combustion engines are two-stroke engines
and four-stroke engines,
Two-Stroke Engines:
Two-stroke engines complete a power cycle in just two strokes of the piston,
compared to four strokes in a four-stroke engine. The two strokes are the compression
stroke and the power stroke. During the compression stroke, the piston compresses a
mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber. During the power stroke, the
mixture is ignited by a spark or by compression, and the expanding gases push the
piston down, producing power. Two-stroke engines are commonly used in small
engines such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, and outboard motors.
Four-Stroke Engines:

Four-stroke engines complete a power cycle in four strokes of the piston. The four
strokes are the intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.
During the intake stroke, the piston moves down and the intake valve opens, allowing
a mixture of fuel and air to enter the combustion chamber. During the compression
stroke, the piston moves up and compresses the mixture. During the power stroke, the
mixture is ignited by a spark or by compression, and the expanding gases push the
piston down, producing power. During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves up and
the exhaust valve opens, allowing the burned gases to exit the combustion chamber.
Four-stroke engines are commonly used in passenger cars, trucks, and other vehicles
The main components of a four-stroke combustion engine include:
Cylinder: The cylinder is the central component of the engine. It is a cylindrical bore
in which the piston moves up and down to produce the four strokes.
Piston: The piston is a cylindrical component that moves up and down within the
cylinder to convert the energy generated during the combustion process into
mechanical energy.
Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a component that converts the up and down motion of
the piston into a rotary motion that can be used to power the vehicle.
Connecting Rod: The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It
transmits the force generated by the piston to the crankshaft.
Valves: The engine has two valves, intake and exhaust, that open and close at specific
times to allow air and fuel to enter the engine and exhaust gases to exit the engine.
Spark Plug: The spark plug is an electrical component that ignites the air-fuel
mixture in the cylinder, causing combustion.
Fuel Injectors: Fuel injectors are responsible for injecting the fuel into the engine at
the correct time and in the correct amount.

Camshaft: The camshaft is responsible for controlling the opening and closing of the
valves. It is connected to the crankshaft and rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft.
Timing Belt/Chain: The timing belt or chain connects the crankshaft to the camshaft
and ensures that the valves open and close at the correct time.
Oil Pump: The oil pump circulates oil throughout the engine to lubricate and cool the
moving parts.
Working of an Internal Combustion Engine:
The operation of an internal combustion engine can be divided into four main stages:
intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. These stages are repeated continuously
as the engine runs.
Intake: The first stage of the engine cycle is the intake stage. In this stage, the fuel
system injects fuel into the cylinder, where it mixes with air. The intake valve opens,
allowing the fuel-air mixture to enter the cylinder. The piston moves down to create a
vacuum that draws in the fuel-air mixture.
Compression: Once the fuel-air mixture has been drawn into the cylinder, the intake
valve closes, and the piston moves up to compress the mixture. The compression
stage is where the fuel-air mixture is compressed to a small volume, which increases
the pressure and temperature of the mixture.
Combustion: When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the spark plug ignites
the fuel-air mixture, causing a controlled explosion that generates pressure and pushes
the piston down. This motion is transmitted to the crankshaft, which converts the
piston's up-and-down motion into a rotating motion that can be used to power the
vehicle.
Exhaust: Once the fuel has been burned, the exhaust valve opens, and the exhaust
gases are released from the cylinder. The piston moves up to push the exhaust gases
out of the cylinder, and the exhaust valve closes to prepare for the next cycle.

BASED ON THE TYPE OF IGNITION
IC (Internal Combustion) engines can be classified based on the type of ignition used
to initiate the combustion process. There are two main types of ignition systems used
in IC engines:
Spark Ignition (SI) engines:
In SI engines, a spark plug is used to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the combustion
chamber. The spark plug produces an electric spark, which ignites the air-fuel
mixture, leading to combustion and the generation of power. Gasoline/petrol engines
are typically SI engines.
Here are some of the petrol-engine cars currently produced by Tata Motors:
Tata Altroz –
This is a premium hatchback car that comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine
that generates a maximum power of 85 PS and a peak torque of 113 Nm.
Tata Tiago –
The Tata Tiago is a popular hatchback car that comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol
engine that produces a maximum power of 86 PS and a peak torque of 113 Nm.
Tata Tigor –
The Tata Tigor is a compact sedan car that comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron
petrol engine that generates a maximum power of 86 PS and a peak torque of 113Nm.

Tata Nexon –
The Tata Nexon is a sub-compact SUV that comes with two petrol engine options: a
1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine that produces a maximum power of 120 PS and a
peak torque of 170 Nm, and a 1.5-liter Revotron petrol engine that generates a
maximum power of 130 PS and a peak torque of 160 Nm.
Tata Harrier –
The Tata Harrier is a mid-size SUV that comes with a 1.5-liter Revotron petrol engine
that produces a maximum power of 170 PS and a peak torque of 250 Nm.

Compression Ignition (CI) engines
In CI engines, the fuel-air mixture is compressed to high pressure and temperature in
the combustion chamber, which causes spontaneous combustion and ignition. Diesel
engines are examples of CI engines.
Here are some of the diesel-engine cars currently produced by Tata Motors:
Tata Altroz –
The Tata Altroz is a premium hatchback car that comes with a 1.5-liter Revotorq
diesel engine that generates a maximum power of 90 PS and a peak torque of 200
Nm.
Tata Tiago –
The Tata Tiago is a popular hatchback car that comes with a 1.05-liter Revotorq diesel
Tata Tigor –

The Tata Tigor is a compact sedan car that comes with a 1.05-liter Revotorq diesel
engine that generates a maximum power of 70 PS and a peak torque of 140 Nm.
Tata Nexon –
The Tata Nexon is a sub-compact SUV that comes with a 1.5-liter Revotorq diesel
Tata Harrier –
The Tata Harrier is a mid-size SUV that comes with a 2.0-liter Kryotec diesel engine
that generates a maximum power of 170 PS and a peak torque of 350 Nm.

Fuel Injection
There are several types of fuel injection systems used in modern engines.
Here are some of the most common types of fuel injection systems:
Direct Injection (DI) –
Direct injection systems inject fuel directly into the combustion chamber, typically at
high pressure. This allows for better control over the combustion process and results
in improved fuel efficiency and power output.
Port Fuel Injection (PFI) –
Port fuel injection systems inject fuel into the intake port, just before the air enters
the combustion chamber. PFI systems are less expensive than direct injection systems
but may not provide the same level of efficiency or power.
Sequential Fuel Injection (SFI) - Sequential fuel injection systems use sensors to
determine the precise amount of fuel to inject into each cylinder, resulting in
improved performance and fuel economy.

Throttle Body Injection (TBI) –
Throttle body injection systems inject fuel into the throttle body, which then
distributes the fuel to each cylinder. TBI systems are simpler than port or direct
injection systems but may not provide the same level of efficiency or performance.
Common Rail Injection (CRI) –
Common rail injection systems use a high-pressure fuel rail to supply fuel to each
injector, allowing for precise control over fuel delivery and resulting in improved fuel
efficiency and power.
Unit Injector (UI) –
Unit injector systems combine the injector and high-pressure fuel pump into a single
unit, allowing for precise control over fuel delivery and improved efficiency.
Tata cars and the fuel injection systems used in them:
Tata Altroz –
The Tata Altroz comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine that uses a multi-point
fuel injection (MPFI) system, and a 1.5-liter Revotorq diesel engine that uses a
Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system.
Tata Tiago –

The Tata Tiago comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine that uses a multi-point
Tata Tigor –
The Tata Tigor comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine that uses a multi-point
Tata Nexon –
The Tata Nexon comes with a 1.2-liter Revotron petrol engine that uses a multi-point
Tata Harrier –
The Tata Harrier comes with a 2.0-liter Kryotec diesel engine that uses a Common
Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system.

COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION (CRDI) SYSTEM
The Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system is a type of fuel injection system used in
diesel engines. It works by storing fuel at high pressure in a common rail and then injecting it
directly into the engine's combustion chamber as needed. Here are the main components of a
CRDI system and how they work:
Fuel Tank - The fuel tank stores the diesel fuel before it is sent to the engine.
Fuel Pump - The fuel pump pressurizes the diesel fuel to high pressure and sends it to the
common rail.
Common Rail - The common rail is a high-pressure fuel storage vessel that holds the diesel
fuel at constant pressure until it is needed by the engine.
Fuel Injectors - The fuel injectors are responsible for injecting the diesel fuel into the
engine's combustion chamber at precisely the right moment.
Fuel Pressure Sensor - The fuel pressure sensor measures the pressure of the fuel in the
common rail and sends the data to the engine control unit (ECU).

Engine Control Unit (ECU) - The ECU is the brain of the engine and controls all the
functions of the CRDI system, including the timing and amount of fuel injection.
When the driver presses the accelerator pedal, the ECU sends a signal to the fuel pump to
increase the pressure of the diesel fuel. The pressurized fuel then flows from the fuel pump to
the common rail, where it is stored until it is needed. When the engine needs fuel, the ECU
sends a signal to the fuel injectors, which open and inject the precise amount of diesel fuel
needed into the combustion chamber. The fuel pressure sensor constantly monitors the
pressure of the fuel in the common rail and sends the data to the ECU, which adjusts the fuel
pressure and timing as needed to optimize the engine's performance and fuel efficiency.
Overall, the CRDI system provides precise control over fuel injection, resulting in improved
engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.
MULTI-POINT FUEL INJECTION (MPFI)
Multi-Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) is a type of fuel injection system used in gasoline (petrol)
engines. In an MPFI system, each cylinder has its own fuel injector, which is mounted on the
intake manifold near the cylinder head. Here are the main components of an MPFI system
and how they work:

Fuel Tank - The fuel tank stores gasoline before it is sent to the engine.
Fuel Pump - The fuel pump pressurizes the gasoline and sends it to the fuel rail.
Fuel Rail - The fuel rail is a high-pressure fuel line that runs along the top of the engine and
delivers fuel to the injectors.
Fuel Injectors - The fuel injectors are responsible for spraying the gasoline into each
cylinder's intake port, where it mixes with air before entering the combustion chamber.
Engine Control Unit (ECU) - The ECU is the brain of the engine and controls all the
functions of the MPFI system, including the timing and amount of fuel injection.
When the driver presses the accelerator pedal, the ECU sends a signal to the fuel pump to
increase the pressure of the gasoline. The pressurized gasoline then flows from the fuel pump
to the fuel rail, where it is stored until it is needed. The ECU constantly monitors the engine's
operating conditions, including the throttle position, air temperature, and engine speed, and
adjusts the fuel injection timing and amount accordingly. The fuel injectors spray a fine mist
of gasoline into the intake port, where it mixes with air before entering the combustion
chamber.
Overall, the MPFI system provides precise control over fuel injection, resulting in improved
engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control. By providing each cylinder with
its own fuel injector, the MPFI system can deliver the exact amount of gasoline needed for
each cylinder's specific requirements, resulting in a more efficient combustion process.

TWO CRANKSHAFT COMBUSTION ENGINE
A two-crankshaft car engine is a type of engine that uses two crankshafts instead of
the typical single crankshaft found in most engines. This design is primarily used in
high-performance engines, such as those used in racing or high-end sports cars.
The two-crankshaft engine consists of two parallel crankshafts, each with its own set
of cylinders and pistons. The crankshafts are connected by a set of gears or chains,
which synchronize their rotation and ensure that they operate in unison. The pistons
on each crankshaft move in opposite directions, with one set of pistons moving up
while the other set moves down. This design allows for a smoother and more balanced
power delivery than a traditional single-crankshaft engine.
One of the main advantages of a two-crankshaft engine is its ability to generate more
power than a single-crankshaft engine of similar size. By dividing the cylinders
between two crankshafts, the engine can produce more power and torque without
increasing its size or weight. Additionally, the two-crankshaft design allows for a
higher redline RPM, which can provide even more power and better performance.
However, there are also some disadvantages to a two-crankshaft engine. The design is
more complex and requires more precise engineering, which can increase the cost of
production and maintenance. Additionally, the engine may be louder and generate

more vibrations than a single-crankshaft engine, which can affect the overall driving
experience.
Overall, a two-crankshaft engine is a specialized design used in high-performance
applications where maximum power and performance are required. While it has some
advantages over a traditional single-crankshaft engine, it also has some drawbacks
that must be considered.
Environmental Impact:
Internal combustion engines have a significant impact on the environment, mainly due
to the emissions they produce. The combustion of fossil fuels in ICEs produces
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
ICEs also produce other pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter
(PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can contribute to air pollution
and have negative health effects. To reduce the environmental impact of ICEs, efforts
are being made to improve their efficiency and reduce their emissions. This includes
the development of hybrid and electric vehicles, as well as the use of alternative fuels
such as biofuels and hydrogen.
Conclusion:
The internal combustion engine has been a key driver of technological progress for
over a century, enabling the development of modern transportation and other
industries. Despite its many benefits, the ICE also has significant environmental
drawbacks, including the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Efforts
are being made to reduce the environmental impact of ICEs, including the
development of hybrid and electric vehicles and the use of alternative fuels.

ELECTRIC ENGINES
Introduction:
Electric cars use electric motors instead of internal combustion engines to power and
propel the vehicle. Electric cars have gained popularity in recent years due to their
numerous benefits over traditional cars, including lower emissions, lower operating
costs, and a quieter driving experience. This report will provide an in-depth look at
electric car engines, including their components, types, and advantages.
Components:
An electric car engine is made up of several key components. The main component is
the electric motor, which converts electrical energy stored in the battery into
mechanical energy to drive the wheels of the car. The electric motor is typically made
up of a rotor (rotating part) and a stator (stationary part), and it can be either AC or
DC.
Another important component of the electric car engine is the battery pack, which
stores electrical energy to power the motor. Battery packs are typically made up of
multiple lithium-ion battery cells, which are connected together to provide the
necessary voltage and current to power the motor.
In addition to the motor and battery pack, an electric car engine also includes a power
inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) from the battery pack into the
alternating current (AC) needed to power the electric motor. The power inverter is

responsible for controlling the speed and torque of the motor, and it is a critical
component of the electric car engine.
Types:
There are several types of electric motors used in electric cars, including AC
induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. AC
induction motors are the most common type of electric motor used in electric cars,
and they are reliable and efficient. Permanent magnet motors are more efficient than
AC induction motors but are also more expensive. Switched reluctance motors are the
least expensive type of electric motor but are also the least efficient.
Advantages:
Electric car engines offer numerous advantages over traditional internal combustion
engines. One of the biggest advantages is that they produce zero emissions, which is
beneficial for the environment and human health. Electric car engines also have lower
operating costs, as electricity is cheaper than gasoline, and electric cars require less
maintenance than traditional cars.
Another advantage of electric car engines is that they provide instant torque and
smooth acceleration. This makes electric cars fun to drive and provides a more
enjoyable driving experience. Electric car engines are also quieter than traditional car
engines, which can make for a more peaceful and relaxing driving experience.

TATA MOTOR ELECTRIC CARS:
Tata Motors’ electric cars, including their features, and specifications:
Tata Nexon EV:
The Tata Nexon EV is the company's first fully-electric SUV and is powered by a
30.2 kWh battery that delivers a range of up to 312 km on a single charge. It comes
with a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor that produces 129 PS of power
and 245 Nm of torque. The car features a fast-charging system that can charge the
battery up to 80% in just 60 minutes.
Tata Tigor EV:
The Tata Tigor EV is an electric sedan that is available in both commercial and
personal variants. It is powered by a 21.5 kWh battery that delivers a range of up to
306 km on a single charge. The car features a 3-phase AC induction motor that
produces 41 PS of power and 105 Nm of torque. The Tigor EV also comes with a
fast-charging system that can charge the battery up to 80% in just 90 minutes.
Tata Altroz EV:
The Tata Altroz EV is the company's first electric premium hatchback that is expected
to be launched in India soon. The car is expected to be powered by a 30.2 kWh
battery that is likely to deliver a range of up to 300 km on a single charge. It is
expected to come with a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor that produces
136 PS of power and 245 Nm of torque. The Altroz EV is expected to feature
fast-charging capabilities and is likely to be equipped with several advanced safety
and comfort features.

Conclusion:
Electric car engines are a critical component of electric cars, and they offer numerous
advantages over traditional internal combustion engines. As battery technology
continues to improve, electric car engines are becoming more powerful, efficient, and
affordable. Electric cars are the future of transportation, and electric car engines are a
key part of this exciting and rapidly evolving industry.
COOLING SYSTEM IN CARS:
Introduction:
A car's engine generates a lot of heat during operation, and this heat needs to be
dissipated to prevent the engine from overheating and causing damage. The car's
cooling system is responsible for removing the heat generated by the engine and
maintaining the engine at a safe operating temperature. In this report, we will take a
closer look at the car cooling system, its components, and how it works.

Components of the Car Cooling System:
The car cooling system is composed of several components, including the radiator,
cooling fan, water pump, thermostat, and hoses. Each component plays a critical role
in the cooling system's operation, and any malfunction can lead to overheating or
other engine-related issues.
Radiator:
The radiator is the heart of the car's cooling system and is responsible for removing
the heat generated by the engine. The radiator is made up of a series of small tubes
that run horizontally across the radiator's length. These tubes are attached to a series
of vertical fins that help dissipate the heat generated by the engine. Coolant is pumped
into the radiator, and as it flows through the tubes, the heat is transferred to the fins,
where it is dissipated into the air.
Cooling Fan:
The cooling fan is responsible for drawing air through the radiator and helping to
dissipate the heat generated by the engine. The fan is typically located behind the
radiator and is driven by a belt that is connected to the engine's crankshaft. The fan
can be either mechanical or electric, depending on the car's make and model.
Water Pump:
The water pump is responsible for circulating the coolant through the engine and the
radiator. The water pump is typically located at the front of the engine and is driven
by a belt connected to the engine's crankshaft. The water pump draws coolant from
the radiator and circulates it through the engine block, where it absorbs the heat
generated by the engine. The heated coolant is then pumped back to the radiator,
where it is cooled before being circulated back through the engine.
Thermostat:
The thermostat is responsible for regulating the engine's operating temperature by
controlling the flow of coolant through the engine and radiator. The thermostat is
typically located between the engine and the radiator and is connected to the engine

by a series of hoses. The thermostat stays closed when the engine is cold, preventing
coolant from flowing through the radiator until the engine reaches its operating
temperature. Once the engine reaches its operating temperature, the thermostat opens,
allowing coolant to flow through the radiator and cool the engine.
Hoses:
The hoses are responsible for transporting coolant between the engine and the
radiator. The hoses are typically made of rubber and are reinforced with fibers to
prevent them from collapsing or bursting under pressure. The hoses are connected to
the water pump, radiator, and engine block and are secured with clamps to prevent
leaks.
How the Cooling System Works:
The cooling system works by circulating the coolant through the engine and radiator
to dissipate the heat generated by the engine. The process starts with the water pump,
which draws coolant from the radiator and circulates it through the engine block. The
coolant absorbs the heat generated by the engine as it flows through the engine block,
and the heated coolant is then pumped back to the radiator to be cooled.
The coolant is cooled as it flows through the radiator's tubes, and the heat is
transferred to the radiator's fins, where it is dissipated into the air. The cooled coolant
is then pumped back through the engine, where it absorbs more heat, and the process
repeats.
The thermostat regulates the flow of coolant through the engine and radiator, ensuring
that the engine operates at the correct temperature. When the engine is cold, the
thermostat stays closed, preventing coolant from flowing through the radiator. This
helps the engine warm up more quickly, as the heat generated by the engine is
retained in the engine block. Once the engine reaches its operating temperature, the
thermostat opens, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator and cool the engine.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the car cooling system is a critical component of any vehicle's engine
that helps regulate the engine's temperature and prevent it from overheating. The
system is made up of several components that work together to ensure that the engine
is kept at the right temperature. Proper maintenance of a car's cooling system is
essential to ensure its proper operation. This includes regularly checking the coolant
level and quality, replacing the coolant as needed, inspecting hoses and fittings for
leaks or damage, and ensuring that the radiator and other components are free from
debris and other obstructions. Additionally, it is important to have the system
inspected and serviced by a qualified mechanic at regular intervals to identify any
potential issues and address them before they become more serious problems.

CAR SERVICING ING TATA MOTORS
FIRST SERVICING
The first service for a Tata Motors car typically occurs at around 1,500 kilometers or
one month after purchase, whichever comes first. This service is important to ensure
that your car is running smoothly and to identify any potential issues before they
become more serious problems.
During the first car service, a qualified technician will typically perform the following
tasks:
Inspect the engine oil level and quality: The technician will check the oil level and
condition, and replace it if necessary. They may also replace the oil filter.
Check the coolant level and quality: The technician will check the coolant level and
quality, and add or replace coolant as needed.
Check the brake fluid level and quality: The technician will check the brake fluid
level and quality, and add or replace brake fluid as needed.
Inspect the air filter: The technician will inspect the air filter and replace it if
necessary.
Inspect the tires: The technician will check the tire pressure and tread depth, and
rotate the tires if necessary.
Check the battery: The technician will check the battery level and condition, and
replace it if necessary.
Inspect the belts and hoses: The technician will inspect the belts and hoses for signs
of wear or damage, and replace them if necessary.

Inspect the suspension: The technician will inspect the suspension system for signs
of wear or damage, and replace any worn or damaged parts as necessary.
SECOND SERVICING
The second servicing of a Tata Motors car typically occurs at around 7,500 kilometers
or six months after the first service, whichever comes first. This service is important
to ensure that your car continues to operate smoothly and efficiently and to identify
any potential issues before they become more serious problems.
During the second car service, a qualified technician will typically perform the
following tasks:
Inspect the engine oil level and quality: The technician will check the oil level and
condition, and replace it if necessary. They may also replace the oil filter.
Check the coolant level and quality: The technician will check the coolant level and
quality, and add or replace coolant as needed.
Check the brake fluid level and quality: The technician will check the brake fluid
level and quality, and add or replace brake fluid as needed.
Inspect the air filter: The technician will inspect the air filter and replace it if
necessary.
Inspect the tires: The technician will check the tire pressure and tread depth, and
rotate the tires if necessary.
Check the battery: The technician will check the battery level and condition, and
replace it if necessary.
Inspect the belts and hoses: The technician will inspect the belts and hoses for signs
of wear or damage, and replace them if necessary.

Inspect the suspension: The technician will inspect the suspension system for signs
of wear or damage, and replace any worn or damaged parts as necessary.
Inspect the exhaust system: The technician will inspect the exhaust system for leaks,
damage, or other issues.
Check the transmission fluid level and quality: The technician will check the
transmission fluid level and quality, and replace it if necessary.

SAFETY MEASURES TAKEN BY THE COMPANY:
Tata Motors places a high priority on safety and has implemented several measures to
ensure the safety of its vehicles and customers. Some of the safety measures taken at
Tata Motors include:
Crash Testing: Tata Motors has its own crash test facility where vehicles are
subjected to various crash scenarios to evaluate their safety performance. This helps
the company ensure that its vehicles meet safety standards and regulations.
Safety Features: Tata Motors vehicles come equipped with a range of safety features
such as airbags, anti-lock brakes, electronic stability control, hill hold control, and
more. These features are designed to help prevent accidents and protect occupants in
the event of a crash.

Driver Assistance Systems: Tata Motors also offers various driver assistance systems
such as rearview cameras, parking sensors, and lane departure warning systems that
help drivers avoid accidents and stay safe on the road.
Safety Training: Tata Motors provides safety training to its employees, including
vehicle safety, fire safety, and general workplace safety training. This ensures that
employees are aware of potential hazards and know how to mitigate them.
Road Safety Initiatives: Tata Motors is also actively involved in promoting road
safety initiatives. The company works with various organizations and stakeholders to
raise awareness of road safety issues and promote safe driving practices.
Quality Control: Tata Motors has a rigorous quality control process that ensures that
all vehicles meet strict quality and safety standards before they are released to the
market.
WORKER’S SAFETY AT TATA MOTORS SERVICE CENTERS:
Tata Motors places a high priority on the safety of its workers at service centers. The
company has implemented several measures to ensure that its workers are safe while
performing their job duties. Some of the safety measures taken at Tata service centers
include:
Training: Tata Motors provides comprehensive training to its workers to ensure that
they are aware of potential hazards and know how to mitigate them. This includes
training on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe working
practices.
Personal Protective Equipment: Tata Motors provides its workers with appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety glasses, and safety shoes
to protect them from potential hazards.

Safe Working Practices: Tata Motors has established safe working practices for its
workers, including guidelines for working at heights, working with hazardous
materials, and operating machinery and equipment safely.
Regular Safety Inspections: Tata Motors conducts regular safety inspections at its
service centers to identify potential hazards and ensure that safety measures are being
followed.
Emergency Preparedness: Tata Motors has emergency response plans in place at its
service centers to ensure that workers are prepared in the event of an emergency, such
as a fire or chemical spill.
Continuous Improvement: Tata Motors is committed to continuous improvement in
safety performance and regularly reviews its safety policies and procedures to identify
areas for improvement.

LIFE AT TATA MOTORS:
Tata Motors is committed to providing a positive working environment for its employees.
The company recognizes that a positive working environment is essential for employee
well-being, job satisfaction, and productivity. Here are some key aspects of the working
environment at Tata Motors:
Workplace Culture: Tata Motors fosters a workplace culture that is based on respect,
teamwork, and collaboration. The company values diversity and promotes an inclusive
working environment where all employees are treated with respect and fairness.
Employee Development: Tata Motors provides opportunities for employee development
through training and career growth opportunities. The company offers various training
programs and skill development initiatives to help employees enhance their skills and
knowledge.
Health and Safety: Tata Motors places a high priority on the health and safety of its
employees. The company provides a safe working environment by implementing safety
policies, conducting safety audits, and providing employees with appropriate safety
equipment.
Work-Life Balance: Tata Motors recognizes the importance of work-life balance and
provides various initiatives to support this, such as flexible work arrangements, employee
assistance programs, and family-friendly policies.
Employee Engagement: Tata Motors engages its employees through various initiatives, such
as employee surveys, open communication channels, and recognition programs. The
company encourages employee feedback and suggestions to continuously improve the
working environment.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Tata Motors is committed to corporate social
responsibility and supports various social and environmental initiatives. The company's CSR
activities provide employees with a sense of purpose and pride in working for a company that
is committed to making a positive impact on society.

Conclusion
Tata motor is one of the best cars manufacturing company in India, customers are
satisfied because of affordable price, but the maintenance problem and resale value is
too low. These are the two main reasons of customers dissatisfaction and other reason
is not responding to customers complaints quickly especially said by nano customers,
that means all the comments are not fulfilled properly, and indigo customers says
engine performance are not good.
That is the big reason of Tata motors is no 2 position in Indian market, thus, we can
say that Tata only focus on their sales but not on the customers satisfaction. So, Tata
motors should give proper attention towards their loyal customers.
As statics suggests that on an average more than 73% people feel that the prices are
affordable whereas 12% do not agree, 74% believe that attractive discounts are
offered whereas 26% are not satisfied with the discounts offered. 20% said that the
test drives are not offered and 15% said that post sales follow ups are not done
regularly whereas 85% said that they were done regularly, 86% people agreed that the
sales persons are knowledgeable and 14% strongly disagreed that the sales persons are
knowledgeable. 64% people agreed that the sales persons spent enough time with
them before the sales and 36% strongly agreed with this. 62% agreed that sales
persons spent enough time with them during the sales, while 34% strongly agreed that
the sales persons spent enough time with them during sales and only 4% disagreed
with this.
60% agreed that the sales persons spent enough time with them after sales, 26%
strongly agreed with this and 14% disagreed that the sales persons spent enough time
with them after sales.
94% agreed that the display of merchandize was attractive and 6% strongly agreed
that the display of merchandize was attractive. 91% agreed that the availability of the
product was there, 5% strongly agreed that the availability was there while only 4%
said they disagreed with this. 87% agreed that there was variety/selection of
merchandize whereas 7% strongly agreed that enough variety was there and 6%
disagreed with this. 82% agreed that the vehicle was in good condition when
delivered, 16% strongly agreed with this whereas only 2% disagreed with this. 64%
strongly agreed that the prices are affordable, 21% agreed that the prices are

affordable whereas only 15% said that they neither disagreed nor agreed with this.
55% agreed that the discounts offered are attractive, 34% strongly agreed with this
while 11% disagreed and said that the discounts offered were not attractive.
80%agreed that the décor of the waiting area was pleasing while 20% strongly agreed
that the décor of the waiting area was pleasing74% agreed that the test drive was
offered to them, 6% strongly agreed that the test drive was offered while 20%
disagreed with this. 59% agreed that the post sales follow ups are done regularly, 26%
strongly agreed and 15%disagreed with this. 4% agreed that the response to
complaints is quick, 18% strongly agreed, 12% neither agree nor disagree and 6%
disagreed with this. 82% said that the service at TATA service station is excellent,
14% strongly agreed while only 4% disagreed with this. 85% agreed that yes they
were careful with personal information, strongly agreed with this and 8% neither
agree nor disagree. 94% strongly agreed that all the commitments were fulfilled and
6% agreed with this. 98% said yes that they are aware about TATA insurance while
only 2% said that they were not aware.
People feel that Tata Cars are people’s car as it is satisfactory on all parameters they
have knowledgeable salesperson , employees spent enough time before and during
sales, display of merchandise is attractive, availability of product, variety of
merchandize, vehicle in good condition, prices are affordable, attractive discounts are
offered, décor of the waiting area is pleasing, responds to complaints quickly, service
at TATA Motors service station is excellent, careful with personal information and is
value for money . The overall opinion about TATA Motors is very good.

Bibliography
Books:
1. Philip Kotler, Kevin Keller (2009), Marketing Management (Thirteenth Edition)
2. Marketing Management, The McGraw.Hill Company Rajan Saxena (Third
Edition)
3. Berman, Berry and Joel r Evans (Oct- 1997) Retail Management: A strategic
approach 8th
edition Englewood cliffs NJ printcehall
4. Country analysis 1997 “ A framework to identify and evaluate the national
business environment”
Hardward business review.
MAGAZINES:
A) OUTLOOK BUSINESS (FEB, 2013)
B) BUSINESS STANDARD (April-July 2013)
C) 4P’S OF BUSINESS AND MARKETING (June 2013)
D) BUSINESS TODAY – Pick and Choose
E) BUSINESS TODAY – Tata Motors to bring Jaguar, Land Rover to India
INTERNET:
1. Tata Motors’ Official Website
2. Wiki – Tata Motors Ltd
3.http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=458&action=Pull
4.http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=500&action=Pull
5. http://money.rediff.com/companies/tata-motors-ltd/10510008/cash-flow
6. htttp://www.moneycontrol/com/tata-group/tatamotors
7. http://www.yahoofinance.com/tatamotors
8. http://www.carwale.com/research/cars/tata
9. Tata motors: Oberai motors official website

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