Study Guide Stoichiometry Student Editable

Study Guide Stoichiometry Student Editable
Stoichiometry
Section 11.1 What is stoichiometry?
In your textbook, read about stoichiometry and the balanced equation.
For each statement below, write true or false.
_______true___________ 1. The study of the quantitative relationships between the amounts of
reactants used and the amounts of products formed by a chemical reaction is called stoichiometry.
________true__________ 2. Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass.
_________false_________ 3. In any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is less than the
mass of the reactants.
________true__________ 4. The coefficients in a chemical equation represent not only the number
of individual particles but also the number of moles of particles. ... Show more content on
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2.15 mol O2  . 2 mol H2O/1 mol O2, 4.30  ________________ mol H2O 5. How many moles of
water are needed for 0.100 mol of sodium peroxide to react completely in this reaction?
0.100 mol Na2O2  2 mol H2O/2 mol Na2O2, 0.100  ________________ mol H2O 6. How
many moles of oxygen are produced if the reaction produces 0.600 mol sodium hydroxide?
0.600 mol NaOH  . 1 mol O2/4 mol NaOH, 0.150  ________________ mol O2
Section 11.2 continued
In your textbook, read about mole–to–mass and mass–to–mass conversions.
Solving a mass–to–mass problem requires the four steps listed below. The equations in the boxes
show how the four steps are used to solve an example problem. After you have studied the example,
solve the problems below, using the four steps.
Example problem: How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 20.0 g acetylene (C2H2)
is burned?
Step 1 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Determine the number of moles of the known substance, using mass–to–mole conversion.
Step 3 Determine the number of moles of the unknown substance, using mole–to–mole conversion.
Step 4 Determine the mass of the unknown substance, using mole–to–mass conversion. 7. In some
mole–to–mass conversions, the number of moles of the known substance is given. In those
conversions, which step of the above solution is not necessary? __________Step 2__________ 8. In
a blast furnace, iron and carbon monoxide are produced from the reaction of
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Determination Of Water In A Hydrate Lab Report
This lab was conducted to find the percent water in a hydrate. A hydrate is a compound with water
chemically combined to other atoms. The chemical compound tested in this experiment is Copper II
Sulfate Pentahydrate, or CuSO4*5H2O, which will break down and release water when heated. The
reactant of this reaction begins blue and gradually turns white as the products are produced. To
ensure that all of the copper sulfate reacts thoroughly with the heat, it was crushed up to a fine
powder. After weighing the initial mass, the crucible was then filled one third of the way with the
powder. Placed on a stand, it was heated by a gas fueled flame until the reaction finished and the
powder turned white. The air vents on the burner were closed as to

Experiment : The Copper Cycle
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice
Experiment 6 – The Copper Cycle
Samuel Stewart*
TA: Brad Hu
October 27, 2017
This laboratory experiment is appropriately entitled "The Copper Cycle" because the sequence of
reactions begins and ends with elemental copper metal. According to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, since no copper is added or removed between the initial and final reactions; and assuming the
reactions go to completion, the copper yield should match the amount originally used in the first
reaction. The cycle of copper reactions is thus:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ––> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ––> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) ––> CuO(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ––> CuSO4(aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precipitation occurs when pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that water
molecules cannot separate them, and they form an insoluble ionic solid.²
When copper hydroxide is heated (in reaction 3), water is released as copper hydroxide decomposes
into a second insoluble compound, copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) oxide, a base, then undergoes an
acid–base reaction in reaction 4 with the addition of aqueous sulfuric acid, H2SO4 . The water–
soluble salt, copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 forms.
These five reactions will be performed in the laboratory and will demonstrate the many forms and
colors that appear in the copper cycle. The Law of Conservation of Mass will be demonstrated as
elemental copper is returned to elemental copper.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Elemental copper underwent five chemical reactions before cycling back to elemental copper.
Reaction 1 was an oxidation–reduction reaction. Elemental copper was mixed with concentrated
nitric acid and the solution went through several color changes as the copper reacted with the nitrate
ions. The nitrate ion oxidized the copper metal to a copper(II) ion and transformed to nitrogen
dioxide in the process. This reaction was

Clo2 Residual Testing Method
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE
105
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting,
measuring, and/or monitoring chlorine dioxide and chlorite, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of
exposure and effect to chlorine dioxide and chlorite. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of
analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well–established methods that are used as the
standard methods of analysis. Many of the analytical methods used for environmental samples are
the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other methods presented in this chapter ... Show
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The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the chlorine dioxide in water. Indicators used
for this technique include N,N–diethyl–p–phenylenediamine, chlorophenol red, and methylene blue
(APHA 1998; Fletcher and Hemming 1985; Quentel et al. 1994; Sweetin et al. 1996). For example,
chlorophenol red selectively reacts with chlorine dioxide at pH 7 with a detection limit of 0.12
mg/L. The interferences from chlorine may be reduced by the addition of oxalic acid, sodium
cyclamate, or thioacetamide (Sweetin et al. 1996). APHA Method 4500–CLO2–B, iodometric
titration analysis, measures the concentration of chlorine dioxide in water by titration with iodide,
which is reduced to form iodine. Iodine is then measured colorimetrically when a blue color forms
from the production of a starch–iodine complex. The detection limit for this method is 20 µg/L
(APHA 1998).
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE 7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
107
Table 7–1. Analytical Methods for Determining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Environmental
Samples
Sample matrix Preparation method
Air Workplace air None.
Analytical method
Toxic gas vapor detector tube

Sample Percent detection limit recovery Reference
0.05 ppm No data EPA 1997 Björkholm et al. 1990; Hekmat et al. 1994 (OSHA Method 202) Hoehn
et al. 2000 (EPA Method 300.0) Pfaff and Brockhoff 1990 No data APHA 1998 (Method
4500CLO2–D)
Diffusion of air into potasIon chromatosium iodide solution at pH 7. graphy (of chlorite ion

Effect Of Exercise On Cardiovascular Dynamics
PhysioEx 9.1 Cardiovascular Dynamics Ex. 5 Activities 5 and 6 (3.5 points)
Activity
Question
Answer
#5. Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity
Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump
rate.
Increasing the right flow tube radius increased the flow rate, decreased the resistance and increased
the pump rate.
Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart
The left beaker corresponded to the blood coming from the lungs, and the right beaker corresponded
to blood heading out to the rest of the body, or systemic circuit.
Briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood
pressure.
The human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure by altering
heart rate. When the heart rate increases, so does blood pressure. When the heart rate decreases, so
does blood pressure.
#6. Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity
Describe the Frank–Starling law in the heart
The Frank–Starling law states that when all other factors remain the same, that the stroke volume
will increase in response to how much the muscle is stretched in the end diastolic volume.
Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think
this occurred? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
When the stroke volume was increased, the pump rate decreased

Transport Proteins on Strike Essay
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
1. What is the meaning behind the PHOSPHOLIPIDS' chant?
Phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane, in a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid
molecules form two layers, with the hydrophilic (water loving) head facing the extracellular fluid
and the cytosol (intracellular) fluid, and the hydrophobic (not water loving) tails facing one another.
The cell membrane is constructed in such a way that it is semipermeable, and allows oxygen, CO2
and lipid soluble molecules through easily, while other molecules like glucose, amino acids, water,
and ions cannot pass through quite as easily. That is the meaning behind the chant "some things can
pass, others cannot!".
2. Why is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Could O2 and CO2 make the same claim as GLUCOSE and AMINO ACID? Why or why not?
No. They cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion and don't need proteins.
Mary Amico
Physiology 141 Section 002
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
5. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell is called gas exchange.
Which two body organ systems are involved in gas exchange? Which type of plasma membrane
transport is used for gas exchange? Is this method best? Explain your answer.
The two body organ systems involved in gas exchange are the respiratory and cardiovascular
systems. O2 and CO2 cross the cell membrane via simple diffusion. Because cells all throughout the
body require oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, this simple method of diffusion is the best
way to transport such small molecules over a large area as efficiently as possible.
6. PHIL LIPID and PROFESSOR TOSOL discuss the Great Dehydration. Explain what you think
occurred during the Great Dehydration. Why are sports drinks recommended to prevent, or treat,
dehydration?
The Great Dehydration was a result of a stomach virus which apparently caused the body to lose
water. As the body lost water, water moved out of the cells in attempt to keep solute concentrations
balanced across the cell membrane. Sports drinks contain water as well as "electrolytes" like

Story Of Twists And Turns From The Criminal Underworld
This is a story of twists and turns from the criminal underworld. It involves a closely–knit group that
sells poison to unsuspecting victims as an alternative medicine. They have labeled their so–called
medicine as "M.M.S", which they state represents either "Miracle Mineral Solution" or "Miracle
Mineral Supplement". It is neither a supplement nor a mineral. It 's chlorine bleach. This disturbing
topic has been covered here, at The Health Wyze Report, on multiple occasions, but now raids have
finally begun, and as a result, more information about the operation of these criminals has become
available.
Their spokesman, who is publicly the head of the pyramid, is a man named Jim Humble. This name
may, or may not be, an alias. Although, he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "M.M.S." product that has been marketed by Humble and his entourage is chlorine dioxide. It
was never shipped to customers directly. Instead, customers had to make their own by mixing the
shipped sodium chlorite with citric acid, because chlorine dioxide is so unstable that it is explosive.
We have learned more about how the game is played, due to raids that took place in 2011, and a set
of criminal convictions that finally manifested in 2013. The tale begins and ends with four of Jim
Humble 's underlings: Louis (Daniel) Smith, Karis Delong, Tammy Olson, and Chris Olson. They
began their operation by creating a shell company called Project Greenlife, in 2007. It had multiple
websites including projectgreenlife.com, mmsmiracle.com, purestreamhealth.com, and
mmsfornewbies.com. All of these sites were meant to create an impression of a legitimate
marketplace with honest competition and independent peer reviews for Project Greenlife 's
"medicine". It was a fake network that was used to buoy an equally bogus medical treatment. From
our research over a period of many years, all of the involved people are linked to Jim Humble,
whose job is to bless the M.M.S. that is sold by his own people.
The ring leader of Project Greenlife, Daniel Smith of Spokane, Washington, bought sodium chlorite
from a chemical supply company in Utah. Soon after, the chemical company contacted Smith 's

The Properties of Chemical Reactions
Properties of Chemical Reactions
Ms. Whitty, Science 10
Fiona Adams, November 1st, 2012
Introduction
Chemical reactions are a part of our daily lives, from rusting metal to making bread to leaves
changing colour in the fall. A chemical reaction is the process that occurs when two or more
substances combine to produce a chemical change. When a chemical reaction takes place, the
change is indicated by one or more qualitative properties. The colour or odor could change, gas
could be produced, a precipitate – a solid substance in a solution – could be formed, or energy could
be absorbed or released. The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
When chemical reactions occur, the end result is called a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The acetic acid was clear, colorless and in a liquid state. The sodium bicarbonate, however, was a
white powder, in a solid state. The reaction caused the new substance to bubble and foam, producing
a gas.
(Table 4) Quantitative Observations from Part 2 – Mass of Sodium Bicarbonate (g) | 1.01 | Mass of
Acetic Acid (g) | 14.29 | Mass of Products (g) | 14.88 |
Analysis
Part 1:
The chemical reaction that took place was evidenced by several qualitative observations. The colour
of the two original substances was clear, and when combined the colour changed to yellow – a
change of colour is clear evidence of a chemical reaction. The word equation for this reaction would
be – potassium iodide + lead (II) nitrate Potassium nitrate and lead (II) iodide. In the form of a
balanced equation, this reaction would be – 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2.
Weighing both the reactants and the product showed that the mass of the reactants, with the
apparatus, was 140.26 grams. The mass of the product, with the apparatus, was also 140.26 grams –
the product of this reaction had the same mass as the reactants. These results were expected, based
on the Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Mass is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. The application of the Law of Conservation of Mass means that
the mass of products in a chemical reaction will equal the mass of the

Essay on Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd V Accc (1999)...
GLENDALE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS PTY LTD v ACCC (1999) ATPR 41–672 Plaintiff: Michael
Barnes Defendant/Appellant: Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd –Supplier of Caustic Soda which
is called "DRANO" Respondent: Australian Competition & Consumer Commission Prepared
By: GLENDA B. GAERLAN Presented To: PETER MCGUINNES BUSINESS LAW 1st Semester
2010 Background Facts: Michael Barnes bought a 500g of caustic soda called "DRANO" at a local
store named Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd for him to use to unblock a pipe in the shower
recess. Mr. Barnes, kneeling down, poured hot water to the drain and immediately sprinkled the
caustic soda as advised by a friend. The mixture of hot water ... Show more content on
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Barnes, separately, had commenced proceedings in the District Court of NSW. Both proceedings
were transferred to the Federal Court and heard with the proceedings issued by the ACCC. The
judgment on this case was delivered on February 27, 1998 six years after Australia passed a
statutory code dealing with defective goods in 1992 sixty years after the verdict on the Donoghue v
Stevenson's case. The ACCC sought orders restraining Glendale from engaging in conduct contrary
to Section 52 which states that a corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that
is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. The action brought by the ACCC
against Glendale based on Section 52 and 53(c) of the Act was unsuccessful. There was insufficient
evidence to demonstrate that Barnes did understand the label to constitute a representation in the
form suggested. It was found that Glendale was negligent and in all circumstances, it was
considered there was a duty on Glendale to include in the packaging a warning as to the
consequences of using corrosive product with hot water in a confined space such as a drain. There
was no specific defect with the caustic soda but the issue is whether it was defective within the
meaning of Section 75AC. It was found by the court the label to be defective within the meaning of
section 75AC. It was argued on behalf of Glendale that the damages should be reduced based on the
fact that Barnes

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Essay
After finished completing this assignment, our understanding about the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) instrument have increased. All of us able to calculate the specific surface area of the powder ,
knew the right standard operating procedure to run the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) instrument
and more efficient in handling the calculation involving the graph . However , the specific surface
area for our sample might low than the expected due to some possible error that might occur. The
first possible error might be due to the wrong de–gassed temperature for the sample. Before the
sample been analysed, it have to go through the out–gassing or de–gassing. The purpose of de–
gassing is to remove gases and vapours that may have become physically adsorbed onto the surface
after manufacture and during treatment, handling and storage. However, if de–gassing not
achievable, the specific surface area may be reduced or may be variable because an intermediate
area of the surface is covered with molecules of the previously adsorbed gases or vapours. Thus, the
de–gassing is an important technique that need to take account before analysing any sample. In our
case, we accidentally put lower de–gassing temperature (105℃) that totally alter the precision and
accuracy of specific surface area measurements. The next possible error is the efficient of the
instrument. The instrument that we used is the old model (ASAP 2020) that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the isotherm can be differentiate through the presence of 'knee' or 'elbow'. Each of the
isotherm have an adsorption and desorption graph. Often the adsorption is going up while the
desorption is going down. Next , we learned that there are four types of hysteresis whereas the open
end cylindrical shaped , the ink bottle shaped, the slit shaped and the macro and meso–pore shape.
Next , we knew how to plot the graph and calculate the specific surface area from the

Hyperkalaemia And Depolariization Of Potassium
Potassium is a necessary intracellular ion, found in each cell membrane, playing a vital role in the
normal functioning of nerve and muscle cells. It is crucial for proper fluid balance in the body by
countering the effect of sodium and creates an electrical charge across the cell membrane. This is
important as it allows nerves to conduct electrical impulses to communicate between muscles and
cells to contract. A majority is found inside muscle tissue, and the balance between sodium and
potassium ions is crucial to maintain an electrical gradient which works to transport substances
in/out the cell and transmit nerve signals which consequently trigger muscle contractions.
When this balance is disrupted, the functioning of muscles is drastically affected.
An excess amount of potassium can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, the kidneys can maintain blood potassium within a health range, excreting extra when
necessary. But when one cannot efficiently eliminate excess potassium, hyperkalemia occurs.
Hyperkalaemia can result in depolarization of membrane potentials of nerve and muscle cells, due to
the increased equilibrium potential of potassium. This impairs the normal process of depolarization;
the depolarization of the membrane potentials opens several voltage–gated sodium channels;
however it elevates the inactivation process. Depolarization is slowed due to the concentration
changes, which means an action potential is not generated; the process of accommodation occurs
instead. This is when nerve cells adjusts slowly to a slowly increasing stimulus so that its threshold
of excitation of greater than it would be were the stimulus

The Pros And Cons Of Potassium
Since Dmitri Mendeleev created his periodic table of elements in 1869, scientists have worked to
identify the materials that make up the world around us. While many discoveries were made through
fairly benign methods, there have been some horrifying deaths along the way.
Marie and Pierre Curie's work with radioactive material killed the married couple. In fact, their
notebooks are still so highly contaminated that researchers have chosen to lock them away.
There has always been a bit of excitement when a "new" element is discovered. In some cases,
merchants and advertisers have unknowingly exposed thousands of people to dangerous chemicals,
such as selling water laced with radium as a cure for ailments of the endocrine system.
Then there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within 30 minutes, Adams was dead and Cornish was in severe pain.
People v. Molineux is considered a landmark case because an appeals court decided that the
evidence regarding Barnet's death should not have been allowed during the trial. The court's
reasoning was that Molineux had been denied the presumption of innocence that is guaranteed by
US law. Molineux was acquitted after a retrial.
3 Potassium
Potassium is an essential but volatile element that is needed by the human body to regulate muscular
contractions. Although most of us do not get enough potassium in our diets, it is important to note
that potassium in its pure form is extremely reactive. Therefore, this element is usually used in one
of its compound forms such as saltpeter or potash.
Potassium chloride is considered a double–edged sword. Small doses can be used to treat
deficiencies, but large doses can stop the heart. For this reason, it has been used in lethal injections,
both legal and illegal.
There are a number of suspected "mercy killings" by doctors or nurses who wished to help their
patients escape the pain of possibly terminal diseases. Unfortunately, there are also people who have
randomly killed those in their care simply because they

The Effect Of Temperature And Reactant Concentration On...
This experiment aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature and reactant
concentration on the rate of reaction for the hydrolysis of tert–Butyl Chloride, and to determine the
validity of the proposed mechanism for the reaction. It was hypothesised that measuring the kinetics
of this unimolecular substitution reaction would demonstrate the reaction rate for the hydrolysis of
tert–Butyl Chloride utilising acetone as the solvent which should increase with both its increased
concentration and temperature, to produce the product tert–Butyl alcohol.
When the solution of tert–butyl chloride in acetone is added to water in the presence of a base and a
universal indicator, its reaction to form tert–butyl alcohol is indicated by dramatic color change.
Bromothymol blue is an acid–base indicator which appears blue in an alkaline medium and yellow
in an acidic solution (Artxy, 2011). The solvolysis of tert–butyl chloride is revealed by the indicator
change from blue to yellow as hydrogen halide is produced during the reaction (Mostafa, 2009). The
solution is initially blue because of its Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) content (alkaline), and the colour
change results as aqueous chlorine removes a proton from the transition state, while the generated
hydrogen ions neutralise the hydroxide ions of the NaOH, causing the change in the pH of the
system (Riley, 1977). This qualitatively determines that the rate of reaction is dependent on the
concentration of tert–butyl chloride.

Renal Regulation of Blood Osmolarity
Abstract: The experiment was done to demonstrate the effect of ADH on the volume and
concentration of urine in order to demonstrate the control of ADH over blood plasma osmolarity.
Since non–invasive methods were preferred the volume and concentration of urine was used in place
of drawing blood. The results that we our anticipating are that ADH levels in the group of subjects
that ingested the 6 gm. Of NaCl would increase over time in response to the increased osmolarity of
the blood from all of the salt. Urine output would decrease and eventually the body would stabilize.
Purpose: In this experiment, renal regulation of osmolarity will be demonstrated through the use of
urinalysis.
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of executing this experiment was to essentially illustrate our body's compensatory
mechanisms via hormone regulation to maintain homeostasis. Osmolarity of bodily fluids need to be
in their appropriate "normal ranges" in order for the body as a whole to maintain "normal or
healthy" functions. A disruption of homeostasis will eventually lead to disease whether acute or
chronic if the compensatory mechanisms within our bodies are not working appropriately. Although
the kidneys are the focus of the action, renal regulation of osmolarity goes well beyond the kidneys.
The hormones involved in the process are ADH, aldosterone, and the few involved in the renin–
angiotensin system. Due to the fact that ADH was the target of our experiment, we will begin with
the anatomy and physiology involved with ADH. The cell bodies of the supra–optic nucleus of the
hypothalamus are the site of synthesis of ADH, and the site of the osmoreceptors that detect changes
in blood osmolarity. The posterior pituitary is the site of release for ADH. When the osmoreceptors
detect a change in osmolarity the number and intensity of the action potentials fired will change. An
increase will cause an increase in action potentials fired from the supra–optic nucleus to the
posterior pituitary via the infundibulum. Likewise, a decrease in osmolarity will decrease the action
potentials fired. The synaptic vesicles of the posterior pituitary will then secrete the appropriate

Sodium Ion Essay
4. As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage–gated sodium
ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium ion.
A sodium ion is essentially a sodium atom which had been oxidized, losing one electron and gaining
a positive charge. Thus, the atomic structure of a sodium ion is an atom with 11 protons in its
nucleus, but only 10 electrons in its orbitals, thus explaining its positive charge.
Atomic Structure. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.gcsescience.com/a4–sodium–ion.htm.
5. What is a voltage–gated sodium ion channel? What is it made of? What is its function?
It's a protein that allows sodium ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient across the cell
membrane. Like other proteins ion channels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why do sodium ions need channels in order to move into and out of cells?
The sodium ions need channels in order to move into and out of the cell because if the cell let any
type of ion in, the cell would become toxic. This is why nerve cells regulate the amount of ions that
enter and leave the cell. Also creating the negative resting potential of a nerve cell, which can "fire"
an action potential and conduct nerve impulses.
These channels allow for the swift intake of sodium ions and the change in net charge over an
extremely short period of time. Sodium ions are also too big to enter the cell without the help of
these channels.
11. What would happen to a neuron if it were exposed to tetrodotoxin? Be specific regarding its
effect on the ability of a neuron to communicate.
When a neuron is exposed to tetrodotoxin, its ability to draw sodium into the cell is stopped. There
is a guanidino group attached to the tetrodotoxin that is drawn into the cell. These toxic molecules
don't leave the sodium channel and block any sodium from entering the neuron. It takes minutes for
the toxin to leave the channel and they are often drawn right back into the channel once they detach.
When an action potential tries to fire in a cell with blocked sodium channels, nothing happens. The
potential can't be completed and the overall charge of the neuron remains negative, leading to

Personal Narrative Racising
Per our discussion the best course of action that should be taken to remove the lite coating of Lead
containing paint would be to remove it with heat. By using heat it will eliminate the lead and also
eliminate the difficulty in capturing all of the debris created if we were to grind it off. Now I do have
some requirements which we did discuss over the phone which I also included below. Respirator
must be worn when burning these areas, also full Tyvek suit, gloves, and goggles also to cover all
areas of exposed skin. Now this protective layer will be considered contaminated and has to be
treated as hazardous waste. The respirator doesn't have to be included, but the filter cartridges are
holding contaminants and will have to be disposed

Investigation Of Chemistry Involving Quantitative Analysis
AS 91387: Carry out an investigation in chemistry involving quantitative analysis
Aim: To investigate if changing temperature will effect the concentration of NaOCI– in the bleach
inside Janola.
Introduction: The active ingredient in most chlorine bleaches is sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. The
oxidizing action of hypochlorite ion, OCl–, kills germs and also decolorizes many stains and dyes. I
will determine the concentration of the active ingredient in household bleach; Hypochlorite Ion
(OCI–). I will do this using a titrimetric analysis in which the hypochlorite is treated with Iodide (I–)
resulting in the production of (elemental) Iodine (I2). This is then titrated with Thiosulfate (S2032–)
to a starch indicator endpoint. A blue to colourless colour change.
Redox Titrations involve standard solutions of oxidants and reductants, the titrant. A change in
oxidation state is effected by the oxidant or reductant. This change of oxidation state accompanies a
change in the indicator, signalling the endpoint of the titration has been reached.
The resulting solution of Ferrous Ions (Fe2+) can be titrated with a standard Permanganate (Mn04–)
solution (oxidant) causing the Ferrous Ions to be oxidised to Ferric Ions (Fe3+).
5Fe2+ + Mn04– + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H20
The endpoint of this redox titration is indicated by a colour change from clear to pink, due to the
slight excess of purple Permanganate that exists when you add one additional drop titrant beyond

Dehydration Effects
Dehydration Effects
Dehydration is the "excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids" (Grosvenor &
Smolin, 2006, p. 282). When the body goes through dehydration there can be many symptoms.
Some of these symptoms can include: feelings of nausea, light–headedness, and feeling dizzy.
Dehydration can cause symptoms to show more rapidly than any other vitamin deficiency. With
other vitamin deficiencies, days or weeks can pass before symptoms are felt by the body (Grosvenor
& Smolin, 2006). Symptoms can be seen when dehydrated after only an hour of activity on a
hot day. Water is essential to health maintenance because the human body is more than half water.
The typical adult's body weight is about 60% water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The minor symptoms of dehydration will go away quickly after replacing the lost water but if left
untreated medical attention may be necessary. While it may be difficult to consume too much water,
overhydrating can be as dangerous as dehydrating. Water toxicity can be the result of consuming too
much water. Some of the early symptoms of water toxicity can be similar to dehydration. Nausea,
muscle cramps, disorientation, and confusion are just some of the symptoms of water toxicity. "To
help prevent water toxicity it is recommended that beverages containing dilute solutions of sodium
as well as sugar, such as sports beverages, be used to replace water losses when exercise continues
for more than an hour" (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, p. 287). Electrolytes are important because
they help maintain acid–base in the body. Electrolytes are "substances that separate in water to form
positively and negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current" (Grosvenor &
Smolin, 2006, p. 287). The three key electrolytes in the body are sodium, potassium, and chloride. It
is important to control the amount of sodium excreted from the body because sodium helps to
regulate blood pressure. If the body loses more sodium than it takes in blood pressure can drop.
When this happens the body will release proteins and hormones to help the kidneys retain water and
sodium. Renin is an enzyme that

The Problem of Dehydration Essay
In many ways, any living being is the product of water. The figures are relevant for this assumption:
the human body contains 60% water. A newborn has at birth 64% water in his organism while the
fetus in the third month of pregnancy has in his tissues, 91% water. As a man ages he starts to dry:
around the age of 70, the body contains 46% water. The body is composed of 25% solids and 75%
liquid material in which the solvent is water. Furthermore, even the brain tissue is composed of 85%
water (Wedro, Conrad Stöppler, 2011). The role of water in ensuring the health of the human body is
essential. Without water, humans cannot live. Water metabolism disorders produce signals that
indicate a significant de–harmonization of the biological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These ions can serve as a catalyst, accelerating reactions that normally would take much more than a
few seconds. (OH). Another important property of water is represented by its capacity to dissipate
heat through evaporation. This characteristic has an important role in the physiology of thermo–
regulation. At high atmospheric temperatures, the body receives much more heat than it needs. If
this heat is not dissipated, the body will suffer. Fortunately, the human body has several mechanisms
to remove heat. One of them is based on the presence of water and it involves changing water from
its liquid to gaseous state with a heat loss (sweating). Thus, each gram of water evaporated from the
surface of the skin at room temperature, facilitates the loss of 580 calories. For these reasons,
dehydration has become a major problem for many people and it can lead to more serious diseases
and even cause death if not be given the proper consideration. The first signs of dehydration include
feeling dizzy, rapid heartbeat, dry mouth, fatigue, and irritability. Low water intake increases
histamine, and when it crosses the nerves, pain occurs. Thus, pain appears, costing one of the first
signs of dehydration (Wedro, Conrad Stöppler, 2011). If no action is taken, in time, various
disorders can appear such as constipation, nausea, menstrual problems, joint problems, high
cholesterol, asthma, allergies, or dyspeptic syndromes. Dehydration can take years or

Co2 + O2
Assessment Choose the correct answer. Encircle the letter of your final answer. 1. Balance this
equation: CO + O2 CO2 a. CO + O2 CO2 b. 2 CO + O2 2 CO2 c. CO +2 O2 2 CO2 d. 2 CO + O2
CO2 2. C6H6 combusts in air. a. 2 C6H6 + 15 O2 12 CO2 + 6 H2O b. C6H6 + 13 O2 12 CO2 +
H2O c. 2 C6H6 + 15 O2 11 CO2 + 7 H2O d. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 3. From the reaction: B2H6 +
O2 HBO2 + H2O. What mass of O2 will be needed to burn 36.1 g of B2H6? a. 125 g O2 b. 100 g
O2 c. 76 g O2 d. 84 g O2 4. How many moles of nitrogen gas is needed to react with 44.8 liters of
hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas? 3H2 + N2 2NH3 a. 0.856 mol N2 b. 0.667 mol N2 c. 0.666
mol N2 d. 0.531 mol N2 5. When 11.2 liters of hydrogen gas is made by adding zinc to sulfuric acid,
what mass of zinc is needed? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
32.7 g Zn b. 31.7 g Zn c. 40 g Zn d. 32.6 g Zn 6.–9. For the reaction: 6 Li(s) + N2(g)  2 Li3N(s)
Determine: 6. The mass of N2 needed to react with 0.536 moles of Li. a. 2.50 g N2 b. 3.00 g N2 c.
3.50 g N2 d. 2.00 g N2 7. The number of moles of Li required to make 46.4 g of Li3N. a. 3.09 mol
Li b. 4.00 mol Li c. 3.50 mol Li d. 2.00 mol Li 8. The mass in grams of Li3N produced from 3.65 g
Li. a. 6.05 g Li3N b. 7.10 g Li3N c. 6.10 g Li3N d. 5.10 g Li3N 9. The number of moles of lithium
needed to react with 7.00 grams of

Stoichiometry Lab Report
Stoichiometry and Determining the Limiting Reagent
Abstract:
Four chemical reactions will be done using different ratios of mixture between calcium chloride and
sodium carbonate. The mixture of these two substances produces the precipitate calcium carbonate,
which will be separated using filtration. After observing the tubes and collecting data, the limiting
reagents were deduced from observing which amount of substance had the least amount of moles. It
was found that in trials one through three, the limiting reagent was calcium chloride and in trial four,
the limiting reagent was sodium carbonate. The actual yield in grams were compared to the
theoretical yield in grams of product to provide percent yields of 63.89 %, 88.67 %, 89.6%, and ...
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The highest percent yield is seen in trial 3 whereas the lowest percent yield is seen in trial 4.
Sample calculations:–
Trial 1:–
Moles of Na2CO3 = Molarity × Volume = (1.00 moles ×25.10 mL×1 liter)/(Litres×1000mL) =
0.00251 moles
Moles of CaCl2 = Molarity × Volume = (0.0500 moles ×25.35 mL×1 liter)/(Litres×1000mL) =
0.00127 moles
Theoretical yield grams = Moles of product × molecular weight of CaCO3 = 0.00127 moles ×
100.089 g/moles = 0.127g
Percent yield = (actual yeild (g))/(theoretical yeild(g))×100 = (0.0812g )/0.127×100 = 63.9 %

Why Do Drugs Increase The Smooth ER In Cells
drugs increase the smooth ER in cells, which increases the detoxification rate, which increases a
person's tolerance to a drug. Which means that a person would have to increase the dosage each time
in order to get the same original effect. The increase of the smooth ER as a result of abusing a drug
can lead to increased tolerance of other useful drugs, such as antibiotics. Storing calcium ions is
another function of the smooth ER. These calcium ions can be used to trigger the contraction of
muscle cells by being pumped in and out of the ER lumen. The release of calcium ions can also
stimulate other responses in different cell types, like secreting new protein vesicles. A function of
the rough ER is to make phospholipids and membranes and for

How Does Temperature Affect The Rate Of Reaction
In experiment 2, temperature was the factor tested to see how it affected the rate of reactions.
Tweaking the method for the first experiment, the sodium thiosulphate were in three different
temperature; one was placed on a hotplate and heated, another in an ice bath and the last was room
temperature. This showed how the temperature of the solution can be an important factor when
investigating reaction rates. Concentration of the reactants affects reaction rate by increasing the rate
when the concentration is also increased. According to the collision theory proposed by Max Trautz
in 1916 and William Lewis in 1918, for two molecules to react they must first come into contact
with each other, called a collision. The molecules are more likely to collide if they ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it can be seen using the collision theory that the more concentrated the reactants are, the
more likely the molecules will collide and consequently speed up the reaction rate. This has been
justified in the experimental results, when the more concentrated hydrochloric acid was, the faster
the reaction rate. As shown in Experiment 1, where three different concentrations of hydrochloric
acid were used. In Beaker 1, 0.5 M of hydrochloric acid was used, Beaker 2 was 1M, and in Beaker
3, 2M of hydrochloric acid was tested. It was shown in the experiment that the first beaker of 0.5M
HCl took the longest to go cloudy, around 44 seconds. Beaker 2 had 1M of HCl and took 38
seconds, which was approximately 6 seconds faster than Beaker 1. In Beaker 3, 2M of HCl was
added and it was the fastest of all three, taking 33 seconds, which was 11 seconds faster than Beaker
1, and 5 seconds quicker than Beaker 2. These results demonstrate that the concentration of the
reactants does affect reaction rate as it was shown that an increase in the concentration of HCl meant
that the reaction rate sped up, and vice

Apollo 13 Stoichiometry
In the lab sodium hydrogen carbonate will react with hydrochloric acid. Then with the data gained
from the lab, the use of stoichiometry is used to calculate the mass of the product, and compare the
theoretical data to the actual data to calculate the percent error. When reacting the two compounds, it
is placed over a heat source. The stoichiometry in the equation is to calculate the theoretical mass, or
calculated mass, that is reacted from the compounds. The actual amount was the mass of the product
received in the lab. An example how stoichiometry was used was during the Apollo 13. The Apollo
13 had two air tanks that had blown up causing the trip to the moon to be terminated, and the new
focus to be surviving the trip back to earth. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then with a pipet, place slowly with hydrochloric acid, 10 ml, into the sodium hydrogen carbonate
until the bubbles stop. Then with the product, heat until it seems as if all the water in the dish is
evaporated. Originally the product was supposed to be 2.09g of hydrochloric acid, however there
was a miscalculation of the mass of the sodium hydrogen carbonate, and that mass turned out to be
3.07g. The final mass for the product was supposed to be 2.14g as a mass of the product. After all
the procedures were completed, the mass that was received from the lab calculations was 2.45g.
This was a 114.55 percent error to the lab. The large error could have lead to many different things.
One of the things that the error could have been caused was miss calculating the mass. While
measuring the sodium hydrogen carbonate, the mass of the evaporating dish mass, 46.50g, had
altered when it was zeroed and put the 3.00g of the sodium hydrogen carbonate. Then it was massed
again together and it was 49.57g. Another possible way that the mass was altered the way it was, it
that all the water wasn't evaporated. There was also a little splatter outside the dish. That helped
lessening the mass that was already too big. Finally an important error that happened was not letting
the evaporating dish cool after it was heated. Those are some ways that the lab error could

Why Do Chlorine Remains In A Pool
Introduction:
I chose this project because I am a competitive swimmer and I have been swimming for the past ten
and a half years. I wanted to find out how much chlorine remains in a pool each day after
chlorination. I am interested to see how much residual chlorine is left and the range in which there
appears skin irritation and red eyes because I have experienced the red eyes and itchy skin due to
over chlorination.
Chlorine is used in pools in either a gaseous or as sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The chlorine is
added to water to help prevent people from getting sick from disease–producing microorganisms.
The chlorine that is added and reacts with the organic material and metals in the water is the
chlorine demand for the water as it will not be available for any disinfection that keeps people from
getting sick while in the pool. The residual test is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The free iodine is than titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution.
I2 + 2 S2O32– 2 I– + S4O62–
For every two moles of thiosulphate, one mole of iodine is needed so the amount of iodine mole
needed is half the amount of thiosulphate moles that are needed. Starch is used as the indicator for
the end point because the iodine and water is such a faint yellow color that the starch will combine
with any of the iodine that is still present and turn it a blue color and the end point for the titration is
than easier to notice.
I found the amount of amount of residual chlorine using the equation:
Residual chlorine = volume of Na2S2O3 x Concentration of Na2S2O3 x mass of 1 mol Cl– x 1000
Volume of sample pool water
Adverse effects can occur if there is too much residual chlorine in water. The use of chlorine can
possibly cause carcinogenic compounds such as chloroform. There is still an ongoing debate if
chlorine is the best way to disinfect a

Synthesis Of Alum From Aluminum Can Pieces
Synthesis of Alum from Aluminum Can Pieces *Marita John, Crystal Chacko, and Natalie Luera
CHEM 111–553 Introduction: There is a great demand in industries to recycle aluminum for a salt
such as dyeing of textiles, manufacturing of pickles, baking powder, leather tanning, and as a
flocculant in water purification, etc. The negative ionic charge of alum of potassium and its
molecular structure makes this compound unable to be absorbed by the skin, therefore, it is
sometimes used as antiperspirants by deodorant industries. The energy needed to produce new
aluminum from the secondary aluminum product through recycling s is less energy than creating
brand new products of aluminum. The main purpose is to synthesize alum, potassium aluminum ...
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A filter paper was added to the Büchner funnel. The faucet, which acted as a vacuum source, was
turned on. Before pouring the reaction mixture into the filter, the filter paper was wetted using
distilled water. A pair of tongs were used to transfer the reaction into the filter from the beaker. After
most of the reaction was in the filter, the beaker was rinsed twice with 5mL of distilled water each
time. The contents of the rinse in the beaker were emptied into the filter. After the filtration was
complete and the dark residue of the aluminum can pieces was separated from the clear reaction
mixture, the filtrate was transferred into another clean 250mL beaker. Then the filter flask was
rinsed with 10mL of distilled water and added to the filtrate in the new reaction beaker. Then 20mL
of 6.0M sulfuric acid was carefully added to the reaction beaker while being stirred with a stir rod. A
stir bar was inserted into the reaction and the beaker was put on top of a hot plate to dissolve the
solids that formed. After the solids were dissolved, the reaction was filtered with a vacuum filter as
done previously. The reaction beaker was cooled in an ice bath created by adding ice chips and
water to a larger beaker for the alum crystals to precipitate. The inside of the beaker was scratched
with a stirring rod to facilitate the formation of crystals. The vacuum filter was set up

4 Drop Of Mms Research Paper
1. Day 1, take 1/4 drop of MMS in water, every hour, 8 times a day. Read on below for detailed
steps.
1.1. To measure 1/4 drop, add 1 drop of Sodium Chlorite and 1 drop of 50% Citric Acid (or 4%
Hydrochloric Acid) in a clean and dry glass, and wait about 30 seconds while you stir the mixture.
1.2. After about 30 seconds, the mixture will turn pale yellow or amber in color at which point add
water to it.
1.3. Drain about 3/4 of water from the glass and what remains is 1/4 drop of MMS.
2. Day 2 and 3, take 1/2 drop of MMS in water, following same instructions as above, but dumping
1/2 of the contents of glass in step 1.3 above.
3. Day 4, take 3/4 drop of MMS in water, following same instructions as above, but dumping 1/4 of
the contents of glass in step 1.3 above.
Protocol 1000
1. Day 5 onwards, start taking 1 drop of MMS in at least 4 oz water, every hour, 8 times a day.
2. Build it up to 3 drops of MMS, every hour, 8 times a day.
3. If you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protocols above are given for adults. MMS has been found perfectly safe for all ages, including
small children and infants. However, the dosage varies; please consult Jim Humble's book for more
information on this.
2. Sodium Chlorite, Citric Acid, Hydrochlauric Acid and DMSO must be kept out of reach of
children.
3. As much as possible, make MMS fresh for each dose for maximum benefits. Store individual
ingredients such as Sodium Chlorite, Citric Acid, Hydrochlauric Acid and DMSO, in a cool and dark
place or refrigerate.
4. If spilled on the skin accidently, rinse with plain water. Especially DO NOT RINSE OFF DMSO
WITH SOAP, since it can carry soap residues into your tissues.
5. There are no known contraindications of MMS with pharmaceutical drugs, however, some drugs
may impede your immune response slow down your

Chemical Reaction Lab
Type of Reactions We did a lab on many reactions to find the products of the reactions. We
conducted four group experiments and three class experiments, following very strict safety
procedures given to us by our instructor. We used goggles and aprons which were required at all
times. We could not sniff any gasses or walk into clouds of smoke unless we were instructed to. We
had to describe the reactants and products and what is taking place during the reaction.
Procedures
We had to follow seven separate instructions for each of the separate reactions.
1. We had to obtain a small piece of Magnesium. Holding it with forceps, we placed it in the flame
of a lit Bunsen burner until there was no more reaction in the Mg. We were instructed to not look in
the bright light. We observed what was produced.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We had to add a chunk of Sodium to a water bucket outside. We gently dropped it in, got away from
it and observed the reaction.
3. We had to add 5 ml of Hydrochloric acid to a small beaker and swirl it. Then we added sodium
hydroxide and had to check for heat and color change.
4. We had to add a small strip of copper to a beaker that held 3 ml of silver nitrate. We had to
observe the reaction.
5. We had to add pennies to nitric acid in an Erlenmeyer flask under the fume hood. We had to be
cautious because the nitric acid was highly corrosive and there was laughing gas and noxious fumes
produced.
6. We heated sodium chlorate strongly. We added gummy bears to the hot liquid and the sucrose in
the gummy bears ignited and burned.
7. We added 5 ml of lead(II) nitrate to 5 ml of potassium iodide in a small beaker. We had to observe
the precipitate formed.
All of our data is shown in figure 1.

Essay on Young Woman's Death by Ingesting Exstasy
In their case study, "Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion," Kamyar
Kalantar–Sadeh, Minhtri Nguyen, Roger Chang, and Ira Kurtz present a 20–year old female, Asian–
American, college student who took multiple tablets of ecstasy and drank excessive amounts of
water at a party. This student was found the next morning, unresponsive, foaming at the mouth, with
rapid and shallow breathing, and a weak pulse. After being admitted into the emergency room, the
patient was determined to be hypothermic, hypoxemic, hypotensive, tachycardic, and in respiratory
distress. Initially, the patient had a sodium content of 117 mmol/l and a serum osmolality of 245
mOsm/kg. In order to treat the patient, throughout a 11 hour period, a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both pulmonary edema, excessive fluid in the lungs, and cerebral edema, excessive fluid in the
brain, were reported for this patient. Because the blood–brain barrier is freely permeable to water,
the patient's neurons most likely swelled, causing a buildup of intracranial pressure, which may have
led to her coma. Further, the fact that the patient was found to be in respiratory distress supports the
conclusion that water had built up in her lungs as well. In the case study, two additional patients
with low sodium concentration in their cells were also presented in order to serve as a comparison to
the main case. The history of two Caucasian females, one 38 years of age and the other 24 years old
were presented. The 38–year–old female drank 25,250mL bottles of water (6.25L total) whilst
running a 64.4 km marathon. She suffered from confusion, headache, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, as well as pulmonary venous edema. Initially, the patient
had a sodium content of 121 mmol/l and a serum osmolality of 253 mOsm/kg. In order to treat the
patient, a hypertonic saline, normal saline, and 40mg of intravenous furosemide, a diuretic, were
administered after which her sodium content rose to of 125 mmol/l after 2.5 hours and 141 mmol/l
after 48 hours with no acute damage to cells. The 24–year–old female underwent an appendectomy
and received 5% dextrose infusion before and after

Describe The Importance Of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are very important to have in the human body. It is very unhealthy to have an imbalance
of electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalance may lead to disease or even death. ( Nate Morrow )
Salt is a very important electrolyte. Humans need salt to survive on the planet of Earth. Salt can also
be called sodium. Low sodium levels are very dangerous. People with diseases are at higher risk of a
low sodium level.Another important electrolyte is magnesium. Magnesium is important for 300
biochemical reactions! Also an important electrolyte is phosphate. Phosphate strengthens bones and
teeth. Bicarbonate is also one of the major electrolytes. Kidneys release bicarbonate when acids
build up through metabolic processes. Also, potassium is a key electrolyte. Potassium is important
for regulating your heartbeat and muscle function. ( U.S National Library of Medicine ) It is also
important to keep your electrolytes balanced. Electrolyte loss is very dangerous. Water does not
replenish the electrolytes lost in sweat. Most sports drinks claim to replenish electrolytes lost in
sweat. Although, not all beverages are made to hydrate, so be aware on which sports drink you
choose next. Hydration is also crucial to live a healthy life. Dehydration can cause electrolyte
imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance symptoms include twitching, weakness, and seizures. ( Healthline
)
It is also important to have a healthy amount of salt in your body. Salt imbalances can lead to heart
disease. Eat healthy to

Limiting Reactant Lab Report
The objectives for the Limiting Reactant Lab was to determine out of the equation Ba〖Cl〗_(2
(aq))+ 〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_(4 (aq))→ 〖BaSO〗_(4 (s) )+2 〖NaCl〗_((aq)) which compound is
the limiting reactant from choosing either A or B for the experiment. The purpose for part one is
about 〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_(4 (aq)) and Ba〖Cl〗_(2 (aq))*2H_2 O, when adding water and
resulting in 〖BaSO〗_(4 (s) ) is allowed to precipitate. From the two values the percent yield can
be calculated. The purpose for part two is the formation of barium sulfate. The methods used for part
one was (I) to pick between part A or part B. (II) weigh out the part that you picked. And lastly (III)
let the chemicals precipitate when adding distilled water. The methods that were used during the
second part of the lab was to calculate how much of the compounds that you need than to add 5ml
distilled water to both and combine together. What was found in this lab was which chemical
compound from the product of the equation is the limiting reactant. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What was concluded when doing the lab was to determine which product of the equation was the
limiting reactant. When doing all the calculations were 83.1% of the yield of the compound. It is
very close to having almost the perfect percentage of the limiting yield when doing the

Limiting Reactant Lab Experiment Using Baking Soda and...
Baking Soda and Vinegar: Limiting Reactant Lab
Background
The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the
amount of product that the reaction can produce. The limiting reactant places this upper bound
because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed. If the relative amount
of reactants is altered, then the limiting reactant may change accordingly. For example, a balanced
chemical equation of a certain reaction specifies that an equal number of moles of two substances A
and B is required. If there are more moles of B than of A, then A is the limiting reactant because it is
completely consumed when the reaction stops and there is an excess of B left over. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.Position gas collecting hose so it runs from reaction vessel through gas collecting box to opening
of the graduated cylinder. The idea is that any gas coming through the tube will rise in the graduated
cylinder and displace the water in it.
6.Record the amount of air, if any, in the top of the graduated cylinder.
7.Quickly add the vinegar to the reaction vessel and stopper the opening.
8.When the reaction is completed, record the volume of gas in the graduated cylinder. Record
observations about which reactant was the limiting reactant.
9.Repeat the procedure with a new mass of baking soda. Before beginning, rinse the reaction vessel
with water. Refill the graduated cylinder with water. Check water level in collection box so it has
room for the water from the graduated cylinder.
10.Clean up: Rinse reaction vessel, empty collection box, dry table as needed, cleanup up any
baking soda spills..
Data
Measurements of volume, measurements of mass, and limiting reactant
Volume of vinegar
Mass of baking soda
Initial volume of air space in bottle
Volume of gas collected (total minus any air space)
Which reactant is used up and how do you know?
(Is baking soda visible or will a small amount added at end produce bubbles?)
40 mL
0.5 g
100 mL
75 mL

Baking soda because there is none left at the bottom of the flask.
40 mL
1.0 g
70 mL
230 mL
Baking soda because there

Acids And Buffers Lab
Title
Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to increase our understanding of the existence of acids and bases
in our everyday lives.
Prelab:
In this experiment we need to make qualitative observations and comparisons about the nature of
solutions.
Safety:
Acetic Acid
This is a weak acid, both in blend and also when present in marinade. As with any acid
responsibility should be take when dealing with it and any blows should be treated with camel and
drink. Exuberance can be biased of down the flow with sufficient water to insure concoction.
Hydrochloric Acid this is a strong acid and extremely caustic. Consumption of gases should be
avoided. Any blows should be treated with camel and drink. Exuberance can

Polymerization Of Reaction Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to observe three different polymerizations. They are
condensation, chain addition, and cross–linked polymerization. Polymerization is a synthetic
process where monomers are linked together. The first experiment performed was the chain addition
polymerization. A chain addition polymerization requires an initiator that allows the reaction to
react. In this experiment, styrene is being polymerized with the indicator benzoyl peroxide to make
polystyrene. Benzoyl peroxide is a white solid and styrene is a clear liquid. When added together,
the .25g of benzoyl peroxide dissolved and the mixture resulted in a cloudy, white liquid. This
solution was separated into three test tubes and then was heated in a hot water ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hex methylene diamine, NaOH, and sebacoyl chloride were added together to form a polymer. The
nylon was extracted with a wooden stick and wrapped around a test tube until there was a fair
amount. Even after the nylon was cut, it remained forming in the beaker and gave the resemblance
of a sticky spider web. When checking the solubility of Nylon– 10,6 the three solutes– acetone,
toluene, and ethanol–were placed in small Erlenmeyer flasks and following that, small pieces of the
nylon were added. The nylon did not appear to be soluble in any of the three solutes.
The last part of the experiment was the creation of slime. Slime is a cross–linked polymer that is
formed from the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, with borax (sodium borate decahydrate)
under aqueous conditions (1). Slime was made by combining 1 mL of Borax to 10mL of poly(vinyl
alcohol) in a 30 mL beaker. The slime began to form immediately when stirred with a glass stirring
rod and was transparent in color and stretchy. It had a thick density and resembled a clear hair gel.
When taken out of the beaker, it formed to the inside of the hand holding it, and did not stick to skin
like its looks

Chlorine Research Paper
Chlorine
Chlorine has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. It's atomic number is 17 and the atomic
mass is 35.45. Its symbol on the periodic table is Cl.
Question #1
It is surprising how many ways humans use chlorine. One way humans use chlorine is to kill
bacteria and germs in pools. It cleanses the pool so when people go swimming, they will not get
sick. Chlorine is also used to make paper. Scientists use it to drain all the color to make it white.
Chlorine is also used in the water purification process. It kills bacteria in the water system before it
enters a house. Chlorine is also found in many common things like, bleach. Bleach makes clothes
white to take out at the stains. The salt many people have on their table is composed up of one
sodium and one chlorine atom. There are not natural sources of chlorine in its pure element (gas)
form. But it is mostly found in the earth's crust along with sodium, potassium, and manganese
chlorides. The impacts chlorine has on the environment depends on how long it is the environment
and how much of the substance is present. Sometimes chlorine combines to form harmful chemicals
that gets into water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some physical properties are its greenish–yellow color (only is gas form). Its disagreeable,
suffocating smell, solubility in water, and a boiling point of –34.05°C. It also has a melting point of
–101°C, a density of 3.214 g/l, and a gravity of –33.6°C. These properties are physical and not
chemical because when observed, they do not change the chemical makeup of that matter (in this
case chlorine). The properties are also easily observed with the 5 senses. But how does chlorine get
its physical properties? Chlorine gets its properties from the number of protons in the nucleus.
Different elements have different numbers of protons, which means they have different
chemical/physical

Question 1 . 1.1)What Steps Would You Suggest Should Be
Question 1
1.1) What Steps Would You Suggest Should Be Taken To Minimize The Loss Of Vitamins From
Food?
The steps that should be taken to minimize the loss of vitamins from food is as follows
– We should do shopping for foods such as vegetables and fruit from the farm markets or
supermarkets that get the fruits and vegetables directly from the farmers. The longer the food stays
on the shelves the more it losses the nutrient content therefore obtaining such foods as soon as
possible after harvesting ensures that you get nutrient rich foods before it loses its nutrient contents.
Alternatively one can make a vegetable garden and plant fruit trees such as peach trees at home, by
doing this you can obtain not only nutrient rich foods by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
– It is cheaper to buy and is easily produced at low cost.
– It is easy to prepare.
– It provides consumers with a recommended daily intake.
– It is regulated by the food and drug administration council.
1.3) Explain How Cooking And Processing Methods May Increase The Bioavailability Of Beta
Carotene?
– Significantly more beta–carotene is absorbed from cooked and processed foods. This is because
beta–carotene is set free from the cellular matrices by the heat from processing and cooking. This
allows beta–carotene to be readily available for absorption in our body, rather than in raw vegetables
where it should first be extracted from the cellular matrices
Question 2
2.1) Fortification Programs Of Asian Versus African Countries Asian countries African countries
Staple food. Salt Wheat
Micronutrient likely to be deficient in the diet. Iodine Iron
Name of the deficiency disease. – Hyperthyroidism
– Endemic Goiter
– Cretinism – Iron deficiency anemia
Symptoms of the deficiency disease. – Enlarged thyroid gland
– Difficulty swallowing
– Hoarse voice

– Coughing – Pale skin
– Fatigue
– Shortness of breath
– Dizziness
2.2) Name And Discuss The Method That Is Recommended By The South African Red Cross
Association For The Treatment Of Rehydration Caused By Diarrhea?
The recommended method by the south African red cross association for rehydration caused by
diarrhea is called the Salt, Sugar Solution and is abbreviated

Chuck Wagon Cooking : Cooking For A Large Group
Chuck Wagon Cooking: Cooking For a Large Group
Cooking without electricity is the type of cooking that some if not many of you have not
experienced other than when camping overnight or when the electricity is out for a few days.
Obviously, when the power goes out and the propane bottles run empty cooking becomes more
difficult.
Making Coffee
We need to keep our priorities straight here so coffee first the old–fashioned way.
Coffee is brewed using a handful of grounds to one cup of water. You would grind your own beans
using a hand grinder. Whole unroasted (green) beans would be the best way for Preppers to store
large amounts of coffee.
This coffee was often called six–shooter coffee. Put the grounds in the water and boil. You can add
eggs shells to help settle the grounds, and in some cases, a cup of cold water added just before
pouring will help settle the grounds as well. A dash of salt will help with bitterness.
Green coffee beans can be roasted in a skillet. You simply roast until brown, but it requires patience
and you cannot walk away to gather firewood while the beans roast.
There are several stages to the roasting process and you can ruin the beans if you let them roast too
long. The beans will turn yellow, and then crack to emit steam in the first stage, and once the beans
turn brown you can stop if you want or continue on to create a darker roast. It all depends on your
taste.
If you leave the beans roasting, you will hear another crack and the beans may begin

Chemical Properties Of Unknown White Compound
Abstract Unknown white compound (823U) was discovered in the lab. In order to dispose of it
correctly, the substance and its physical and chemical properties had to be identified. The unknown
white compound was one of a list of 15 compounds. 5g of the unknown compound were given in
order to correctly identify and discover its physical and chemical properties. In order to do so, a
solubility test, a flame test, and ion tests were conducted. From the results of these initial tests and
the given list of compounds, the unknown white compound was thought to be composed of sodium
and a halide (I–, Br–, or Cl–). Of the list, NaCl was the appropriate compound, however NaC2H3O3
was also tested out of skepticism. To verify the identity of the substance, the solubility and flame
tests were performed again along with a pH test. The pH tests of NaCl and NaC2H3O2 did not
match that of the unknown white compound. The list of compounds had been entirely ruled out. The
identity of the unknown white compound was revealed to be calcium chloride. To synthesize at least
a gram (calculated to produce 1.2g) of CaCl2, the following reaction was completed.
2 HCl + CaCO3+heat –––> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
To verify that CaCl2 was the compound that had been synthesized, the compound was tested with
the flame test, solubility test, halide ion test, and pH test. CaCl2 was confirmed to be the synthesized
compound as the results of these tests matched the results of the unknown white
compound.Introduction
When

The Effect Of Temperature On A Chemical Reaction
Leonardo Cufone
Aim: to determine the effect of temperature on a chemical reaction.
Hypothesis: If the temperature (I.V.) of materials in the reaction are increased, the reaction time
(D.V.) will decrease.
Variables: In this experiment, the temperature (in degrees Celsius) of the chemicals is the
independent variable. To change the temperature, the materials are placed in a bath of water being
heated by a hotplate.
The reaction time (in seconds) is the dependent variable of this experiment. This will be changed by
the temperature of the chemicals, and as it is affected by the independent variable it is considered
the dependent variable.
The volume of chemicals (in mL) is the controlled variable of the experiment. As it will be the same
in each trial and will not be changed, it is considered the controlled variable. Another controlled
variable is the equipment that is used. For each trial the same equipment is always used, and
therefore is also a controlled variable. The type of chemicals themselves are also controlled as for
each trial they are the only chemicals used.
Safety: There are two potential hazards in this experiment.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has risks as it is a corrosive compound. Corrosive compounds, including
HCl, can cause injuries such as burning and eating away skin and eyes. To prevent such injuries, do
not come into physical contact with HCl. Wear safety glasses, safety gloves and lab clothing.
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is risky as it is a toxic

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