Historical Development of Security Forces and Policy in Brief

Historical Development of Security Forces and Policy...
Historical Development of Security Forces: The historical development of security forces and
policy–making in crime and justice from civilization period to the establishment of contemporary
nation–states and governments mainly involves the evolution of law and legal structures. Some of
the various codes of law and justice that have been promulgated at different periods of history
include: The Code of Hammurabi: This is the earliest code of written and public laws that was
developed in Babylonia approximately 2,000 years before Christ. While this ancient legal code was
promulgated by Emperor Hammurabi, it was popularly accepted as a law of divine origin that
helped reinforce its legitimacy. Since it dealt with various aspects, the Code of Hammurabi
established the idea of restorative and retributive justice (Shahidullah, 2008, p. 3). Draco's Law:
This code of law was originally written by an Athenian legislator as a strict legal code for Greece
around 621 B.C. Draco's law stated that it was the state's responsibility to punish offenders instead
of private citizens as many people were sentenced to death for crimes. Law of the Twelve Tables:
The introduction of the Twelve Tables around 450 B.C. was the most significant ancient legal code
of the Roman Law. The development of this law involved 10 Roman men who had total control in
writing laws to govern Roman citizens (Limbaugh, 2010). Based on the concept of safeguarding the
lower class from political elites, the law
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

World History Multiple Choice Test
Chapter 19 Early Latin America Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following was a NOT
characteristic of Iberian society? a. b. Absence of slaveholding traditions c. Emphasis on nobility d.
Emphasis on patriarchal ideals e. 2. Heavy urbanization Patriarchal families How was the
commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas? a. b. The Portuguese were
responsible for the use of galleys in the Atlantic passage c. The Portuguese experience in Africa and
their involvement in slave trading was extended to the Americas d. The Portuguese introduction of
tobacco estate agriculture into the Caribbean was a significant factor in American colonization e. 3.
The Portuguese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Latin America received almost its entire food supply from Europe, because the Spanish colonies
were entirely geared to the production of sugar on estate agricultural systems d. The agricultural
economy of Latin America absorbed virtually its entire population because of the absence of large
domesticated animals prior to 1800 e. Most people made their living in manufacturing 18. The
greatest silver mine was located at a. Huancavelica b. Mexico City c. Santiago d. Potosi e. Veracruz
19. Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the colonial economy? a. Mercury was
even more valuable than silver as an export commodity b. Mercury was a critical food component
for the growing livestock inventories of New World ranches c. Mercury was indispensable to the
extraction of silver from ore–bearing rock d. Mercury became a medium of exchange in place of
money in the American economy e. It was much in demand in Europe 20. Because of the switch
from indigenous methods of mining to the extraction of silver through a process of amalgamation
with mercury, silver production in the Americas expanded rapidly after a. 1600 b. 1610 c. 1630 d.
1580 e. 1683 21. Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish
America is

How Did Justin Become A Peasant
Justinian belonged to a peasant family, and was not someone you'd expect to become emperor.
However, he had an uncle named Justin who had entered into the Byzantine military. Justin was
considered a peasant, but had worked up through the ranks, becoming an imperial guard. Justin
adopted Justinian, after he brought him to Constantinople, and ensured that he became the first
person in their family to be educated. In 527, Justin died and Justinian formally became the leader of
a great empire.
He named his wife Theodora his empress. She was 15 years younger than him and his opposite in
every way. She was social, charming,self–confident, and never lost her head in a crisis. He adored
his wife and she was his most important adviser.
Before she had

Pros And Cons Of Roman Government
The Roman government is very unique compared to other societies. The majority of societies were
either controlled by monarchy or democracy, however the Romans found a way to have both. The
Roman empire had both a senate and an emperor. The Senate was Democracy which was made up
by electing officials who although made laws couldn't finalize the law without approval from
emperor. The Emperor made up the Monarchy part having the final say in all important objectives.
The Roman Emperor was very much like our modern day president. He oversaw the senate often
conducting the meetings. Even though he conducted the Senate, he actually approved only what he
deemed worth for finalization. Some of the most famous leaders in history such as Julius Ceasar,
Augsustus Ceasar, and Nero were Emperors of Rome. The Senate and the Roman People (SPQR, or
Senatus Populusque Romanus), described the difference in class between the Senate and ordinary
people. The Roman People were all citizens who were not members of the Senate or the emperor.
Power was vested in the Roman People, through the Committee of the Hundreds , the Committee of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All senators would wear a senatorial ring (originally made of iron, but later gold)) and a tunica
clava, a white tunic with a broad purple stripe five inches wide (latus clavus) on the right shoulder.
Thus showing their status. A senator pedarius (or a non voting senator) wore a white toga virilis
(also called a toga pura) without decoration. A senator who had held a curule magistracy, and thus
the right to speak and vote was entitled to wear the toga praetexta, a white toga with a broad purple
border. Additionally, the Senate, both Patricians and Equestrian Plebes, were largely responsible for
seating the 50 to 75 man criminal juries, as well as acting as the prosecution and defense attorneys
in the various

Analytical Essay: The Seven Deadly Sins
The Morality Principle, the seven deadly sins according to Bibleinfo (2012), were first compiled by
Pope Gregory I around the year 600. The seven deadly sins were pride, greed, lust, wrath, gluttony,
envy, and sloth. First, jealousy, the desire to have an item or experience that someone else possesses.
Second, greed, ongoing excessive intake of food or drink. Third, indulgence, an excessive pursuit of
material possessions. Fourth, desire, a stubborn passion or longing, especially for sexual desires.
Fifth, vanity, extreme view of one's self without regard to others. Sixth, sloth, excessive laziness or
the failure to act and utilize one's talents. Lastly, wrath, uncontrollable feelings of anger and hate
towards another person. There have been some laws from the beginning of time. Another forms of
laws, the Ten Commandments which were given at Mt. Sinai around 1450 B.C. I believe that the
seven deadly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not obtain a marriage certificate or otherwise perform the customs of a ceremonial marriage, but
are married because they agreed among themselves to be married, represented themselves to other
people and agencies as being married persons, and have a reputation among their friends, neighbors,
and the community for being married. Before 1991, common law marriage was fairly common in
Ohio. However, since then Ohio have abolished common law marriage (Laws, 2015). On the other
hand, Reichel (2005) states that civil law is based on Roman law, especially the Corpus Juris Civilis
of Emperor Justinian, as later developed through the middle ages by medieval legal scholars. All in
all, civil legal traditions are the primary source of law. Next, the socialist legal tradition was built
upon Russian law is the official name of the legal system used in Communist states. According to
Reichel (2005), it is based on the civil law system, with significant modifications and additions from
Marxist–Leninist

Justinian And The Byzantine Empire
In 527 AD, Justinian took control of the Byzantine Empire. Although it is currently referred to as the
Byzantine Empire, many citizens and leaders, including Justinian, considered themselves to be
Roman and part of the Roman Empire. This mentality led to the revival of the Roman Empire in
Byzantine and in its capital, Constantinople. During his rule, Justinian led the empire to its greatest
size both in the amount of controlled land and influence over groups in Europe and Asia. He also
contributed to the spread of Christianity both within the Byzantine Empire and without. Finally,
Justinian preserved Roman laws for the Byzantine Empire and other European systems of
government. Justinian's successful emulation and revival of the Roman Empire through his
beautification and improvements on Constantinople and other parts of the Byzantine Empire, strong
support of Christianity and role in its growth as a major religion, and his codification of Byzantine
law benefited the Byzantine Empire and the surrounding regions.
Justinian enhanced Constantinople's status through the preservation of Greco–Roman culture and
structures in his building projects, and expanded the Byzantine Empire to heights no other ruler
could reach afterwards, both of which brought glory to the empire and continued the precedent set
by the Western Roman Empire of power and control. Constantinople's buildings were influential in
bringing trade to the city. In a map of Constantinople during Justinian's rule,

The Age Of Empires : Rome And Han China
Summer Lee (Ha Yeon)
Period 1
Chapter 5 Notes
The Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 BCE–600 CE In 166 CE, according to Chinese
sources, a group of delegates claiming they were from Andun (Marcus Aurelius Antonius) from
Rome arrived at the Chinese Han dynasty court. These travelers were probably merchants of the
eastern provinces of the Roman Empire who hope to set a profitable trading agreement with the
Chinese. This brings up the point: Rome and China were linked by trading networks, barely
knowing the presence of each other, and the last centuries of BCE and the first centuries CE saw the
emergence of the two power into a new kind of empire. They were the largest empires the world had
yet seen that had the capability to control the vast land in a greater degree than earlier empires. They
were influential and were remarkably stable, lasting for many centuries beyond.
Rome's Mediterranean Empire, 753 BCE – 600 CE Rome was in the center and the crossroads of
Italy; Italy was the center and the crossroads of the Mediterranean. This location contributed to its
success in conquering and controlling a vast empire. Italy had various hills (75 percent) and rivers
with mild climate that afforded cultivation of a variety of crops. The region had timber, rich in iron
and other metals. There were ample arable lands in the coastal plains and river valleys topped with
fertile volcanic soil that helped sustain a larger population.
A Republic of Farmers, 753 – 31 BCE In the

Anti-Semitism in the West from Constantine to the...
Anti–Semitism in the West from Constantine to the expulsion of Jews from Spain
OUTLINE
Introduction
I. Constantine and Christianity as the state religion
A. Legislation concerning Jews
B. The Justinian Code
C. Anti–Semitic Church Fathers
II. The Crusades
A. The march to Jerusalem
B. Fourth Lateran Council
C. Host desecration and blood libel
D. Pogroms
III. The expulsion of Jews from Spain
A. The Inquisition
B. The Conversos
C. Expulsion
Conclusion
Anti–Semitism is defined as prejudice or discrimination against, and persecution of, the Jews as an

ethnic group. Historically, this has been practiced for many different reasons, by the ancient
Egyptians before the Exodus, under the Babylonian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hippolytus writes:
Now then, incline thine ear to me and hear my words, and give heed, thou Jew. Many a time does
thou boast thyself, in that thou didst condemn Jesus of Nazareth to death, and didst give him vinegar
and gall to drink; and thou dost vaunt thyself because of this. Come, therefore, and let us consider
together whether perchance thou dost boast unrighteously, O, Israel, and whether thou small portion
of vinegar and gall has not brought down this fearful threatening upon thee and whether this is not
the cause of thy present condition involved in these myriad of troubles.5
As the Church came into power in the fourth century, it turned on the synagogues with even greater
intensity. Jewish civil and religious status was deteriorating, thanks to the influence the bishops had
in the political arena. Laws were passed making it a capital offense for any Jew to make a convert,
they were excluded from various professions, denied all civil honors, and their autonomy of worship
was being threatened. In every way, they were being discriminated against. Christians felt that this
growing evidence now supported their belief in divine punishment.
Hilary of Potieres spoke of the Jews as "a people who had always persisted in iniquity and out of its
abundance of evil glorified in wickedness."6 Ambrose defended a fellow bishop

The Early Disagreements Within Christianity
I believe this is one of the reasons Christianity thrived because people needed some shrivel of hope.
7. Outline some of the early disagreements within Christianity. See (Christianity for the First 3,000
Years) for details. Consider the nature of Jesus, the Gnostic gospels, the Council of Nicaea etc. The
resurrection of Jesus himself is a concept that is hard to believe. How can a man come back to life,
and why is this the first time this has happened? Jesus was not written about till after his death. The
gospels were told by Jesus' apostles and their recollection of Jesus and his teachings. The Council of
Nicaea were Christian theologians who decided which stories about Jesus to include in the Bible.
The Council of Nicaea left out the Gnostic gospels "hidden knowledge" which talked about Jesus's
early childhood. Why should we believe the council when they left out the parts of Jesus' life they
did not agree with."Even those whose hearts were inclined to accept the new faith required some
intellectual satisfaction before they were willing to commit: How can God be three separate beings–
God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit– and one indivisible being at the same time? If Jesus is "coeternal"
with God, why is there no mention of him in the two thousand–year tradition of Hebrew writings? If
Jesus is the divine Son of God, how could he experience such human emotions as temptation, fear,
and loneliness?" 1 (pg. 229) 8. Discuss the achievements of the Carolingian Dynasty. Under

Roman Empire Influence On Society
The Roman Empire's Rise Its Influence on Society
The Roman Empire was the post roman–republic period (27BC – 476AD (503 years)) of the ancient
roman civilisation, known for its government lead by emperors and its expansive territory; covering
Europe, Africa, and Asia. With approximately 50 – 90 million inhabitants, it was around 1/5 of the
world's population at the time.
The Rise of the Roman Empire:
The Roman Empire rise set of a chain reaction in which an event caused and the empire to form, and
because of this, many of changes the new Empire brought about affect our lives today. In 52BC,
Julius Caesar started a revolution which cause the fall of Republican Rome, and the rise of the
Roman Empire. This caused changes to laws and politics, architecture, and caused new inventions,
colonies, and roads to be formed, gave us religions, and gave us the languages and alphabets that
have been developed into something we use in our everyday lives.
Law and Politics:
Although roman law is not used today, many jurisdictions are based on principles and structures of
law that were used and developed in the time of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Empire ruled in the form of an Emperor, and a senate. The senate consisted of many
senators and two consuls, who along with the emperor had positions of higher power than the other
senators in the meetings. The senate had the power to regulate festivals and religious cults, grant
special honours, excuse an individual of legal liability, manage

Justinian The Great: The Plague Of Ancient Rome
Justinian I, commonly known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 527
until he died on November 14th 565 when he was 82 years old. Which is pretty old in Ancient Rome
because the average lifespan was 35 years and in the "ancient world" at least half of the kids in
Rome died before the age of 10. Surprisingly, Justinian lived 47 years more than the "average" man.
He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians. Justinian simplified Roman laws. These are
now called Corpus Juris Civilis which is the collective title of the body of ancient Roman law;
organized and categorized under the emperor Justinian in the 6th century a.d.
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that affected the Eastern Roman Empire; Byzantine,

Double Jeopardy Research Paper
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. Since the Constitution came
into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times. The amendments that people are most familiar
with are the 1st 2nd 4th 5th and 6th. The rights stated in these amendments vary from the right to
have a fire arm to the right to a speedy trial in court. The 5th amendment protects citizens from self–
incrimination and double jeopardy. Self–incrimination is when you expose yourself to a crime or
accusation. The 5th amendment also guarantees due process and prohibits abuse of governmental
authority in legal procedures. Due process is the fair and equal treatment through the judicial
system. Double jeopardy is the second prosecution for the same offense after one has been cleared
or convicted. Or simply put being punished multiple times for the same offense. The 5th amendment
prevents state and federal governments from prosecuting someone for the same crime on more than
one occasion. It also prohibits giving more than one punishment for the same crime. Double
jeopardy is considered is considered one of the oldest legal concepts. An athenian statesman
Demosthenes said, "The law forbids the same man to be tried twice on the same issue." The romans
then listed this principle in the digest of Justinian. The Digest was part of the corpus ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a trial a defendant is protected from saying anything that may make them seem guilty. This
right forbids the government from forcing any person to give testimonial evidence that would likely
incriminate him or her during a criminal case. This enables you to refuse to testify at a criminal trial
and "privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or
criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal
proceedings". Self–incrimination is referred to in your Miranda

Essay on Ancient Roman Laws
Ancient Roman Laws
Although the history of Rome's regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity,
tradition was strong, and many of Rome's laws and customs, committed to writing much later, have
their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. Out of
all of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian
Codes, are some of them.
The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social
problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman
Government. In the upper classes, marriages varied; and when people did marry, they didn't create
children. After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The laws were enforced by the kings of Rome and the Twelve Tables. These laws were started by
Romulus. Romulus forced the citizens to harsh every male child and the first–born of the females,
and he forbade them to put any child to death under three years of age, unless it was a cripple or a
monster from birth. He also made other laws, like one that which does not let a wife divorce her
husband, but gives him power to divorce her for the use of drugs or magic on and for her children.
He also made another law which was more severe, and said that if a daughter–in–law strikes her
father–in–law, she shall be given as a sacrifice to his ancestors god/s. Numa Pompilius made other
laws to add on to the Roman government too. One of the laws he created included a royal law which
forbade the burial of a pregnant woman before the child is taken out of from the mothers womb. On
the Vestal Virgins he gave high honors, which gave them the right to make a will while their father/s
lived and of doing all other righteous acts without a guardian. He also made another law which said
that a concubine shall not touch the altar of Juno. If she touches it, she shall sacrifice a lamb to Juno
with her hair open and spread out. The twelve tables were very important. Each of them were about :
I – A man may bring another man to court, and may have witnesses, II – If someone needs

Justinian Legacy
Justinian was a powerful emperor, who reconquered previously owned Roman land. During his time
of reign, he helped the Byzantine Empire reach its peak in culture and propeserity. Although some
see him as deceptive, as it says in document two" Justinian was crafty, hypocritical, secretive by
temperament, and two faced". Others say he was "similar to God, who rules all" which is said in
document three. He left behind what is still remember today. Achievements and accomplishment of
Justinian are what is recalled of him. Justinian revived the Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire
by preservation of Greco– Roman culture, his legacy was enriching the Roman Empire into the
Byzantine Empire , glorifying God, and enhancing trade and laws throughout the Byzantine Empire.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In document one it states " Justinian created countless cities which did not exist before". The
creation of endless cities is what brung life to the Byzantine Empire. The more life there was in the
Byzantine Empire the more growth and well–being that was began to be brung back. He is
remembered due to such a great fulfilment. Recreating a fallen empire into something much better
and redeeming it of its glorious days is a true legacy that is valued present day. In document six it
shows a map of the Byzantine Empire in 527. This map presents a visual of what Justinian
reconquered that was previously part of the Roman Empire. As shown he reconquered some parts of
Africa, the black sea, and part of

Who Founded Justinian's Code?
Who founded Justinian's code? What influenced Justinian's code? When Justinian's Code was
created? Where was Justinian's code originated? Are the main questions that I'll be focusing on the
main idea is how did Justinian's Code fully created and by whom?
Justinian's Code was originated in the Byzantine Empire, In 529 AD to 534 AD Justinian's Code was
part of Corpus Juris Civilis which a collection of fundamental works though Justinian didn't create it
he founded it and gave it the name "Justinian's Code". Justinian was the Emperor of Eastern Roman
Byzantine in Constantinople. Justinian became emperor in 526 he then thought that the inherited
Roman Tables needed to be organized. The finalization of the reorganization was in 529 AD though
it

Napoleon 's And His Life
NAPOLEON Napoleon Bonaparte was a merciless and selfish individual whose only thrive was to
conquered his egotistical heart. He gave up an ordinary life to serve his country and his desires to be
at the top of world. His desires to conquer and power unraveled a history that will last a lifetime.
The infamous Napoleon Bonaparte was born in August 15, 1769, he was the second of eight
children, on the newly added island of Corsica. Great Britain's instability was feeling the beginning
of a revolution. During this time a young and pale Napoleon was quickly maturing. He was a
careless but disciplined young man who would not care if he had friends or ate alone. Often, he
would only speak to officers and to those who seemed ignorant of the law. At the age of fourteen he
decided to pursue a military career and later his father would pave his way into a French military
academy. Napoleon worked very hard to educate himself, and at being a disciplined man. Young
Bonaparte was not liked amongst his fellow comrades as he looked and acted weird.
The French Revolution was the opportunity young Napoleon had been looking for to rise in the
French Army. It was nothing but chaos and weakness in Europe that gave Napoleon the opportunity
that first came to him. He only looked at France as a source of a ladder to the top. Napoleon careless
of democracy or even religion made every attempt to always outsmart others. France declares war
on Britain, Spain, and Holland in February, 1793.

The Effects Of Torture On The Society Of Modern Technology
When one thinks of torture, what is imagined? Perhaps they think of those wooden machines in the
museums that they cannot even comprehend the use for, or the iron maiden, a cinematic favorite.
Perhaps they don't think of anything specific like that at all, for it isn't a question often presented.
Torture, regardless, is a gruesome term with gruesome connotations. In our progressive society of
modern technology, it is thankfully an issue of the past. Or... is it? It's not, we know it isn't. As a
society of the unaffected, we simply don't think about it. We are vaguely aware of the fact that
torture once occurred in prevalence at some point in time and happens somewhere today. It did
happen, and it still does. Torture is deliberate violence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12:31 where prisoners had been sawn between planks and buried to their necks, or that of II
Maccabees 13:5 where Menelaus had been thrown into ashes to struggle and suffocate as he sank
deeper in the soft ash; a public display (Mannix, 23). Judicial torture is a punishment regardless of
what or why, as long as it classifies as torture. The words are occasionally interchangeable, as every
case of lawful torture is a punishment but not every punishment is necessarily torture. Historically,
judicial torture has been used for ages, albeit differing in how it is carried out today. Torture for the
purpose of criminal punishment first emerged in the twelfth century in Northern Italy when
prosecution done privately by popes and royalty on criminals became prevalent and under threat
when their political authority became more centralized. During the remaining years of the Middle
Ages, the process spread to much of Europe (Encyclopedia.com). In the late twelfth century, the
inquisitional procedure was introduced to papal legislation with the purpose of controlling those
who strayed from the church, and eventually, this eventually extended to secular (nonreligious)
crime as well. Early medieval law had more severe criminal cases dealt with by ordeal, oath, or
judicial combat. The idea of it was that God would intervene constantly in the lives of people, and
would so also in court. Though it was it was impractical to

Civil Law
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Civil law (common law)
Civil law is the branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals or organizations, in which
compensation may be awarded to the victim. For instance, if a car crash victim claims damages
against the driver for loss or injury sustained in an accident, this will be a civil law case.[1] Civil
law differs from criminal law, whose emphasis is more on punishment than in dispute resolution.
The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi–contract is part of the civil law.[2]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Overview
In the common law, civil law is the area of laws and justice that affect the legal status of individuals.
Civil law, in this sense, is usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be contrasted with common law systems whose intellectual framework comes from judge–
madedecisional law which gives precedential authority to prior court decisions on the principle that
it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions (doctrine of judicial precedent).[1]
[2]
Historically, civil law existed in the times of Ancient Egypt and it is the group of legal ideas and
systems ultimately derived from the Code of Justinian, but heavily overlaid by Germanic, canon–
law, feudal, and local practices,[3] as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law, codification, and
legislative positivism.
Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes
substantive rules from procedural rules.[4] It holds case law to be secondary and subordinate to
statutory law, and the court system is usuallyinquisitorial, unbound by precedent, and composed of
specially trained judicial officers with a limited authority to interpret law.Juries separate from the
judges are not used, although in some cases, benches may be sat by lay judges alongside legally–
trained career judges.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Overview
The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the
laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. It is the most widespread system

Byzantine Empire Dbq Essay
In 323 a young roman military officer born in Moesia successfully defeated three other generals to
become the Emperor of Rome. The young Romanroan officer was named Constantine he quickly
made two decisions that would change European and Middle Eastern history. First, he gave
Cchristianity legal standing and moved the imperial capital from Rome to Byzantium a small
seaside trade town in modern day Turkey. Constantine relocated the government for two reasons: for
one he wanted to be able to pay closer attention to challenges from Persia. He also wanted to be near
the spiritual and cultural richness of cities like Jerusalem, Nicomedia, and Ancient Troy.
Constantinople lavishly built up Byzantium and renamed it after himself Constantinople. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major cultural achievements was the preservation of the Greek language and culture. Greek
ethics and science became the foundation of the Western Civilization. In the Byzantine Empire they
preserved the Ancient Greek literature scribes. Homer ~ The iliad and the Odyssey are among most
widely read poems in American and European schools and colleges today. Sophocles ~ Theatrical
plays, including Oedipus Rex, helped to define a form of literature called tragedy. Socrates ~ Known
to us through the writings of Plato and others, Socrates crafted a form of inquiry and debate, called
the Socratic Method, that is used in classrooms today. It features questions rather than answers.
Plato ~ One of Plato's works, The Republic, describes an ideal society and explores the importance
of justice in that society. Aristotle ~ His many scientific and philosophical writings advanced the use
of logic and scientific thought. Euclid ~ He made inquires into astronomy, music, and mathematics.
Regarded as the father of geometry. Hippocrates ~ His medical works and his ethical standards led
to the still– used Hippocratic Oath taken by all doctors. Originally the language of the Byzantine
Empire was Latin until 700 CE when it was changed to Greek by Emperor Heraclius. The culture of
Constantinople was diverse. The Byzantine Empire had an important cultural legacy, both on the
Orthodox Church and on the revival of Greek and Roman

Comparing The Differences Between Civil Law And Common Law...
This essay will compare the differences between civil law and common law systems. Firstly, it will
describe what laws and legal systems are and why they are important then how civil law and
common law systems were created and how they are used today, then the main differences between
them.
Laws are rules that individuals and the state must follow if a law is broken sanctions will be brought
and an authority will apply the law. Legal systems are in place so that these laws can be effectively
made, applied and enforced. Main features which a legal system must have would include a way to
make law or legislature where in the United Kingdom parliament creates laws known as statutes. A
legal system also must include laws containing the way in which law breakers are investigated and a
way to interpret a broken law. Also, laws to cover a wide range of subjects including housing,
education, employment and many other aspects within society. H.L.A Hart (2012), cited in OU,
(2017. 1.2) viewed legal systems as a 'union of primary and secondary rules.' Primary laws as being
contract, criminal and employment and secondary laws described as about how the law is managed,
how to enforce, apply and interpret the law this theory is that any legal system needs both primary
and secondary rules.
Civil law system was originally created by the Roman empire, as the empire expanded Emperor
Justinian ordered laws be codified called Corpus Juris Civilis. This was written to cover the
expansion of

Did Christianity Change Over Time
Christianity is far from what many might call a perfect and successful religion. Saying that it has
been completely accepted, unchanged, and resolute since the beginning of the A.D. times would be
false. Events like the murder of Christians within the gladiator games of the Roman Circus and the
need to create the Edict of Milan show this clearly. Not only this but it has changed over time, as
shown with the events of the Iconoclast Controversy between the Roman Orthodox and Catholic
churches when differences in what should be allowed within the Christian worship. Christianity is
not a successful, untouched religion. It was certainly not wholly welcomed at the time of Christ's
birth , people have been persecuted and treated terribly for having that as their religion, and not
everyone has accepted it as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christianity began with the calling of Abraham and the founding of the Jewish nation. They
eventually found their way to Canaan, remaining there peacefully until the kingdom was split into
two. They soon later fell to the Assyrians. The Assyrians then in turn fall to the Babylonians, who
are conquered by Alexander the Great. They essentially follow Rome through its existence and go
into the age of the Byzantine Empire, the point in which Christians finally had a breakthrough and
could start to practice their religion free of worry about being killed for it. If none of these events
were to have happened, Christianity might not have had a chance to grow– or start at all, even– and
it's massive influence upon the world would be lost. Prior to the rise of Christians, the world had
been a primarily polytheistic place, and most wanted to keep it that way. This is one of the reasons
that Christians faced so much prosecution in the beginning. That is, until the Edict of Milan is
created by Constantine

How Did Justinian Influence Architecture
Justinian Justinian I was a ruler in the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. When he first came
into power Justinian I was not favored by the overall population. Procopius, a scholar and historian
in the 6th century, described Justinian as a man "both an evil–doer and easily led into evil, the sort
of a person whom they call a moral pervert, never of his own accord speaking the truth to those with
whom he conversed, but having a deceitful and crafty intent behind every word and action." Also
the Nika Riots were revolts against Justinian's rule that took place in Constantinople over the span
of a week. This resulted in the death of thirty–thousand people. But despite the early animosity
towards Justinian's reign it is clear that Justinian brought prosperity to the Byzantine Empire during
and after his rule. Justinian I influenced art specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justinian sought to rebuild the former glory of the Roman Empire and he started after the Nika Riots
in 532. Since most of Constantinople was burnt down during the riots Justinian decided to rebuild
the capital into a much more magnificent city and it all started with the reconstruction of the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was the most prominent church in the Roman Empire and Justinian had
the church designed by architects Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The church has a
massive dome ceiling which was a huge feat for construction builders during the post–classical age.
There were 40 windows which helped to bring in light and illuminate the many mosaics inside the
church. The mosaics were icons popular to the Eastern Orthodox faith such as Christ, angels and
crosses. The Hagia Sophia has two levels and stands at 180 feet tall. There was a Narthex
(antechamber at the western entrance of early Christian churches) used only for the emperor and it
lead to the second level of the church that was only used by the

What Was The Influence Of Roman Law
Many nations in the world have not made as many original contributions to the world and modern
society as much as the Romans have. Many aspects of today's society can be perceived to have been
affected through the many influences by ancient Rome. Roman architecture, art, religion,
agriculture, and many more are all areas where influences of Roman concepts can be noted.
However, an important area of influence by ancient Rome was Roman law. Roman law has been
well adapted to other regions of the world, far beyond that of where its Roman creators had used it.
The term in which we say "Roman Law" has formed an important and consistent existence today. It
is the common foundation upon which other European and Western countries' legal systems are ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Roman law has been modified in many different ways. These modifications have not created new
law systems, but instead have been placed and framed upon the rules of Roman law to a large
extent, "Rather, these provisions of Roman law were fitted into a more coherent system and
expressed in the national language" (Law in Ancient Rome). Therefore, knowledge of Roman law is
necessary and valuable in understanding legal systems of today. It has come to be that Roman law is
still a subject in which many law students study and learn to understand its values in modern legal
systems. Hence, Roman law has created many values that are accepted and acknowledged in what
we call law

Justinian Legal System
Shortly after Justinian became emperor in 526, he decided the empire's legal system needed repair.
There existed three codices of imperial laws and other individual laws, many of which conflicted or
were out of date. The Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus were unofficial
compilations. (The term "Codex" refers to the physical aspect of the works, being in book form,
rather than on papyrus rolls. The transition to the codex occurred around AD 300.)[2] The Codex
Theodosianus was an official compilation ordered by Theodosius II.[2] In February 528, Justinian
promulgated the Constitutio Hac quae necessario, by which was created a ten–man commission to
review these earlier compilations as well as individual laws, eliminate everything unnecessary ...
"The citation of the said constitutions of Our Code, with the opinions of the ancient interpreters of
the law, will suffice for the disposal of all cases."[7] Justinian attempted to harmonize these
conflicting opinions by issuing his "Fifty Decisions" and by passing additional new laws. This
meant that his Code no longer reflected the latest imperial law. Thus, Justinian ordered a new
compilation to supersede the first, and this Codex was published in 534.[8] No copies of the first
edition of the Code have survived; only a fragment of an index of contents on an Egyptian papyrus
remains.[9] Known as the Codex Repetitae Praelectionis, this second edition of the Code was
published on November 16, 534 and took effect on December 30.[10] The Codex consists of twelve
books: book 1 concerns ecclesiastical law, sources of law, and the duties of higher offices; books 2–
8 cover private law; book 9 deals with crimes; and books 10–12 contain administrative law. The
Code's structure is based on ancient classifications set out in the edictum perpetuum (perpetual
edict), as is that of the

Was Rome Successful
Ancient Rome
The Roman Empire was one of the greatest, and well–rounded civilization in ancient times. What
made them so great was their knowledge that they received from the Greeks and their ability to
grow from what they learned. The Romans did not start off with a dictator, they had elected people
to power. In the early years of the republic of Rome, this allowed them to grow. Starting off in the
middle of Italy and eventually conquering all territories around the Mediterranean Sea. There are
several factors that made Rome great, and their stability and longevity as a power house is worth
talking about When talking about the Roman Empire and what made them great, it's important to
talk about the Roman army. The Roman army was a very ferocious army, and that had much to do
with their training regime. One had to be very fit in order to go through the harsh training, and
honestly, failure was no option considering there would be punishments dealt out for failure. The
new recruits would support the front line of the army. By putting the new recruits at the front of the
line. This stopped them from fleeing, and also gave them confidence knowing that there are battle
tested soldiers behind them. The romans also had developed catapults called onagers. This allowed
them to tear down walls from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By putting up Acta Diuma, known as "daily acts," they engrave on metal or stone to advise of things
like, deaths, military acts, lists of games, and even human interest stories. These would be placed in
important and heavy traffic areas. This was important because it allowed the cities and the country
to be informed to what was going on. It allowed the people of Rome to feel like they were
important, and also unified the country at the same time. Having something like this would be very
beneficial to me if I were living in ancient times. I find new to be interesting and important as I'm
sure they did in ancient

Architect of the Byzantine Legacy Essay examples
Architect of the Byzantine Legacy
Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would
leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As much of Europe entered the Dark Ages,
Justinian's vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire
and lay a firm foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come.
Justinian, whose full name was Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus, was born around 483 AD at
Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of present–day central Europe. He was the nephew of
Byzantine Emperor Justin, the son of Justin's sister Vigilantia (Fortescue).
Justinian's uncle, Justin, was the Byzantine Emperor from 518 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rome would become the capital of the Empire's western territories, while the city of Byzantium
(present–day Istanbul in modern–day Turkey) was renamed Constantinople and made the new
capital of the Roman Empire (Bury 69).
From its peak under the Roman Emperors Constantine and Diocletian in the 300's, Rome
importance in the Empire began to shrink. The commercial and cultural growth of the provinces in
Greece and the Near East had eclipsed the once–robust culture of Rome, where growing trade with
the Far East was creating new wealth. The Christian emperors felt more at home in the East, where
Christianity, the new official religion of the Roman Empire, was stronger and closer to its roots in
Palestine, rather than in the more–pagan West (Norwich 11).
Forced from their homelands in Central and Eastern Europe by the savagery of the invading Huns,
Germanic barbarian tribes invaded the western territories of the Empire. Under constant attack, the
western Empire began to shrink, losing centuries worth of territorial gains in Britain, Gaul, Spain,
and North Africa to the barbarian tribes, while the eastern territories remained strong, vital and
secure. In 378, they dealt the Roman Empire a major blow at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne
in modern–day European Turkey), near Constantinople. In

Emperor Justinian: Builder of the Byzantine Legend
š The writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came from Justinian was a
Byzantine Emperor who helped to revitalize the Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy
for Western Civilization. During Justinianfs reign, the Byzantine Empire was at a time of decline.
With Justinianfs visions, he was able to lay out a foundation that would help the Byzantine Empire
live for many years to come. Justinian (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) was born in 483 AD at
Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of what is now central Europe. He was the nephew of
Emperor Justin. His uncle Justin had passed over the duties of governing the Empire to his wife
Lupicina, and nephew Justinian (Fortescue–Justinian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Byzantine Empire reached from Mesopotamia, all the way to Gibraltar, and reclaimed the role
as the largest and most powerful entity in both Europe and the Middle East (Whittow–Making of
Byzantium,38). One of the most important accomplishments that Justinian made was his reform of
the laws of the Byzantine Empire. Before Justinian became emperor, the laws were based upon
Theodosian Code. By his time, the code had become very confusing. Justinian was determined to
bring about these needed reforms (Fortescue–Justinian I, Roman Emperor). First, he appointed a
commission of ten lawyers to review, organize, and rewrite Byzantine laws into a single unified set
of laws. Thus came for the Justinian Code(Corpus Juris Civilis). The Institutes, a section of the
Justinian Code starts off with this excerpt that explains the objectives and principles of the Justinian
Code. gThe precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man
his due. The study of law consists of two branches, law public and law private. The former relates
tot he welfare of the Roman state: the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law
then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those
of the law of nations, or from those of the civil law of Romeh(Halsall–Medieval Source book).
The Code was finally completed in

Technological Advancements Of Ancient Rome
Taylor Mabry
HIS 101–W06
Professor Terry
May 22, 2016
Technological Innovations of Ancient Rome The Romans were extraordinary builders and
professional civil engineers, and their flourishing civilization formed developments in technology,
culture and architecture that endured for centuries. Ancient Rome had several qualities that made
their civilization successful but most importantly through the advancements of technology and
innovations that flourished throughout the ages that are still used in today's society. The legacy lives
through the inventions of the aqueducts, concrete, newspapers, battlefield surgery, bound books,
roads and highways, roman arches, and the twelve tables. All of these inventions and innovations
served as their own individual purpose that made the civilization boundless which is why I
interested in this research topic. Without aqueducts we would not have inventions such as sewage
systems, fountains, and toilets, which would be extremely hard to live without. These engineering
wonders transported pipelines and into city centers through gravity. These pipelines would also
often be lead, stone, or concrete, which was also an invention the ancient romans take credit for.
Aqueducts enlightened Roman cities from a dependence on nearby water materials and engaged
more in sanitation and health publicity. The transportation of water flourished as far as fifty miles
which was very convenient and constantly began to become more popular throughout the

Argumentative Essay On Torture
Samantha Howe YCCC English 101 10/30/17 Essay #2 Second Draft Once Upon a Torture When
one thinks of torture, what is imagined? Perhaps they think of those wooden machines in the
museums that they cannot even comprehend the use for, or the iron maiden, a cinematic favorite. Or
perhaps they don't think of anything specific like that, for it isn't a question often presented. Torture,
regardless, is a gruesome term with gruesome connotations. In our progressive society of modern
technology, it is thankfully solely an issue of the past. Or... is it? It's not, we know it isn't. As a
society of the unaffected, we simply don't think about it. We are vaguely aware of the fact that
torture once occurred in prevalence at some point in time and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are other more macabre methods from the Bible such as in II Sam. 12:31 where prisoners had
been sawn between planks and buried to their necks, or that of II Maccabees 13:5 where Menelaus
had been thrown into ashes to struggle and suffocate as he sank deeper in the soft ash; a public
display (Mannix). Judicial torture is a punishment regardless of what or why, as long as it does
classify as torture. The words are occasionally interchangeable, as every case of lawful torture is a
punishment but not every punishment is necessarily torture. Historically, judicial torture has been
used for ages, albeit differing in how it is carried out today. Torture for the purpose of criminal
punishment first emerged in the twelfth century in Northern Italy when prosecution done privately
by popes and royalty on criminals became prevalent and under threat when their political authority
became more centralized. During the remaining years of the Middle Ages, the process spread to
much of Europe. In the late twelfth century, the inquisitional procedure was introduced to papal
legislation with the purpose of controlling those who strayed from the church. In inquisitional
procedure, the court is directly involved in investigation. This eventually extended to secular
(nonreligious) crime as well. Early medieval law had more severe criminal cases dealt with by
ordeal, oath, or

Christian Writings Of Augustine And Haltigar Of Cambrai One
As a text written in the early middle ages, the Canon Episcopi by Regino of Prüm was revolutionary
in the fact that it exemplified a growing skepticism for magic within the Christian community, and
most importantly, it served as a strict call to arms for church officials to identify and eliminate
practices of magic within parish communities. As a major theological text in the time where
Christianity is finally solidifying doctrine, the Canon Episcopi should both draw upon existing ideas
of its predecessors and shape the theological works of its successors. While the works of other
theological minds show evidence of a common theme or influence, there is still extreme variability
and sometimes even direct opposition to Regino's themes. While ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Haltigar not only fits the addressee of the warning, as an Archbishop, he is doing what the warning
exactly asks: laboring to uproot the art of sorcery from his parishes. Within The "Roman"
Pentitential, Haltigar provides a guideline for the priests and clergy on how to identify such
practices and beliefs, and the fit penance or punishment for them. Through the lens of Augustine and
Haltigar's work, we can see that the Canon Episcopi seems to be drawing off of much earlier
traditions and themes within Christian theology and literature.
While there are definite parallels between the texts of the early Christian period and the Early
Medieval period, where the Canon Episcopi originates, ultimately the time difference itself is the
ultimate division line for the themes within the text. Augustine, while stating the absurdity of some
magical, ultimately argues that demons give these delusions to diviners and the result is that they
"do tell past and future things, which happen exactly as predicted," unlike Regino who dismisses the
reality of delusional women actually "rid[ing] upon beasts with Diana" (Augustine 46 and Regino of
Prüm 62). Haltigar too, provides no indication that he denies any of the practices that he mentions
within his penitential. While there is a slight trace of skepticism within Augustine's writing, Regino
provides the fully developed voice of this skepticism later on. Furthermore, both

Monarchy Vs. Democracy In Ancient Rome
The Roman government is very unique compared to others. While many places had either a
monarchy or democracy the Romans found a way to have both. The Roman empire had both a
senate and an emperor. The Senate made up the Democracy part having elected officials who
although made laws couldn't without approval of the emperor. The Emperor made up the Monarchy
part having the final say in all important objectives. The Roman Emperor was very much like our
modern day president. He oversaw the senate often conducting the meetings. Before Rome was an
empire, it was a republic with a long history of "democratic" rule. After ousting the Etruscans and
their king, city–state was ruled by a Senate and/or an assembly with elected magistrates – consuls ...
The speaking order was similar to that of the seating arrangement, in which the princeps senatus
held the first chair, followed by the consuls, censors, praetors, aediles, tribunes and finally, the
quaestors. There were no limits to debating and various methods of delay and subversion were
employed. Among these, the practice of the filibuster, or speaking at incredible lengths to derail the
opposition and delay voting, was a popular one. Voting in the Senate could be taken by voice or
show of hands in unimportant matters, but important or formal motions were decided by a quorum,
or an actual physical division of the house to either side of the floor. In these cases even non–voting
members were allowed to take places on either side of the issue, lending their support to a particular
cause or motion, or to fulfill their client

The State of Being ‘Human’ in Kane's Blasted
"I've only ever written to escape from hell–and it's never worked–but at the other end of it when you
sit there and watch something and think that's the most perfect expression of the hell that I felt then
maybe it was worth it. (Sarah Kane, Royal Holloway College, London, 3 November 1998)."
(Saunders. 2002: 1). Both representative and reflected in this statement made by the British
playwright Sarah Kane (1971–1999) (Sierz. 2001: 90–91) is the state of being human. In its literal
sense the state of being human could be illustrated as an expression of existence. That of the
individual and characteristics and traits experienced through the life of mortal man. (Oxford English
Dictionary. 2006: 61 & 366). In addition to this, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by Sierz; 'Kane rejects the complacent view that Britain is immune from civil war.' (Sierz.
2001: 98). She comments further that; "there was a widespread attitude in this country that what was
happening in central Europe could never happen here. In Blasted, it happened here." (Sierz. 2001:
98). Blasted thus serves as a political vehicle of expression towards humanity dispelling the norms
of social convention to deliver a message about the atrocities of violence and war, by being in itself
a violent and 'in–yer–face' dramatic act. (Sierz. 2001: 3–10).
The play revolves around three main character's Ian, Cate and the Soldier in a hotel room in Leeds.
To summarise; "Ian and Cate meet in a hotel room some years after their relationship has ended. Ian
makes various attempts to cajole then, it is implied to force Cate to have sex with him. A bomb goes
off and destroys part of the room. Ian becomes the victim as a Soldier re–enacts war crimes
perpetrated on his girlfriend, who was subsequently killed. The Soldier shoots himself. Blinded,
hungry and alone, Ian makes...attempt to find relief. Cate has left the hotel in search for food and as
the play ends, returns with provisions...she shares with a finally grateful

The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe Essay
The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe
The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe originally were part of the Roman Empire, but by the
middle Ages(medieval times), they were very different, even though they did share some common
traits, but by the 300's, the Byzantine Empire had far surpassed Western Europe in trade and
economics and political unity, while both empires were having arguments over religion.
Despite the collapse of the Roman Empire, Europe still stood, separating into two different areas,
governed two different ways. Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire had very different
government structures. The Western half became Western Europe with popes, and princes ruling at
that time. The Eastern half became The Byzantine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Western Europe triumphed from their princes and the Pope ruling since they soon overcame The
Byzantine Empire. This was because having more than one ruler can hold together an empire or
countries better than one ruler. The princes had control of the government in their areas, and the
Pope had control of the entire religion in Western Europe. Having the Pope and the princes dealing
with separate issues is better than having just one emperor deal with all of their issues. Another
difference of the two halves of Europe was the monasteries and nunneries. Western Europe believed
that they should have both priests and nuns teaching and preaching to other people. The Byzantine
Empire did not feel that nuns were needed in their empire to preach and to teach other people. This
was the most likely cause for the many people in the empire converting to their barbaric enemies
religions. If The Byzantine Empire had used nuns to preach and teach their people, instead of having
just priests and monasteries, the people would not have converted the their enemies. Hence, The
Byzantine Empire, and Western Europe were greatly different than each other.
Though the two halves of Europe were very different than each other, they were also similar in ways
too. For instance, Western Europe had a feudal system in which a land owner gave land to another
person in exchange for military service. The Byzantine Empire had family–based militaries in which
they helped each other

Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruthless killer who hungered for power alone. He sacrificed much in
order to contribute a great deal to the world by winning battles and discovering things such as the
Rosetta Stone in Egypt. His thirst for control and power cost him everything he worked so hard for
consequently leading to exile. The notorious Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, the
second of eight children, on the little island of Corsica. The industrial revolution in Britain had
already begun. In the mean time Napoleon matured quickly and reached the height of five feet five
and was pale and thin. He did not care very much for anything in his younger days, everything from
eating meals to socializing he did alone. The only time he talked ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Napoleon and Josephine ended up married within that same year. On their marriage certificate he
put that he was two years older than he actually was and she put that she was four years younger.
Two days after his wedding he left for Italy. His revised plan for the invasion of Italy had been
approved by the directory and Bonaparte was appointed. Since he was the reason that the revolution
ended he assumed his new commanding authority and it marked a historical turning point. Italy was
under the control of Napoleon by this time, the peninsula was overrun by the French. His troops
attacked Papal States and Napoleon forced Pope Pius VI to surrender his lands. When he refused,
the pope was arrested and taken to Valence. Pope Pius VI died August 29, 1799. In May 1798,
General Napoleon Bonaparte sailed from Italy with an army of about 40,000 men along with a
smaller army of scientists, engineers, artists and linguists. His plan was to conquer Egypt so he
could undermine British trade with India after he stopped by Malta first. There he established Malta
as a satellite and looted gold and silver from the nation. On July 21, 1798 the Battle of the Pyramids
was a major success. His army of 25,000 was victorious against the Mamluks with an army of
75,000. Napoleon reached Cairo on July 24th. He declared himself the protector of Islam which
humbled the pope and destroyed the

Civil Law vs Common Law
There are more than 200 nations in the world nowadays, and each has a different set of laws that
govern its people and its relations with the rest of the world. Whereas, international law governs
relations between states, institutions, and individuals across national boundaries, municipal law
governs this same person within the boundaries of a particular state. The comparative law, which is
the study, analysis, and comparison of the different municipal law systems, classifies countries into
legal families. The two widely distributed families are the Romano–Germanic Civil Law and the
Anglo–American Common Law.
This short essay seeks an answer to the differences between two fundamentally different legal
theories or systems. The original ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The French Code is an evaluate version of the Corpus Juris Civilis because it incorporated the
principle ideas of the French Revolution, including the right to possess private property, the freedom
to contract, and the autonomy of the patriarchal family. With private property, the Code's authors: J.J
Cambacérès and Napoléon consciously attempted to break the old feudal estates of the aristocracy
by prohibiting restraints on the sale of land. The French code joined one of the United State
Constitution mentioning that lawyers couldn't foresee every possible legal eventuality, thus they set
flexible general maxima of justice rather than detailed provisions.
Unlike the French Code The German Civil Code was meant for the use of trained experts. Indeed
because of the Pandectits, the German's Codes' organization and form is incredibly precise and
technical. Sentence structure indicates which party had the burden of proof. However its overall
approach rely on many of the same political and philosophical ideals, notably the "laisser faire"
economics and the autonomous right of individuals. [5]
Moreover separated and apart from the movement of codification of civil or private law occurred the
development of the public law, a constitutional and administrative law.

Kane's Blasted
"I've only ever written to escape from hell–and it's never worked–but at the other end of it when you
sit there and watch something and think that's the most perfect expression of the hell that I felt then
maybe it was worth it. (Sarah Kane, Royal Holloway College, London, 3 November 1998)."
(Saunders. 2002: 1). Both representative and reflected in this statement made by the British
playwright Sarah Kane (1971–1999) (Sierz. 2001: 90–91) is the state of being human. In its literal
sense the state of being human could be illustrated as an expression of existence. That of the
individual and characteristics and traits experienced through the life of mortal man. (Oxford English
Dictionary. 2006: 61 & 366). In addition to this, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by Sierz; 'Kane rejects the complacent view that Britain is immune from civil war.' (Sierz.
2001: 98). She comments further that; "there was a widespread attitude in this country that what was
happening in central Europe could never happen here. In Blasted, it happened here." (Sierz. 2001:
98). Blasted thus serves as a political vehicle of expression towards humanity dispelling the norms
of social convention to deliver a message about the atrocities of violence and war, by being in itself
a violent and 'in–yer–face' dramatic act. (Sierz. 2001: 3–10).
The play revolves around three main character's Ian, Cate and the Soldier in a hotel room in Leeds.
To summarise; "Ian and Cate meet in a hotel room some years after their relationship has ended. Ian
makes various attempts to cajole then, it is implied to force Cate to have sex with him. A bomb goes
off and destroys part of the room. Ian becomes the victim as a Soldier re–enacts war crimes
perpetrated on his girlfriend, who was subsequently killed. The Soldier shoots himself. Blinded,
hungry and alone, Ian makes...attempt to find relief. Cate has left the hotel in search for food and as
the play ends, returns with provisions...she shares with a finally grateful

Emperor Justinian: Architect of the Byzantine Legacy
From my webpage at http://cappsfamily.hypermart.net/justinian.htm
Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would
leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As much of Europe entered the Dark Ages, Justinian
's vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire and lay a
firm foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come.
Justinian, whose full name was Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus, was born around 483 AD at
Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of present–day central Europe. He was the nephew of
Byzantine Emperor Justin, the son of Justin 's sister Vigilantia (Fortescue).
Justinian 's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
REBUILDING THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Justinian had dreamed of restoring the Roman Empire in Europe (Norwich 68). In order to
accomplish his goal, Justinian was faced with the difficult task of retaking the Western provinces
once controlled by Rome. Much of the Western Roman Empire had fallen into the hands of four
groups of Germanic barbarian tribes: the Vandals, who had conquered the North African Roman
territories; the Ostrogoths, who had taken control of the Italian peninsula, including Rome itself; the
Franks, who controlled most of modern–day France; and the Visigoths, who held the Spanish
peninsula (Fortescue).
Justinian 's first obstacle to conquest in the West lay in ending centuries of warfare with the Persian
Empire. The two empires were longtime rival "superpowers" in the Middle East and had battled
regularly over territory until 363, when the Emperor Julian died of wounds inflicted in battle with
the Persians. After the death of Julius, Jovian, the commander of the Imperial Guard, succeeded
Julius, withdrew the Roman armies and reached a peace agreement with the Persian Empire. Jovian
's surrender of territory and fortresses to the Persian Empire, while costly to the Roman Empire,
bought over a century of peace with the Persians (Norwich 27).
During the 400 's, both the Romans and Persians

Historical Development of Security Forces and Policy in Brief

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